I
THE LATE REV. GEORGE THOMAS STOKES, D.D.,
., M.R.I. A.,
Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Dublin.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. viii. (Frontispiece],
THE JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND
FOKMERLY
Hojal Historical auto gJrcfj&olosical Association
OF IRELAND
POUNDED, IN 1849, AS
Itilfeemtg Archaeological Society
VOL. VIII.— FIFTH SERIES VOL. XXVIII.— CONSECUTIVE SERIES
1898
DUBLIN PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
FOB THE SOCIETY
BY PONSONBY AND WELDRICK 1898
[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED]
ffSZZF?.
MAR 1 7 1972
'^ftrsiTv of ^
AV
THE COUNCIL wish it to be distinctly understood that they do not hold themselves responsible for the statements and opinions contained in the Papers read at the Meetings of the Society, and here printed, except as far as No. 26 of the General Eules of the Society extends.
PEEFACE,
THIS, the fiftieth year of the Society's existence, has been one of continued prosperity and progress, and also of very considerable activity in the different departments of the Society's work. In no branch has more been accomplished than in the publications of the Society for the year.
The production of a Volume for each successive year has not inaptly been compared to the building up of a cairn commemorative of the progress of the Society, marking its onward path in an increasing sphere of usefulness. The builders of the cairn are not alone the contributors to the Volume ; every Member of the Society who has contributed to its funds, may fairly claim, with some degree of honest pride, that he or she has helped to raise the pile.
In the Volume thus dedicated to the Members, the work dealing with the Primaeval period opens with " The Dun at Dorsey, Co. Armagh," followed by others, comprising " The Prehistoric Remains in Burren, Co. Clare." In Prehistoric Art, Mr. Coffey's Paper on " Knockmany" deserves attention ; while as a con- tribution to the illustration of the Stone Age, Mr. Knowles's Paper on u Flint Scrapers" is elaborate and exhaustive. Mr. Wakeman's Paper on " The Antiquity of Iron " will be read with interest.
The Ogam Finds of the year have been duly chronicled, and there are five Papers on Ogam Inscrip-
a2
IV PREFACE.
tions in the present Volume, some of considerable importance, notably those by Principal Rhys, LL.D., F.S.A., who devotes much time to the elucidation of Irish Ogams.
By far the greater proportion of Papers are on Ecclesiastical subjects, the principal of which are " St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick"; " The Monasteries of Moyne and Rosserk"; " Bally wiheen Church, Co. Kerry"; " Kilmakilloge Church, Co. Kerry"; and " Kilmahuddrick, Co. Dublin" ; Miss Stokes contributes an interesting Paper on " The Instruments of the Passion " ; the Rev. J. F. M. ffrench gives a timely contribution on u County Wexford and other Chalices"; while Mr. Coleman's Note on " Irish Bells in Brittany " is of interest.
A unique contribution will be found in Col. Vigors's Paper on " Notarial Signs-Manual," which, however, contains only a few examples relating to Ireland.
" Kilelton in Glenfas," by Miss Hickson, who is one of the most valued contributors to the Journal, will be appreciated by all who take an interest in the ancient Kingdom of Kerry ; a Paper, by Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, on " Walter Reagh Fitz Gerald, a Noted Outlaw of the 16th Century," brings to light some hitherto unknown facts in the history of a member of the family of which it has been said that its history is the history of Ireland.
Dr. Robert Munro gives much interesting informa- tion on a difficult problem in his Paper on " Otter- and Beaver-Traps " ; Mr. Goddard H. Orpen deals, in a scholarly way, with the " Site of Raymond's Fort, Dundunnolf"; and Dr. Frazer writes of " The Stone Chair of the Clandeboy O'Neills."
PREFACE. V
Many will find much of interest in the Papers dealing with social life in comparatively modern times (17th and 18th centuries), as depicted in " Stillorgan Park and its History"; " The Diary of a Dublin Lady of the 18th Century"; " Mount Merrion and its History"; and " The List of Presbyterian Marriages in Armagh Congregation."
The pages devoted to " Miscellanea " are becoming more attractive, and contain many valuable notes on subjects of general interest. Of these may be men- tioned— " Forts on Loop Head, Co. Clare," by Mr. Westropp; " The Ulcerative Disease of Bronze," by Dr. Frazer; and a description of "An Ancient Cause- way in Co. Kildare," by Lord Walter Fitz Gerald.
In connexion with the Excursions of the Society, the " Ancient Church of Kilcummin" has been well described and illustrated by Mr. Westropp ; and a hitherto un- noticed Souterrain at Killala is recorded and illustrated.
While gratefully acknowledging the obligations of the Society to the contributors who are still left to us, it is meet that a tribute should be paid to the memory of one who has passed away : —
The year has left more than one blank in the world of Irish Historical Research and Archaeology, but none which will be more severely felt than that occasioned by the death of THE REV. GEORGE THOMAS STOKES, D.D., M.R.I.A.
Dr. Stokes was indeed a remarkable man. He combined great originality of thought with indomitable industry, and united the learning of the scholar with knowledge of men and of passing events. In no less degree he possessed the power of imparting with attractive force the riches of his well-stored mind.
vi PREFACE.
It was his ambition to redeem the history of his country from its traditional dulness, and, gifted as he was, he did not fail in his design. By the works with which his name must ever be most closely connected, his histories of the Celtic and Anglo-Norman Churches in Ireland, he earned enduring distinction as a dramatic historian.
But, besides the talented author, we have lost in Dr. Stokes a firm friend, a delightful companion, and a true Irishman. We have to mourn one, in character essentially generous and warm-hearted ; one whose influence was ever exerted to inspire others with that enthusiasm for research which he himself possessed, and whose vast knowledge was always at the disposal of those who sought his aid.
George Thomas Stokes was the eldest son of John Stokes, of Athlone, and was born there in 1843. He was educated at Gal way Grammar School, at the Queen's College, Galway, and at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1866 he was ordained for the curacy of Dunkerrin, in the Diocese of Killaloe, and in the following year was appointed to the curacy of St. Patrick's, Newry. Two years later he was nominated the first Vicar of All Saints', Newtown Park, in the Diocese of Dublin — a charge he retained until his death. In 1893 he was elected by the Chapter of St. Patrick's Cathedral to the Prebend and Canonry of St. Audoen.
In collegiate circles Dr. Stokes was singled out as a man likely to make his mark; and, after acting for a time as deputy to Dr. Reichel in the Chair of Eccle- siastical History in the University of Dublin, he succeeded him in 1883 as Professor on the termination of Dr. ReichePs period of office.
PREFACE. Vll
Dr. Stokes was an omnivorous reader, as his contributions to the Journal prove. In his two earliest Papers he treats of subjects widely divergent, the biography of a lawyer and oriental scholar, and the history for a century of a provincial town, yet he shows himself to be equally familiar with the literature bear- ing on the one and on the other. He was a diligent student of newspapers and magazines, and was fond of insisting on the importance of even the most fugitive periodicals as sources of historical information.
Amongst his contributions to the Journal there is none more valuable than the calendar of the " Liber Niger," on which he expended much time in making; and it is a subject for regret that he was unable to undertake the publication of the "Repertorium Viride," as had been arranged.
In 1887 he was appointed Librarian of Marsh's Library. His passion for books, and his antiquarian tastes, made him an ideal custodian ; and his aim there, as elsewhere, was to make the library known and popular.
This is not the place to dwell on Dr. Stokes's work as a clergyman, but it may be mentioned that his Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles entitles him to a high place amongst theologians, no less than amongst historians.
Dr. Stokes gave his mind no rest, and in 1895 his health broke down under the strain. He recovered sufficiently to partly resume his work. From his chair in College he delivered, two years ago, a series of lectures on "How to Write a Parochial History," which deserve more publicity than they have received; and at the time of his death he was engaged in delivering a
Vlll PREFACE.
course of lectures on " Great Irish Churchmen of the 18th Century." But his weakened frame was unable to withstand the attack of pneumonia which prostrated him last spring, and on March 24, 1898, he entered into his rest.
He was twice married, first to Fanny, daughter of the late Norman Puzly ; and secondly, to Katharine, daughter of the late Henry J. Dudgeon.
The following is an attempt at a bibliography of his works: —
"The Work of the Laity in the Church of Ireland," Dub., 1869. Articles in Smith's "Dictionary of Christian Biography," 1880-87. "Ireland and the Celtic Church," Lond., Isted., 1886; 2nd ed., 1888. "Mediaeval History," being vol. ii. of "A Sketch of Universal History," Lond., 1887.
Co-translator with C. Wright of "The Writings of St. Patrick," Lond., 1888.
"Ireland and the Anglo-Norman Church," Lond., 1888.
Editor of "Pococke's Tour in Ireland," Dub., 1891.
Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, in the "Expositor's Bible," Lond., 1891-92.
Articles in the " Contemporary Review," from 1880-1891 : On Greek and Latin Christian Inscriptions; The Bollandists; John Nelson Darby ; Alexander Knox and the Oxford Movement; The Apology of Aristides ; and Reviews of Ecclesiastical and Church History.
Contributions to the Journal, from 1890-1897: Dudley Loftus ; Athlone in the Seventeenth Century; Killeger Church; Itine- rary of Excursion in North Dublin ; The Island Monasteries of Wales and Ireland ; St. Fechin of Fore and his Monastery ; Notes to Butler's Journey to Lough Derg ; Calendar of the Liber Niger (three parts); The Antiquities from Kingstown to Dublin (two parts); Itinerary of Excursion in King's County; St. Hugh of Rahue.
Contributions to the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, from 1892-1897: Greek in Gaul and Western Europe, down to A.D. 700 ; The Knowledge of Greek in Ireland between A.D. 500 and 900 ; Concerning Marsh's Library.
CONTENTS.
VOLUME VIII., FIFTH SERIES.
1898.
PAET I.
PAPERS :
PAGE
The Dun at Dorsey, Co. Armagh. By the Rev. Henry W. Lett, M.A.,
M.R.I.A., Hon. Provincial Secretary for Ulster (Four Illustrations), .. 1
Bally wiheen Church, Ballyneanig, Co. Kerry. By R. A. S. Macalister, M.A.
(Four Illustrations), ' .. .. .. .. .. ..15
Stillorgan Park and its History. By Francis Elrington Ball, M.R.I. A., . . 21
St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick : Its Plan and Growth. By Thomas Johnson
Westropp, M.A., M.R.I. A., Fellow (Five Illustrations), .. .. 35
Find of Cist with Human Remains, Dunfanaghy, Co. Donegal (Reported by Archdeacon Baillie). By W. Frazer, M.R.T.A., Vice- President (Three Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. ., ..49
Notes on the Newly -discovered Ogam-stones in Co. Meath. By Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., Hon. Secretary ; and Principal Rhys, F.S.A., LL.D., Hon. Fellow (Four Illustrations), . . . . . . . . . . 53
Miscellanea— TJlcerative Disease of Bronze or " Bronze Cancroid" — The Moat of Patrickstown (One Illustration) — The Photographic Survey — Historic Truth and Sham Legends — Malay Weapon supposed to be Danish — The Retrospect of 1897 — Tombstone near Geashill (One Illustration) — Kerry Ogam Finds, 1896— Dublin Castle : Threatened Demolition of the Record Tower in 1793 — Cinerary Urn found in the Parish of Adamstown, Co. Wexford, 1897 (One Illustration)— A Lake Legend in the Dingle District — Colpoys of Ballycarr — Admiral Sir John Colpoys — Celtic Art and its Developments, .. .. .. .. .. .. ..61
Notices of Books, . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
PROCEEDINGS :
Annual General Meeting, Dublin, llth January, 1898, .. .. ..83
Evening Meetings, .. .. .. .. .. .. ..91
CONTENTS.
PAET II.
PAPERS :
PAGB
Knockmany. By George Coffey, A.I.B., M.R.I.A., Fellow (Two Plates and
Twelve Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. ..93
St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick : Its Plan and Growth. By Thomas Johnson
Westropp, M.A., M.E.I.A., Fellow (Five Illustrations), .. ..112
A Notice of some County Wexford and other Chalices. By the Rev. J. F. M. ffrench, M.R.I. A., Fellow and Vice- President (One Plate and One Illustra- tion), .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..126
The Instruments of the Passion. By Miss Margaret Stokes, Son. Fellow (One
Plate and Two Illustrations), .. .. .. .. ..136
Notes from the Diary of a Dublin Lady in the Reign of George II. By H. F.
Berry, M.A., 141
Site of Raymond's Fort, Dundunnolf, Baginbun. By Goddard H. Orpen,
B.A., .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 155
The Gallans near Dingle. By R. A. S. Macalister, M.A. (Three Illustrations). 161 Kil-Ma-Huddrick, near Clondalkin, Co. Dublin. By E. R. M'C. Dix, . . 165
Miscellanea — Irish Bells in Brittany (Four Illustrations) — Legend of Molaga's Well, Co. Kerry — Inscribed Stones in Cairn W. of the Slieve-na-Caillighe Series (Two Illustrations)— Dalkey— Waterford and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society— The Gallan at Tallaght (One Illustration)— King John's Castle, Kilmallock— Irish Texts Society— Kerry Ogam Finds- Wooden Bowl found at The Doon, King's County — Archaeological Mis- takes— Remains of Urn found in a Cavan Bog (One Illustration) — Clon- macnoise, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Notices of Books, .. .. .. .. .. .. 179
PROCEEDINGS:
Second Quarterly Meeting, Dublin, 15th June, 1898, .. .. ..182
Auditors' Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Jubilee Banquet, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 187
Excursion, .. .. .. .. .. 201
CONTENTS. XI
PAKT III.
PAPERS :
PAGE
On Notarial Signs-Manual. By Colonel P. D. Vigors, Vice -President (One
Hundred and Ten Illustrations), .. .. .. .. ..203
Some Ogam-stones in Connaught. By Principal Rhys, LL.D., F.S.A., Hon.
Fellow (One Plate), ..... .. .. .. ..230-
On the Antiquity of Iron as used in the Manufacture of certain "Weapons, Implements, and Ornaments found in Ireland. By W. F. Wakeman, Hon. Fellow (Eight Illustrations), . . . . . . . . . . 237
Some further Notes on Otter- and Beaver-Traps. By Robert Munro, M.A.,
M.D., Hon. Fellow (One Illustration), .. .. .. .. 245
The '« Bambino " of New Ross. By Michael J. C. Buckley (One Illustration), 250
The Clandeboy O'Neills' Stone Inauguration Chair, now preserved in the Belfast Museum. By Dr. W. Frazer, M.R.I.A., Vice-President (Two Illustra- tions), ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..254
Rosserk and Moyne. By the Very Rev. Monsignor O'Hara (Four Plates), . . 258
Miscellanea — The Great Cross at Monasterboice (One Plate) — Monasterboice Cross — Preliminary Programme of the Excursion to the "Western Islands and Coast Highlands of Scotland, July or August, 1899 — Local Govern- ment (Ireland) Act, 1898 — Congress of Archaeological Societies— Bally- wiheen Church, Co. Kerry — Note in reference to the Breastagh Ogam- stone — Downpatrick Head — " "Wexford and other Chalices" — Downpatiick Head — Dunmoe Castle — Oratory of St. Columkille at Gartan — Ancient "Wooden Vessel — White Lough Crannoge, Co. "Westmeath — Lough-a-Trim Crannoge, Co. Westmeath — Discovery of Coins in Dungannon, . . 264
Notices of Books (Two Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. 279
PROCEEDINGS :
Third Quarterly Meeting, Ballina, 2nd August, 1898, .. .. ..281
Excursions (One Plate and Seven Illustrations), . . . . . . . . 28S
Xll CONTENTS.
PAET IV.
PAPERS :
PAGE
Walter Reagh Fitz Gerald, a Noted Outlaw of the Sixteenth Century. By Lord
Walter Fitz Gerald, Fellow, . . . . . . . . . . 299
Kilelton in Glenfas. By Miss Mary A. Hickson, Hon. Local Secretary for
South- West Kerry, . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
The Lake and Church of Kilmakilloge, the Ancient Church, Holy Well, and Bullan-stone of Temple Feaghna, and the Holy Well and Shrine at St. Finan's, Co. Kerry. By Francis J. Bigger, M.R.I. A., Fellow, with a Note by P. J. Lynch, Hon. Provincial Secretary, Mtmster (One Plate and Four Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. ..314
Notes on Dunbeg Fort, Co. Kerry, with special reference to the Drawings and Description by George V. DuNoyer. By P. J. Lynch, Hon. Provincial Secretary, Munster (Two Illustrations), .. . . .. .. 325
Mount Merrion and its History. By Francis E. Ball, M.R.I. A. (One Plate), 329
List of (Presbyterian] Marriages copied from " The Session-book of the Con- gregation of Armagh." By Dr. W. Frazer, M.R.I.A., Fellow, .. 345
Prehistoric Remains in the Burren, Co. Clare (Carran and Kilcorney). By Thomas J. Westropp, M.A., M.R.I.A., Fellow (One Plate and Eight Illus- trations), .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. 353
Irish Flint Scrapers. By W. J. Knowles, M.R.I. A., Vice- President (Fifteen
Illustrations), .. .. .. .. tf ., ., 367
The Recent Discoveries of Ogams in the County of Antrim. By the Rev.
George R. Buick, M.A., LL.D., . . . . . . . . . . 393
Newly-discovered Ogams in Mayo and Antrim, with Readings of those hitherto
undescribed in Cork and Waterford. By Principal Rhys, LL.D., F.S.A., 396
Ogam Inscriptions discovered in Ireland in the year 1898. By Robert Cochrane,
F.S.A., M.R.I. A., Hon. Secretary (Five Illustrations), .. ..399
Miscellanea — The Rathcroghan Ogams — Forts near Loop Head, Co. Clare — Kilmakilloge, Co. Kerry — Attacotti and Aithechtuatha— Notes on the Marriages and Successions of the De Burgo Lords of Connaught and the Acquisition of the Earldom of Ulster — Ruins on Inishrobe, Co. Mayo — Stone Chalice — Altar Tombs — Ancient Footway of Wooden Planks across the Monavullagh Bog, Co. Kildare, . . . . . . . . 409
PROCEEDINGS :
The Fourth General Meeting in Dublin, llth October, 1898, . . . . 419
Evening Meeting, 29th November, 1898, .. .. .. .. 421
LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS.
An asterisk prefixed indicates a Plate.
PAGE
*Portrait of the late Rev. George Thomas Stokes, D.D., M.R.I. A., . . Frontispiece. Wall of Dun at Dorsey, Co. Armagh (from a Photograph), . . . . 3
Plan of the Dun at Dorsey, Co. Armagh, . . . . . . . . 4
Sections of the Rampart, ,, ,, .. .. .. .. 5
The White Stone of Calliagh Beri, Co. Armagh (from a Photograph), . . 8
Bally wiheen Church, Co. Kerry, North- East View, . . . . . . 16
Plan, 17
,, ,, ,, Section of Font and View of Cross, . . 19
St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick, Capital in South Arcade, . . . . 36
,, ,, ,, Budston's Sedilia, .. .. ..39
Galwey Arms, . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick, Galwey Monument, . . . . 44
Dunfanaghy Cist, Antrim, Inferior Maxilla of Male Skull (from a Photograph), 49 „ ,, Skull of Female, .. .. .. ..50
,, „ Front View, . . . . . . 51
Map showing position of the Painestown Ogam-stone, Co. Meath, . . . . 54
The Painestown Ogam-stone, Co. Meath (from a Photograph by the Rev.
Dr. Healy), .. .. .. .. .. .. ..55
The St. Cairan's Church and Ogam-stone, Co. Meath (from a Photograph by
the Rev. Dr. Healy), .. .. .. .. .. ..56
The Painestown Ogam -stone (from a Rubbing by Mr. Cochrane), . . 58
Moat of Patrickstown, Co. Meath, and Brooch, . . . . . . 63
Tombstone at Geashill, King's County, . . . . . . 68
Fragment of Cinerary Urn, Adamstown, Co. Wexford, . . . . 70
*Cairn and Chamber on Knockmany, Co. Tyrone, looking South-east (from a
Photograph by R. Welch), .. .. .. .. to face 93
Cairn and Chamber on Knockmany, Co. Tyrone, Plan of Cairn, . . . . 98
,, ,, „ Plan of Chamber, .. 99
* ,, „ ,, Stone A (from a Photograph
by R. Welch), to face 101
,, „ ,, Stone A, from Drawing, .. ib.
Stone D, .. ..104
Ornaments on Bronze Vessels, ,, .. .. .. 105-107,109
Stones, Cloverhill, Co. Sligo, . . . . . . . . 107, 108
St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick, Plan, .. .. .. ..116
,, ,, ,, Sedilia in North Transept, .. .. 117
,, „ „ Incised Slab ,, .. .. .. 118
Costumes of Mayors of Dublin, Waterford, and Limerick, circa 1380, . . 123
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Costume in Munster, circa 1380, .. .. .. .. ..124
*Chalices of Manorhamilton, Kilmore, and Adare, and the Mayler Chalice, to face 133 Kilkenny Chalice (by R. Oliver Cochrane), . . . . . . ib.
*The Tomb of William Fitz Gerald, Kilkea Castle (from a Photograph by Miss
Stokes), .. .. .. .. .. ,- .. to face 137
*The Tomb of William Fitz Gerald, Kilkea Castle (Instruments of the Passion), ib. St. Bernard of Clairveaux, .. .. .. .. .. .. 138
The " Gates of Glory," near Dingle, Co. Kerry (from a Photograph by
R. A. S. Macalister), .. .. .. .. .. ..161
Stone near the "Gates of Glory," Dingle, Co. Kerry (from a Photograph by
R. A. S. Macalister), . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Stone near the " Gates of Glory," Dingle, Co. Kerry, Cup-and-Circle Mark- ings (from a Photograph by R. A. S. Macalister), . . . . . . 164
St. Pol's Bell and St. Goulven's Bell, Brittany (by R. Oliver Cochrane), : 167 St. Meriadec's Bell and St. Ronan's Bell (by R. Oliver Cochrane), . . . . 168
Inscribed Stones, Slieve-na-Caillighe (by Mr. Rotherham), . . 171, 172
Fragment of an Urn found in a Bog, Co. Cavan, . . . . 177
Notarial Signs Manual (1116-1291), .. .. .. .. ..207
(1295-1303), .. .. .. .. ..208
(1311-1320), .. ... .. .. .. 209
(1327-1361), .. .. .. .. ..210
(1376-1380), .. .. .. .. ..211
(1381-1394), .. .. .. .. ..214
(1395-1405), .. .. .. .. ..215
(1400-1417), .. .. .. .. ..216
(1420-1457), .. .. .. .. ..217
(1463-1475), .. .. .. .. ..222
(1503-1512), .. .. .. .. .,223
(1514-1574), .. .. .. .. ..22o
(1234-1487), .. .. .. .. ..227
*0gam- stone at Breastagh, Co. Mayo — Four Views (from Photographs by
T. J. Westropp), .. .. .. .. .. to face 230
Iron Weapons (by W. F. Wakeman), .. .. .. .. 241,243
Bivalvular Trap of Oak found at Adamshof , Prussia, . . . . . . 246
The "Bambino" of New Ross (from a Photograph), .. .. ..250
The Clandeboy O'Neills' Stone Inauguration Chair (by R. Oliver Cochrane), 255 *Rosserk Friary, Co. Mayo, from North-west (from a Photograph), . . to face 258
* ,, ,, ,, Double Piscina, .. .. .. to face 258
•* Moyne Friary, ,, Cloister Garth, .. .. .. to face 260
* ,, ,, ,, from North-east, .. .. .. to face 262
*Muredagh's Cross (East Face), Monasterboice, Louth, .. .. to face 264
Devenish East Window, now in Monea Church, . . . . . . 277
„ High Cross (West side), .. .. .. .. ..278
Clochogle Cromlech, Ballina, Co. Mayo, . . . . . . . . 285
Lia na Managh, Kilmoremoy ,, (by Mr. Robert Sterliug), . . . . 287
Plan of Souterrain, Killala, ,, (by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A.), . . 292 Rathfran Monastery, from South-west, Co. Mayo (from a Photograph by
T. J. Westropp), . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
*Kilcummin Church, South-east View and Interior (from Photographs by
T. J. Westropp), .. .. .. .. .. to face 296
Kilcummin Church, West Doorway — Outer Face, . . . . . . 298
*Bullan-stone, Feaghna, Co. Kerry (from a Photograph by J. St. J. Phillips) ; St. Finan's Holy Well, Kenmare (from a Photograph by R. Welch),
to face 314
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV
PAOB
Kilmakilloge Church, Co. Kerry, Ground Plan (by W. J. Fennell), . . 314 „ „ „ Exterior Elevation and Plan of Door (by
W. J. Fennell), . . . . . . 316
Kilmakilloge Church and Lake (North-west View of Church), . . . . 317
Kilmakilloge Church, East Window (Exterior Elevation) and Plan, . . 322
Dunbeg Fort, Co. Kerry, General Plan (by Mr. Lynch), . . . . 326
„ ,, ,, Sections of Wall, and Plan of Entrance (by Mr.
Lynch), .. .. .. ..327
*Mount Merrion— Three Views (from Paintings by Ashford), . . to face 344
Diagram of Prehistoric Remains in Carran, &c., Co. Clare (by Mr. Westropp), 352
Parknabinnia and Creevagh, Co. Clare, Plans of Five Cromlechs, 357
Creevagh Cromlech, from the North-west, Fanygalvan, Co. Clare, Plan of Cromlech, Poulcaragharush Caher, Gateway, Poulacarran Caher, Gateway, Plans of Forts near Carran, ,. ,
359 360 362 ib. 363
*Cliff Fort, Carran, and Fort of Cahergrillaun (from Photographs by Thomas J.
Westropp), .. .. .. .. .. .. to face 364
Moheramoy Ian Caher, Gateway (by Mr. Westropp), .. .. .. 365
Flint Scrapers from Perigord (by Miss Knowles), . . . . . . 368
,, „ from Co. Antrim, ,, .. .. .. 372-383
Bracklaghboy, Co. Mayo, Ogam-stone (from a Photograph by Sergeant Lyons,
R.I.C.), .. .. .. .. .. .. ..401
Bracklaghboy, Co. Mayo, Ogam-stone (from a Rubbing by Mr. Cochrane), . . 403 „ „ ,, ,, Section of Mound, ,, ,, .. 404
Ballyandreen, Co. Cork, ,, (from a Sketch by the Rev. P. Sweeney), 406
Bitllynavenooragh, Co. Kerry, Ogam-stone (from a Sketch by Mr. P. J. Lynch), 407 Group of Forts at Loop Head, Co. Clare, Plan (by Mr. Westropp), .. 410
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE'LKOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND, FOR THE YEAR 1898.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART I, 'FIRST QUARTER, 1898.
:
THE DUN AT DORSET, CO. ARMAGH.
BY THE REV. HENRY WILLIAM LETT, M.A., M.R.I.A., Hox. PROVINCIAL SECRETARY FOR ULSTER.
[Read JANUARY 12th, 1897.]
TN the county of Armagh, barony of Upper Fews, parish of Creggan, and townland of Dorsey, there are remains of a most extensive and remarkable earthwork.
It is marked " Ancient Intrenchment " on the Ordnance Survey Index Map of county of Armagh, and "Intrenchment" on Sheet No. 59, of 1-inch Ordnance Survey of Ireland ; and it is set out as an irregular trapezoid one mile long and six hundred yards wide, on Sheet No. 28 of the 64nch Ordnance Survey Map of county Armagh. The greatest length, is from east to west. The west end is semicircular, while the south-east corner forms a wide blunt angle, and the north-east corner an acute angle. The remains at these several places happen to be those which are least altered, and there is no peculiar configuration of the ground to account for the variety of outline.
The simplicity of the groiind plaD and the peculiar situation point to this earthwork having been constructed at a much earlier date than any intfenchment or " ditches," such as were thrown up by armies in the field in comparatively modern warfare.
In some of the numerous Irish wars this ancient earthwork may have been temporarily used as advantage point by one side or the other, but everything about it indicates its extreme antiquity. For example,
JOUR. U.S. A. I., VOL. VIII., PT. I., 5TH SER. B
2 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the stream on the east of it has in the lapse of centuries altered its course and cut almost right through the " walls."
There can be no doubt that this earthwork is or rather was an enormous dun or ancient' earthen fortified residence, and, so far as is known, it is the most extensive in all Ireland.
The fortifications of this vast enclosure originally consisted of a rampart with deep fosses on' both sides, and smaller ramparts or parapet^ outside the fosses: the whole wall measures 120 feet across; the outer ramparts are 5 feet high and 18 feet wide,, while each fosse is 23 feet deep and 12 feet wide at the bottom.
Some portions still remain in such excellent preservation that we are able to realise what a great dun it once was, but the greater portion has been destroyed in the course of ages, and the work of destruction is still in progress. At one spot an industrious farmer has made very consider- able alterations within the last three years. It is therefore thought advisable to put on record a full account of its present state.
In the preparation of this Paper the Ordnance Survey Map issued in 1837 has been compared with a copy of the new issue, and very con- siderable differences exist between these maps. The most noticeable being that in the four places where the lines of the " walls" pass through boggy or marshy ground ; they on the former map are set out and described' as constructed with " piles," whereas in the new map this is not noticed. O'Donovan noticed this feature when he visited the place, and there does not appear any reason to set aside the opinion of such an accurate scholar. It is a great liberty to take with the informa- tion he collected.1
The locality lies to the west of, and yet quite close to the wild and picturesque neighbourhood of Forkill, just on the west verge of the steep and rocky hills that stand out like sentinels before the great round mass of Slieve Gullion, which, 1893 feet in height, towers up grandly above them all, at a distance of only four miles.
The space enclosed by this earthwork is now occupied by well culti- vated farms, with the exception of a boggy band that runs north to south right through the middle, and a rocky bit to the east of this. The ground rises to the east, so that the east end is on a hill, while the west end takes in a portion of another hill called Drumill.
Five county roads, one being the leading road from Dundalk to Armagh, pass north to south through the dun, and two streams flow through it in a like direction, while a third stream runs parallel to the eastern ramparts.
In order to make a circuit of the dun we shall start from the point where the five roads meet at Drumill Bridge ; as to this spot the visitor will travel by road.
1 O'Donovan, in "0. S. MSS. of County Armagh."
THE DUN AT DORSEY, CO. ARMAGH.
From 1 to 2 1 the earthen " walls" run along the margin of a little glen, and are traceable west and east through arable fields. They then tend slightly to the south, and near the bridge on the edge of the bog turn at a right angle to the north-east. In the bog there is not a trace, but on the Ordnance Survey 6-inch Map the line is marked "piles." Passing across the bog and stream the '* walls " are next found at the base of the hill at 3, where one hundred yards are in good preservation ; of this a view from a photograph by Mr. Edgar Connor, of Newry, is given. The north fosse here is 14 feet deep, and the south 23 feet. The difference has been brought about by a partial filling of the north fosse, and a cottage has been built in it on the top of the hill. The section No. 1 was taken here a few yards west of the road which cuts through the ramparts. (Section c on map.)
Wall of Dun at Dorsey, at 3 on Plan.
To the east of this road the " walls " go in a north-easterly direction down a hill, both fosses exist here ; the inner rampart has been levelled, but that, on the outside is in good preservation, except where a com- mencement has been made by the farmer to cart it away for "top- dressing " his fields.
A 1 4 a stream has made a curve and cut deeply into the walls, carried away a portion of the outer rampart, and worn its bed far into the central rampart, having been assisted by the formation of a weir across the stream.
1 See plan on next page. B2
^1Bw#
THE DUN AT DORSET, CO. ARMAGH.
5
' From 4 to the next road, there are but the merest traces left in the fields, and the same is the state for 100 yards after crossing the road.
At 5 the inner fosse exists for a distance of 200 yards, all the other portions haying been " improved " away, and the occupier of the land is1 each year doing his best to obliterate what is left, by filling and levels ling.
The "walls" next turn at an acute angle to the west, and up to 6 can be traced in a very wide depression along the north side of a fence. }
When we get west of 6 the fortification is more visible though greatly altered. The rocky nature of the ground very likely made the* earth of the original ramparts valuable and was early used to improve it for cropping.
From 6 to 7 it is faintly marked alongside a wide irregular fencCi From 7 to 8 it is more distinct, a small portion of one of the fosses still remaining outside the fence of the garden of the farmstead near 7.
C-
Sections of the. Rampart.
The spot marked 8 is on the steep slope of a hill, and the " walls") run down to the bog across which again on the old 6-inch Ordnance' Survey Map lines of " piles " were set out. '; ' : :
In the west of this bog are two small rocky elevations, the most northerly of them being a little the larger* The tops of both these hillocks have an, irregular parapet formed of large stones round them; The visitor is at once struck with their resemblance to small "forWJ .j These were probably the citadels where the chief resided., They must have been very secure retreats, having been surrounded, except on the west, by water or impassable morass, for even now with all' the> advantages of modern draining and cutting put of the peat, the ground is unpleasantly marshy, and is.. liable', to floods in wet weather. The entrance to these citadels was -across. a narrow valley .on the west.
6 ROYAL SOCIETY QF^ ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Up the rising ground from this bog at 9 to the next farm house the " walls" are all but untraceable, and after passing it not a trace is left in the fields of a highly cultivated and neat farm till we reach 10, where a portion of the centre ramparty about 30 yards in length, still exists with some very old white thorns or " fairy bushes " growing on it.
The number of such " fairy bushes" throughout the district is note- worthy. They abound and afford evidence of a surviving belief in the existence of the fairies, and this we found in conversation with the natives to be in full force* And a hint that the tales they told of the doings of the fairies might be explained as the effect of natural causes, only produced more assertions " of wise saws and modern instances."
Traces of the " walls" are found from 10 to 11. At 11 there is a small bit'of one of the ramparts still left. It is to be observed that from 9 to 11 the line of the " walls " curves gently to the south.
From 11 the a walls" are distinctly marked along the edge of a very deep bog where large quantities of turf are now each year, as they no doubt have for centuries been, prepared for fuel.
In this bog the old 6-inch Ordnance Survey Map once more sets out a short line of " piles." And the natives tell of their having found oak " stakes" or "stabs" here with "collars" of oak fitted to them, and that " this was the way out to the country, and away through Ireland." On the 6-inch Ordnance Survey Map, dated 1836 ; at this spot is a bit of "piles" set out into the bog at right angles to the line of the " walls."
This bog is very deep ; it is now a hollow basin, 30 feet lower than the ground inside the " walls " at 12 ; it is called Tonlislegh bog.
One of the few lisses in the district is on a hill in Cregandufi3 town- land, half a mile to the south of this spot.1
We saw and measured a stump of an oak tree projecting in the boggy meadow here and found it to be 4 feet in diameter.
The fosses of the "walls" have been filled up and thu ramparts levelled along the margin of this bog, but the double depressions <ire distinctly visible as they curve round in an easterly direction towards the foot of the hill.
The "walls" run up and over this hill to 1, in a north-easterly direction. Both fosses of this portion for 150 yards are distinct; the outer or southern rampart exists in several places, but the inner or northern rampart has been all removed. At one place a field road has been made across the " walls " by filling in the fosses.
On the descent of the " walls " towards 1, at the " Five roads," the fosses are deep and well preserved, and the whole is studded with very old " fairy- thorns."
1 It is remarkable that there is almost an absence of the lisses, which are so common elsewhere, in the neighbourhood of this great dun. On Sheet 28 of Ordnance Survey 6 -inch Map of county Armagh, there are only two.
THE DUN ATPORSEY, CO. ARMAGH.' 7
The inhabitants of the district hold that this part of the fortifications is the peculiar haunt of fairies ; they assured us that " it would be unlucky to cut down one of the thorns or so much as even a branch, and when the bridge below was being fixed three years ago Brian
K would not let one branch be touched, and his son Owen would
not lend his saw to cut a bit of one that was in the men's way. Nobody would take a chip off them thorns, and look how gay they be, and mind you, every one of them is hundreds and hundreds of years old. One night I sat up to watch the turf in the bog that was a stealing, and I saw and heard — but I would not do it again for all the turf that ever were. I sat among the bushes beyont there, and I will not tell why I wouldn't do it again. One evening we saw a funeral coming along the road from Dundalk, and it went up the rampart above there among the thorns, and they laid the corpse down and dug a grave, and put it in. The police got to hear of it, and they come and searched and searched the place everywhere but not a trace of anything did they see or find. And why should they, for sure it was not earthly. A girl who was herding the cows, and was at her sewing as she did so, saw a boy, her cousin, come along towards a gap in the fence near her. She bent her head a moment while hiding her sewing in her dress, and when she looked up, the boy was gone, and though she ran everywhere and called his name he was not there."
We asked a boy who happened to be herding cattle near the bog, had he heard of or ever seen a fairy. " I've heard of them, but I never saw one myself." " "Would you like to be out at dark on the old rampart?" we inquired. "I would not like to be there by myself," was his reply.
Within the dun, on the highest point of this hill at 13, is a " Stand- ing stone," 5 feet high, having in it several deep and curious marks like the impressions of a huge finger, which were pointed out to us as " Cal- liagh Beri's finger-marks." The stone is locally known as " the White Stone of Caliagh Beri," by whom the local tradition relates it to have been thrown into its present position from her lake on the top of Slieve Gullion. We found, as is mentioned by Professor Joyce in " The Chase of Slieve Gullion," in bis Celtic Romances, that the natives of Dorsey hold to a belief in certain magical effects produced by the water of Lough Calliagh Beri. They would not tell us what would happen to anyone rash enough to bathe in it, but vaguely hinted that it would be some- thing dreadful.
Dr. Joyce's account of the tradition is, that " Milucra, a daughter of Cuillenn, the smith of the Dedananns, who lived at Slieve Cuillinn (i.e. Slieve Gullion), brought all the Dedananns by a summons to meet her at Slieve Cuillinn, and there caused them to make her a lake near the tpp of the mountain, and she breathed a druidical virtue on its waters, that all who bathed in it should become grey."
8
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRKLAND.
The existence of the tradition about' the " "White Stone of Calliagh Beri"to a certain extent connects this dun with Cuillenn the smith, who is stated to have lived on Slieve Gullion, and given it his name. But a more unsuitable place for a' residence could scarcely be found than the steep slopes of the great bleak mountain. No dbubt Cuillenn lived somewhere near it, and visitors, and customers or employers, whether friends or foes, coming to -avail themselves of his great skill in metal work, would direct their journey towards the isolated mountain which
The White Stone of Calliagh Beri.
forms such a prominent landmark, and knew it as Sliab Cuillinn, or- " Guillen's Mountain," because not very far from its base was the abode of the artificer, while a generation later, somewhere thereabout, was the stronghold of the warrior Cuchulainn.1
1 O'Curry (" Battle of Mach Leana," p. 91) states that Sidh Cuillinn was the fairy mansion of the mountain Sliab Cuillinn, now Slieve Gullion, in the county of Armagh.. He says that it received its name from Cuillenn Cairpthech, or the charioteer, son of the King of Britain, who was killed there by Congal Claringnech, monarch of Erin. The same author (" Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish," iii., p. 327) gives Sidh Findacha as a synonym of Sliab-g-Cuillinn. He also relates that this fairy mansion of Sliab Cuillinn was the resi_d,e.nce of .Ailean, the son of Midna, a famous chief of the Tuatha de Danann race, who was powerful enough to make an excursion into Meath, and burn Tara every year. It is told in " The Dialogue of the Ancient Men " (of Lismore) how the Palate of .Tara was set on fire every Kovember eve by thia Ailean. He was accustomed to approach Tara playing one or more musical instru-
THE DUN AT DORS^Y, CO. ARMAGH. 9
The remains of this gigantic dun at Dorsey are sufficient to demon- strate how powerful and numerous must have been the tribe or clan which required and was able to construct such an erection.
The natives now know the townland as Dorsey Maclvor, and gave "the clergy" as their authority, but they said the landlord called it ' ' Dorsey- proper. ' '
In Sir Charles Coote's " Survey of County of Armagh," p. 324, this fortification is mentioned :— " Near to this place (Newtownhamilton) are yet to be seen the lines of circumvallation of an encampment above a mile and a-half in circumference, where it is said the Irish army had hemmed in a large detachment of Cromwell's forces, and besieged them during an entire winter. This place is called Clogh-a- meather."1
It is also mentioned in Lewis's "Topographical Dictionary," and in Proc., R.H.A.A.I?
Most interesting and valuable notes on it are to be found in the O'Donovan MS., Ordnance Survey of Ireland, county Armagh, No* 1, dated JSTewry, April 22, 1835. O'Donovan says : —
"I next proceeded westwards (from Kilnasaggart, one mile north of Faughart, county Louth) to view a curious rampart in the townland of Dorsey, in the parish of Creggan.
" It resembles the Dane's Cast, except that instead of running directly across the country it forms a figure of a spheroidal form, consisting of a lofty rampart and two deep ditches. It is levelled iii many places, but the peasantry point out how the ring was connected.
" It was about a mile and a quarter in the greatest diameter, and about 2£ miles in circumference.
"In the low and boggy parts of the townland the rampart was con- nected by means of a causeway formed of pieces of timber, morticed and connected by tenents.
"Some of the peasants say it is the work of the Danes, others hear that it was made during the waars of Ireland.
" The ancient road to Armagh passed through this rampart.
" The name of the townland is tx5pr-a, which the peasantry say sig- nifies GATES, because there were many gates on the road passing through
ments, in such soft and soothing stiains, as to throw .the guards into a deep sleep, till he had accomplished his purpose, "for even women in labour, and wounded cham- pions, would be put to sleep by the plaintive fairy music, and the sweetly-tuned strain of song which the skilful performers raised who burned Tara every year."
1 On the map in Sir C. Coote's " Armagh " (Dublin, 1804), the "encampment" is not marked, but it gives "Dorcey's Mill," to the west of Silver Bridge, on the rivet "Ureagan," which enables us to identify the locality. We did not discover the existence of the name " Clogh-a-meather." This, no doubt, is Cloch-an-mhothair, " the stone oi the ruined rath, or dun," and a synonym for the "white stone of
.Calliagh Beri."
2 "Report on Ancient Monuments in the County of Armagh," by H. W. Lett. — Our Journal, 1883, 1884, vol. vi., p. 431.
10 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
this rampart. They sometimes call the townland baile na nt)6]ir»a, i.e.- the town of the gates, and sometimes t>6ppa an peaba, the gates of the Fews.
" My opinion respecting this gigantic fortification is, that it was erected by the chief of the territory for two purposes. 1. To serve as a fastness into which lie might drive his cattle and convey his other property in time of war with his neighbours ; and 2, to command the great and im- portant pass into the North. That it was used by O'Neill in later times can scarcely be doubted ; many leaden balls shot off the ramparts were found by the farmers."
We also heard of the finding of these bullets of lead in proximity to the " walls," but could not hear of any now in existence. Our informant as to this believed that the " ould intrinchments were made by the sojers who fired the bullets." An opinion which will have as much weight with antiquaries as that which makes out this gigantic dun to be a portion of "the Great Wall of Ullidia," commonly known as the " Dane's Cast," or JJlecmn-na-muice-buibe.1
The district in which Dorsey is situated is connected with some of the most interesting of the ancient heroes of Ireland. It contains a small group of mountains which are partly in the counties of Armagh and Louth. Through them the Great Northern Railway now winds its iron track between Dundalk and Newry by the Moyry Pass. It may be roughly set down as twelve miles in length and seven miles in width. This was the haunt in ancient times of the sword-maker Cuillenn and of Cuchulainn the chief of the Red Branch, who lived about the date of the Christian era. Slieve Gullion, in the north-west extremity, records the name of Cuillenn the worker in metals of the Tuatha De Danaan, and Slieve Cuailgne(Cooley) in the south-east, now called Carlingford Moun- tain, takes its name from Cuchulainn.2 The mountains known as Slieve Fuaid and Slieve Fidhe,3 from which the modern barony of Fews in county Armagh takes its name, are also in the same district, though neither is now reckoned to be within the boundaries of the barony, while Dundalk lies just within the district at its extreme south. Dr. Joyce4 considers that the name Dundalk "was originally applied not to the town of Dundalk but to the great fortress, now called the Moat
1 For a full description of " The Great Wall of Ullidia," see the Ulster Journal of Arch&ology, vol. iii., New Series.
2 The history of how Setanta received his name of Cu Culainn has been recently treated, in a romantic fashion, by Standish O'Grady, in his very readable volume, " The Coming of Cu Culain."
3 The origin of the names Slieve Fuaid, and Slieve Cooley, is accounted for by the occurrence related by the " Four Masters," A.M. 3501 : — " The battle was at length gained against the Tuatha de Datianns, and they were slaughtered whenever they were overtaken. There fell from the sons of Milidh, on the other hand, two illus- trious chieftains in following- of the rout, namely, Fuad at Sliabh Fuaid, and Cuailgne at Sliabh Cuailgne."
4 " Irish Names of Places," First Series.
THE DUN AT DORSEY, CO/ARMAGH. II
of Castletown, a mile inland," which, he says, "there can he no doubt is the Dun Dealgan, or Bun-Delca, of the ancient histories and romances, the residence of Cuchulainn, and, according to O'Curry, it received its name from Delga, a Firbolg chief, who built it."1
But large as this dun at Castletown may he compared with the ordi- nary duns and raths and lisses throughout Ireland, it is a mere doll's house in comparison with the dun at Dorsey. It could not have sufficed for the principal stronghold of such a chief as Cuchulainn with his numerous tribesman. It was probably a secondary fortress or outpost to protect the landing-place frequented by their boats.
Cuchulainn's principal abode must be looked for somewhere further inland. It is only a few miles to the gigantic dun at Dorsey. The heroes of those times were not so fastidious about distances as we have come to be, and Cuchulainn was fond of long excursions.
O'Curry relates that Cuchulainn made an expedition on one occasion into the county Kerry, where in Cathair Chonroi, on the river Finnghlais, to the west of the bay of Tralee, he killed Curoi Mac Daire, and returned laden with spoil, and accompanied by Curoi' s. wife, Blaithnaid, the daughter of Midir, king of Firfalgia.
If Cuchulainn resided in the dun at Castletown, the question arises who owned the great stronghold at Dorsey? It is more reasonable to regard the latter as his abode, as it certainly was within his district. It is to be noted that the dun at Dorsey has in the lapse of centuries lost its appellation, for such an erection must surely at one time have been called a Dun, the appellation of Dorsey or " Gate" being merely descriptive of the position it occupied as holding the entrance into Ulidia. It would appear that Cuchulainn had several residences within his territory, for in a very curious and very ancient legend, which is a compound of Druidism and fairy lore, given in the "Leabhar na-h-TJidhre," it is related how the lady Emer, the most cherished of Cuchulainn's women, pined in grief and jealousy at her court at Dun-Delca. She was suffering because Cuchulainn, her husband, had fallen in love with, and had living with him the lady Fand, wife of Manannan Mac Lir, the famous Tuatha De Danann. And an account is given of the wonderful things that were done to and by all concerned. There was not room in such a compara- tively'small dun as that at Castletown for such events, while the great dun at Dorsey was capacious enough to have contained separate abodes for Cuchulainn and all his ladies and \varriors, and their families and followers.
1 J. O'Donovan, in " Ordnance Survey MSS. of County Louth," p. 47, writes: — "Dun Dealgan, i.e. the fort or fortress of Dealga. Here t lie famous warrior Cuchulainn (called by MacPherson, in his *' Poems of Ossian," Cuthu'llen) held his principal residence. This celebrated fort has given name to the present town of Dundalk, which, in all our Irish MSS., is called Tragh bhaile Duna Dealgan, i.e. the strand-town near the fort of Dealgan."
12 ROYAL SOCIETY. OY ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
O'Donovan1 quotes an Irish story,' entitled, ^Toruidheacht Gruaidhe Grian Sholais," written by a native of the district of ,Cuailgne or Cooley, in county Louth. This distinctly mentions SJieve Fidhit and Slieve Feadha as two of the Cuailghe mountains. The following is an ex.tract from this work :— " This district is thus situated ; the noisy ,, fretting, wailing sea, and the flowing fierce brine on one side of it, and the lofty, towering, delightful mountain, full of white, foaming, pure-watered streams, of delightful green-sided valleys, and of smooth-skirted, waving woods on the other side." This is an excellent description of. the region west of Carlingford Lough.
The territory known as Muirtheimhne comprised that part of the presen,t county of Louth, which .extends from the Cuailgne Mountains to the river Boyne, for Dundalk, Louth, Dromiskin, Faughard, and Monas- terboice, are mentioned as being in it.2
The rich and fertile plain, extending from Dublin to the mountains of Louth and Armagh was called, according to O'Donovan,3 TTIasbfieas; i.e. Campus Bregarum, and at the formation of Oriel that part of Moy Bra, which lies in Louth, was called TTIacaip.e Oipgiall, or the plains of Oriel." This name arose subsequent to the formation of the Oirghiall, i.e. of the Orier county by the Clanna Rury, and the confinement of the Ulidians, or Ulstermen, to the east of the Great Wall of TJlidia, about
A.D.332.4 :;;
This plain appears to have had another, name. In the " Annals of the Four Masters," at the year of Christ 1178, we have this, entry:—-! "John De Courcy with his foreigners repaired to Machaire Conaille, and committed .depredations, there. . They encamped for a night in Glenree, where Murrough O'Carroll, Lord of Oriel, and Cooley Mac Donslevyr King of Ulidia, made a hostile attack upon them, and drowned, and other- wise killed four hundred-and-fifty of them. One hundred of the Irish> together with O'Hanvy, Lord of Hy-Meith^Macha, fell in the heat of the battle." . ;
Here we have those ancient foes, the Ulidians and men of Orier, united in common cause against De Courcy, .and punishing him somewhere in the valley through which flows the Glanrigh, or Glenree river, oil which Newry is built, ,
Dr. O' Donovan's note to the ajbove, in his edition of the "Four Masters," is as follows ;—
"Machaire Chonaille, i.e. the plain of Conaille Muirthemhne, a terri- tory comprising the level part of the present county of Louth, as appears from the ancient * Lives of St. Bridget and St. Monenna,' and from the ' Festiology of ^JEngus,' and other Calendars, which place in this territory
1 " Book of Rights," edited by John O'Donovan, p. 21.
2 O'lJonoyan, in " Book of Hights." ' . ... ; .. ..
3 " 0. S. MS3. of County Armagh," p. 1222. •:.;.; .
4 Ulster Journal of <drcheeologi/, 1896-1897, vol. 3, pp.. 65-82... . ..
THE DUN AT DORSEY, CO. ARMAGH* 13
the churches of Fuughart, Inniskeeri, -Kill Uinche, and Druim Ineas- clainn."
This district retained the name of Ghonaille' in the 1 7th century, as we learn from Archbishop Ussher, who, in his "Notices of St. Bridget and St. Monena," has the following notice of this territory :—-
" Intra alterum autem a Dundalkia milliarium, in Louthiano comitatu et territorio olim Conayl-Murthemni et Campo-Murthemne (in quo Conaleorum gens max;rae viget, de qua et ipsa" Sanctissima Monenna procreata est: ut babet in libri'secundi Yitse illius initio Conchubranus) hoclie Maghery Conall dicto, posita est villa Fochnrd, quern locum nativi- tatis Brigidiae virginis habitum fuisse ; et in Vita Malachiae notavit olim Bernarduni, et hodierna totius viciniee traditio Fochardum Brigidiae earn appellantis etiam nunc confirmat."1
The Conaleorum gens here mentioned were the descendants of Comill Cearnach, the most distinguished of the heroes of the Eed Branch in Ulster, who flourished early in the first century of the Christian era.
According to the " Annals of Ireland"2 there was a remarkable cairn on Sliab Fuaid, called Fionn-Charn na-foraire, i.e. "the white cairn of watching." The site of this cannot now be identified; no doubt the stones that composed it were ages ago used for building houses or the making of roads. The use of this cairn is described3 as follows : — " Cormac Connlojngeas was the distinguished son of the celebrated king- of Ulster, Connor Mac Nessa, who died in a fit of anger on the day of the Crucifixion of our Saviour, on learning from his druid that the Son of God was unjustly put to death that day by the Jews. The reason why Cormac Connloingeas was called the Champion of the Cairn, that is, the "White Cairn of Watching, or Sliab Fuaid, was this: — At that cairn he was champion guarding his own province of Ulster." This points to the White Cairn of Watching having been near the pass into Ulster. It could hardly have been as near Newtownhamilton as some have supposed it ; more likely it was somewhere near the White Stone of Calliagh B.eri^at Dorsey. The following passage from the "Tain Bo Cuailgne,"4 while not specifying the cairn, alludes to its position and use : — " Cuchulainn was nursed in the home of his father and mother in the plains of Muirthemhne, where he learned about the young warrior- knights of Emania. He longed to be with them, and at last his wishes were accomplished. And when the day came on which Cuchulainn was knighted and admitted amongst the youth of Emania (i.e. Navan or Armagh), he drove three times round Emania. Cuchulainn then asked his charioteer where the great road which passed Emania led to, and he
1 Usher, " Primordia," pp. 705, 706.
2 " Annals of the Four Masters," edited hy J. O'Donovan, p. 26, note c.
3 "Coinanmcmn," MSS. T.C.D., H. 3. 18, page o94, quoted by E. O'Curry in " The Battle of Magh Leana."
4 "Book of Rights," edited by E. O'Curry, p. 58.
14 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES -OF IRELAND.
answered that it led to Ath-na-Foraire (i.e. the Ford of Watching) at Sliabh Fuaid. ' Why is this ford called the Ford of Watching'? said Cuchulainn. 'Because,' said Ibhar, ' there is an Ultonian chieftain con- stantly watching and guarding there in order that no foreigners should come into Ulster.' Cuchulainn is credited with the performance of many feats on the day upon which he first received the arms of a hero or knight at E mania, after which he set out to the border of the ancient Uladh or Ulster. And Cuchulainn said to his charioteer, ' Put pressure on the horses now.' ' In what direction ? ' said the charioteer. ' As far forward (i.e. from Emania) as the road reaches,' replied Cuchulainn. And so they drove, till they came to Sliab Fuait, where they met Conall Cernach. It was to Conall, now, it happened to protect the province of Uladh that day. For one of the champions of Uladh used to take his day in turn upon Sliab Fuait, to protect anyone who came with a poem, or to fight with a man ; so that it was there he would meet them, in order that none should go to Emania without being perceived."
Other copies of the " Tain" call this place " at napopaipe, the Ford of Watchings," and add "that the champion who kept watch was bound to give combat to any hostile parties who approached Emania, and there can be little doubt that the White Watch-cairn was on the hill of old."1
With the drying up of the old morasses by the cutting out of bogs in making fuel, and the reclamation of low-lying grounds, the fords have in this district all long since disappeared ; but close to the east of the dun at Dorsey we still find a spot called Silver Ford, or Silver Bridge.
In the "Annals of the Four Masters," at the year A.D. 1607, is an account of O'Neill's adventure, in which this " Silver Ford" is distinctly mentioned;: — " On the next day he went to Sradbhaile-Duna Dealgain (i.e. Dundalk). He proceeded on Monday from Sradbhaile, through Bealach-mor-an-Fhedha (the great road of the Fews), to Bel-atha-an- Airgit (i.e. the town of the Silver Ford), across Sliab Fuait to Armagh.'*
1 " The Battle of Magh Leana," edited by E. O'Curry, p. 58.
( -16 )
BALLYWIHEEN CHURCH:, BALLYNEANTG, CO. KERRY.
BY R. A. S. MACALISTER, M.A.
[Submitted JANUARY 12th, 1897.]
T^HE adjacent townlands of Ballyneanig1 Church Quarter aud Bally-' wiheen are situated about a mile south, of Smerwick Bay, and will be found on the 6-inch Map of Kerry, Sheet 42. This district is ex- tremely interesting, and contains numerous remains of both the pre- and post- Christian periods. Two or three fields west of the church which is the subject of the present Paper, is a colossal gallan, the largest of the many examined by rae in Corkaguiney: this I found to be about 17 feet high. Close to this is a well, dedicated to Mo-Laga, and another gallan, neither of which I had time to examine. A little further west is a ceallurach, with the dilapidated and almost shapeless remains of an oratory of the Teampull Geal type ; and south of this is the Cathair na gcat, with a well-known Ogham inscription. Ballyneanig itself long ago supplied an Ogham to the Royal Irish Academy's collection. About 300 yards north of the church is a small earthen ring-fort, while less than a mile to the north-east, across a little meandering stream, is the ceallurach of Reask, with its famous cross — a superb piece of simple ornamental design. The inhabitants, who preserve in a high degree the charming Celtic trait of courteous and dignified hospitality, are a slightly mixed race ; the normal blue^eyed, fair-haired type being mingled to a small degree with a dark-haired, dark-brown-eyed race, which is found sporadically in Corkaguiney.
The place-name Ballyneanig is worthy of notice. It is obviously baile an aonaig, "the place of the assembly" — a name which suggests that it might have been used, in prehistoric times, as the scene of tribal meetings : possibly around the gallan already described.2
I visited this place on the 9th July, 1896, and then made the measure- ments and notes from which the following Paper has been prepared. On plan the church is a simple rectangle. The masonry is coarse and wide-jointed ; a bad sandy mortar is used, which crumbles to powder under the fingers. There is but one doorway, 3 feet 1 inch wide, near the western end of the north side ; this is rebated internally for 5 inches, for the reception of a door, and shows bolt-holes on the reveal. Like all the other opes in the building, this doorway is trabeated. It presents an interesting piece of rude construction ; the lintel for the inner order was found to be too short, and was accordingly supported on another long stone, corbelled out and counterpoised with a third.
1 Pronounced Bally-ne-a-nig.
2 This, however, is actually in Bally wiheen townland.
16
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
The remaining architectural features may be briefly described. The east wall has a narrow lancet window, 4 feet 2 inches high, splayed internally.- The outside lintel of this opening projects -outwards two or three inches, ho doubt to throw rain away from the window. At each end of the lintel of this window, internally as well as externally, is a small opening extending a short distance into the wall ; these are pro- bably putlog holes. There is a larger opening on the present ground level, one fo^t in depth, in the south corner. This is probably iwt- aumbry or locker;
. The south wall has two windows; the eastern window is 3 feet 8 inches high, and 5 inches across, splayed externally and internally, and curiously treated. An upright course of slabs on edge is inserted between the splays in the eastern jamb, forming the edge of what in a glazed
North-east View. ••'/;-]
window would be the glass-line ; in the western jamb there is a similar course, which however is bonded to the outer splay. The lintel is 3 feet long. The western window of the south wall is now partially blocked by the accumulation of earth against the outside of the wall. It is at present 2 feet 7 inches above the ground, and 1 foot 4£ inches where blocked. The inner lintel of this window is half of a " holed" slab: the indentation can be distinctly felt on the inner edge. East of this window is another locker-like recess.
The west wall has a plain opening, 2 feet 6^ inches, in height, and 1 foot 11 inches broad, high up in the gable, with jambs slightly inclined. On the level of the sill of this window the wall is set back about two inches. Just below this are two putlog holes, one at either end of the wall. At a djepth of 1 foot 7£ inches below the set-off is a projecting stone shelf, 1 foot 5 inches broad at the wall end, and tapering out- wards ; it is two inches deep, and projects eleven inches. , It could hardlv have been required for any ritual object at the west end, and there- fore was probably intended simply as a support for a light l-
1 These being above the level at which the plan is taken, are not shown in it.
BALLYWIHEEN CHURCH, COUNTY KERRY. 17
Besides the doorway already described, there is a window at the eastern end of the north wall, splayed internally, resembling the east lancet in all particulars except in its inferior size and in the absence of the projecting lintel. There is another aumbry or locker at the west •end.
The roof was probably of a simple coupled rafter construction ; the only indications of its nature being the setting-ofC of the gables for the reception of the timbers. The roof was probably covered with thatch. There would be a much greater quantity of debris scattered about had any more durable material been used. The pitch is unusually low.
The overall dimensions of the church are : — Length, 37 feet 8 inches ; breadth, 14 feet 3 inches. Thickness of walls average 2 feet 10 inches.
Ground Plan of Church.
The ground has been raised considerably by frequent interments both within and (on the south and west) without the church. The present doorway is only 3 feet 8 inches high, and the sills of all the windows, •except the western, and the eastern (on the outside) are at or below the level of the ground. The doorway cannot be compared with that of Teampull Geal, as evidence that its present diminutive height was inten- tional ; the latter (whose doorway measures 3 feet 2 inches by 1 foot S inches only, and never was any larger) is essentially an oratory for a single ecclesiastic, not improbably a missionary. The church, however, is the place of worship of a settled Christian community, and a door less than 6 feet high would have been most inconvenient.
Lying on the sill of the east window inside are two stone objects worthy of notice. One of these resembles a nether quern stone, much injured; it is 13 inches in diameter. The other is a circular bowl, 10 inches deep and 14 inches in external diameter; the bottom is rounded, and in the centre is drilled a hole 2 inches in diameter.
JOUR. U. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. I., 5XH SER. C
18
ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The two fit together to form a font,' or stoup, as represented in the- figure. A rough sketch of it is given in Brash's ^Ecclesiastical Archi- tecture," which, however, contains no notice of the church. '; -:
There are two stones' of interest in the graveyard, both set up tc~
mark modern graves. One of
these bears
cross with
The other
a simple incised expanding ends* is of a kind new to me ; it is the lower part rqf a slab which seems to have- been, at some recent time, per- •f orated along the line of f racf- ture with three circular holes * from the central perforation* depends a JL-shaped groove (see illustration below). It ifr. Section of Font. possible that when complete-
the stone bore a cross potent^
though in Du ISToyer's sketch this does not appear. In the annexed figure; the portion seen by Du Noyer, but now gone, is dotted in.
It! is noteworthy that in almost every one of the numerous putlog holes and apparent aumbries in the church wall a skull or a portion of one has been inserted.
A man who assisted me in measuring told me that- very few are- buried in this church who are not McDonnells. This may be taken for what it is worth ; the only inscribed tombstone is to the memory of a Kennedy (dated 1869). From another helper I learned that the church- yard is haunted by fairies, . ... , ,
In seeking to estimate the date of this church, we ;must take into account its remote positio.n :and its Delation to other buildings in the neighbourhood. ; JQlmal- Ijedar gives us a ; minor limit, for it is most distinctly earlier than .that beautiful church : the lavish wealth of ornamenta- tion, as well as the arcuated construction, being entirely absent from Ballywiheen. TJnfortunately Caher(|uin church, a mile and a thirjd to ; the north from Ballywiheen, is too much of a ruin to give any :reli- ^HUu'n^ ;
able indication of date ; but the careful
masonry, and the clear division of chancel Stonb Cross, fracture^. '
ffom nave, show that it tools .probably J : , -'..i
much later, and I am incline*! to tjiink it later than the English annex^i #on. On the other; bandit is certainly; later than the oratories of the
BALLY WIHEEN CHURCHr COUNTY KERRY. - 19
Gallerus and Teampull Geal type, if we read history aright from the evidence yielded by its larger size; and on the whole we may thus regard the date as placed between, say A.D. 850 and 1000, unless the church has been rebuilt at some later date in the original style. The only other building in the district, known to me, comparable with this is Teampull Beag — a little church on the outskirts of the ruins of the ancient so-called city of Fahan. This building I have not personally visited, but I am indebted to my friend Mr. J. Curran of Yentry, for a careful ground plan and other particulars. .Prom these I gather that the plan is rect- angular, the door is at the centre of .the south wall, there .are three windows, splayed internally (two in the south and one in the east wall), and,. as at Ballywiheen, a considerable number of locker-like openings in the wall. The graveyard contains a cross-inscribed stone.
The building described in the foregoing Paper is really in Bally- neanig Church Quarter ; the graveyard wall forms part of the townland boundary. But as it is generally known in the neighbourhood as Bally wiheen Church, I have thought it inadvisable to disturb the nomenclature. •
NOTE ADDED IN THE PttESS.
Since this Paper was sent to press, I have received a letter from Mr. Curran, whose ready helpfulness I gratefully acknowledge. From this letter I extract the following additional particulars about the church : —
" At one time long ago there were two brothers, one of whom lived at Ballywiheen, and the other at Ballyneanig. There were scarcely any fences at that time, and the Ballywiheen man, who was more honest and religious than his brother, had often to complain of trespass, and especi- ally of the desecration of the graveyard by his brother's cattle and pigs. At length, in order to relieve himself from any responsibility in this matter, he built a boundary wall between the two properties, and set it out in such a course as left the churchyard entirely on his brother's land. This explains why the church is known by the name of the wrong townland.
" There is a legend about Mo-Laga's well which runs thus (my in- formant heard it from his father, in whose boyhood the event was said to take place) : — ' There was a marriage at Ballywiheen. The priest in those times performed the rites in the house, where the festivities were held, and often stayed with the guests for a good part of the night. In the course of the evening the cook, in great alarm, informed the man of the house that the pot of water — which ought by that time to have been
C2
20 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
fully boiled — was as cold as when she hung it over the fire. When the priest learned the cause of the alarm, he asked where the water had heen obtained. They told him that it was from the holy well, as that was the best water in the place. He bade them lift tho cover and bring a light : when this was done a trout was seen swimming about in the pot. The priest directed them to replace the trout in the well, and after they obeyed the water boiled properly.'
"I tried to find whether anyone ever saw or heard of the church being roofed, but those whom I have consulted never heard the old people say anything of the kind.
"The church is dedicated to St. Fionan. A less reliable story I heard from another man ascribes it to St. Peter. The townlnnd takes its name from St. Baethin."
I have seen Teampull Beag, at Fahan, since the above was written, and a full account is included in a survey of the " City of Fahan," recently read before the Royal Irish Academy. It is smaller and ruder than Ballywiheen, but bears a striking resemblance to it.
STILLORGAN PARK AND ITS HISTORY. BY FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.R.I.A.
[Read SEPTEMBER 28th, 1897.]
A STKANGER would little think to-day on seeing Stillorgan Park for •^^ the first time, intersected as it is by public roads, and dotted over with villas either completed or in course of erection, that it had once been the site of a large and handsome mansion, the home of distinguished statesmen and politicians. Still less would he imagine, looking at the places by which it is surrounded, that it had at one time formed only part of a demesne of much greater extent. Yet such is the case. Where Park House, the residence of Henry J. Monahan, Esq., now stands, there was formerly a stately dwelling, known as Stillorgan House, the owners of which in the eighteenth century played no unimportant part in the public affairs of their time. This house originally stood in a park which covered a large tract of country, stretching on the south to Newtown Park- avenue, on the east to Elackrock, and on the north to Merrion- avenue. Of this house and park I hope to be able to tell something, but I could wish their history had formed the subject of a Paper from the pen of Dr. Stokes, who can make the dry bones to live, and who has already touched briefly, only too briefly, upon their past glories.1
Stillorgan, which is a corruption of the Irish words, Tigh Lorcain or the house of Laurence,2 has probably been the site of a human habitation from a remote period, and, as was proved by the discovery there, of an ancient and remarkable tomb, was chosen, in very early times as the burying place of some great Irish or Danish chief.3 A church, which was dedicated to Saint Bridgid, and which occupied the ground on which the present church is built, existed there at the time of the Norman Invasion^ and this church, together with the lands of *' Stachlorean," subsequently came into the possession of Raymund Carew, one of the early English settlers.4
JC iUJlUltUk JXU. J.0£7i;, y]J. O, «7.
Dr. Joyce, suggests ("Irish Barnes of Places," ed. 1869, p. 58), that a church built at Stillorgan, by Si. Laurence O'Toole, and that the place derives its name
1 See the Journal for 1895, pp. 8, 9.
I
was built from him.
3 This tomb, to which I shall again have occasion to refer, was discovered on June 26, 1716, in Stillorgan Park. It was examined by Sir Thomas Molyneux, then the best authority on archaeology, as well as the most distinguished physician in Ireland. See " Dictionary of ^National Biography," and " Irish Builder " tor 1887, p. 101. He says, that the cavity was only 2 feet long, 16 inches wide, and 14 inches deep. It was lined with four rude flagstones and covered by " one huge massy stone," that ten men could not lift. In it were found the bones of a man and an empty urn. See Molyneux' s " Discourses concerning the Danish Mounts, Forts, and Towers ot Ireland" ; Dublin, 1725, p. 201.
4 The lands of Stillorgan then extended to the sea, probably where Blackrock now stands, and this portion of them, called Argotin, Carew gave to St. Mary's Abbey,
22 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
During portion of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries members of the Hacket family appear to have been tenants of the lands,1 which, however, prior to the year 1390, became the property of John Cruise, Justice of Ireland. He was a magnate of importance both in Dublin and Meath, who distinguished himself in diplomatic as well as in military expeditions, and received the honour of knighthood for his services.2 During his lifetime he gave the lands of Stillorgan, or some portion of them, to a certain John Derpatrick and his wife, who was probably Cruise's daughter, but on their son being declared an outlaw, the estate reverted to the Cruise family.3 About the middle of the fifteenth century through the marriage of Sir Thomas Plunkett, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, to the only daughter of Sir Christopher Cruise, the lands and manor of Stillorgan, for such it was, passed to the Plunketts of Rathmore, from whom the noble families of Dunsany, Killeen, and Louth are de- scended.4 Whether the Cruises or the Plunketts ever resided at Stillorgan
which then owned the adjoining manor of Carrickbrennan. See Mills' s "Norman Settlement in Leinster," in the Journal for 1894, p. 167, and Gilbert's " Chartuluriea of St. Mary's Abbey," vol. i., p. 111. He also granted, in 1216, to the Priory of the Holy Trinity, the church, with the advowson, and the land round it called ' ' Athnekyl." The church was afterwards attached to the mother church of Clonkeen, or Kill-of- the- Grange. Soon after the Reformation it was in ruins and so remained until replaced by the present structure in 1707. See Archdall's " Monasticon Hibernicum," vol. i., p. 154, "Calendar of Christ Church Deeds," passim, and Mant's " History of the Church of Ireland," vol. ii., p. 204. There is in the possession of the Represen- tative Body of the Church of Ireland a map "of eight acres called the Glebe of Stillorgan, otherwise Acrankill," made in 1770. A house is marked on it which was then occupied by a Mr. Peter "Warren, and which became subsequently the country residence of Alderman Nathaniel Warren, who was Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1782- 83, M.P. for Dublin, 1784-90, and for Callan from 1790 until his death in January, 1796. It is now the residence of R. P. White, Esq., and is known as Woodview.
1 In the roll of service for Michaelmas, 1295, William Haket is returned as paying 1 mark for " Staglorgan," and Mr. Mills thinks that John Haket, whose name appears frequently in the accounts of the Priory of the Holy Trinity from 1337 to 1346, was the tenant of Stillorgan. See Sweetman's " Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland," 1293-1301, p. 108, and Mills's "Account Roll of the Priory of the Holy Trinity," p. 152.
2 He owned amongst other places the manors of Merrion and Thorncastle. Besides filling the office of a justice in eyre, he was a guardian of the peace for Dublin and Meath, and a member of the great councils and parliaments of his time. He was on one occasion sent to England as a confidential envoy to communicate with the govern- ment on the state of Ireland : and took part in. an expedition against the O'Tooles, in which he was severely wounded. He died about 1407. See " Calendar of Patent and Close Rolls of Ireland" (1828), vol. i. p. 142 ; D'Alton's " King James's Irish Army List," pp. 567-68, and " History of the County Dublin," pp. 26, 27, 29.
:i John Derpatrick was killed in 1410, when serving under the Lord Deputy in an expedition against the O'Byrnes. He left two sons, Robert and Stephen. Robert married Catherine, daughter of Jacob Uryell, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and died about 1420, leaving an only daughter, Alice. His widow married secondly, Bartholomew de Bathe of Drunicondra, whose son, by a previous marriage, Sir William de Bathe, subsequently married Alice Derpatrick. The lands of Stillorgan were held " in tail male," and on the death of Robert, his brother Stephen, then a minor, succeeded to it. Bartholomew de Bathe was guardian of portion of the lands during the minority, and William Tynbegh of the remainder. Whitelaw and Walsh's " History of Dublin," vol. i., p. 178; Burke's " Peerage " under De Bathe ; "Calendar of Patent and Close Rolls of Ireland" (1828), vol. i., pp. 218, 223, 227, 233.
4 A romantic story founded on Sir Thomas Plunkett' s marriage, is to be found in
STILLORGAN PARK AND ITS HISTORY. 23
is uncertain. All that the documents relating to the place from the twelfth to the seventeenth century tell us is, that there was a mill within the manor and a wood near the church : but though it is not likely that there was a strongly fortified Anglo-Norman castle at Stillorgan, such as existed at Bullock, there probably was a less pretentious dwelling. During the reign of Elizabeth a lease of the manor and lands was given by the Plunketts to Jacques Wingfield, the Master of the Ordnance in the Queen's Irish Army. He was an officer who discharged his duties very far from efficiently, and at one period of his career he owed the retention of his office more to the soundness of his patent than to personal bravery.1 He died in 1587, and the Plunketts then gave a lease of the lands to a Mr. James Wolverston, who was living in the neighbourhood at " Ballenyloor," now known as Leopardstown.2 His father, Mr. George Wolverston, who was probably a cadet of the ancient English family of that name now seated in Staffordshire, had resided at Stillorgan for some time, and had been appointed a Captain of the O'Byrne's country,3 James Wolverston had himself, also, served in the army, under "Wingfield, and he was probably the Lieutenant Wolverston whose horse was slain under him in action, and who was recommended in 1592 for favourable consideration after seventeen years' service. His Avorldly circumstances prospered, and he died in 1609, possessed of much land in the county Dublin and in the county Wicklow, of herds of " garrens," of cows, and of swine, of flocks of sheep, of a stud of horses at Glencullen, and of another at " Frainestown," besides great store of corn, much household ^tuff and plate.4
-an article on -'Rathmore and its Traditions," which appeared in the Dublin Univer- sity Magazine for September, 1854. The article was reprinted with appendices and notes, .in 1880, by the short-lived Meath Antiquarian "Society." See also Lodgers f< Peerage of Ireland," by Archdall, vol. vi., p. 181.
1 See Bagwell's "Ireland under the Tudors," vol. ii., pp. 24, 25, 29 ; iii., pp. 61, 72, 139, 172 ; " Calendar of State Papers Ireland,'' 1588-92, p. 161, and from 1558 to, 1587 passim; Lodge's " Peerage of Ireland," by Archdall, vol. v., p. 267.
2 An inquisition, made in 1618, states that Richard Plunkett, lately of Rathmore, in the county Meath, was seized of the lands of " Stalorgan," containing 300 acres, -and that by his deed, .dated February 3, 1588, he had let the premises to James Wolverston for a term of seventy-seven years, at a rent of £4 13s. 4rf. ." Calendar of. Irish Inquisitions," vol. i., Jac. i., No. 36.- For the history of Leopardstown,, see Mills's " Norman Settlement in Leinster," in the Journal for 1894, p. 166. .
3 He was residing at Stillorgan in the reign of Mary. Frequent pardons were extended to him by the Crown for any offences he might have committed against the rigour of the law in his expeditions' against the Irish. He appears in the list of pensioners in 1586, and made his nuncupative will in 1588. A William Wolverston of Stillorgan, probably his brother, is also joined with him in the pardons and was placed on the list of impotent soldiers in 1575. See " Calendar of Fiants," Philip and Mary; 187 ; Elizabeth, 582, 660, 1162, 1739; " Calendar of State Papers," Carew, 1575-88; p. 86; Ireland, 1586-88, p. 41; Dublin Consistorial Will.
4 He mentions in his will, besides the farm and town of Stillorgan, the lands of Newtown, and of Glencullen, in the county Dublin, and the lands of Bray, Kilpoole,1 Monckland, and Frainestowji, in the county Wickl.ow. He, "had to .wife '.' Margaret (who died April 12, 1620), daughter of Richard Archbold of Kilmacud, and left four sons, William who succeeded him at Stillorgan, Robert who settled at ^Rathbran itt
24 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
James Wolverston's eldest son, Mr. William Wolverston, succeeded to the lands of Stillorgan, and we find him residing there in 1641, when the great rebellion broke out. The Wolverstons had intermarried with the Irish and with the early English settlers, and although regard for his life and property may have prevented Mr. Wolverston taking an active part with the rebels, his sympathies were with them none the- less. Thus, when in that awful winter his neighbours seized the wife of the curate of Kill-of-the-Grange, and brought her to his house, although he commanded them not to hang her on his land, he did not take any steps to prevent them carrying their threats into execution some miles off near Powerscourt.1 His eldest son, who had married a daughter of the reigning Kavanagh of Eorris, died before him, and on Mr. Wolverston's death in 1 644, his estates passed to his grandson, then a minor, residing with his mother at " Ballenyloor." 2
Whatever question there may be as to the existence of a castle on the lands of Stillorgan prior to the Wolverstons' occupation of them, there is no doubt that in their time a dwelling, larger than any in the adjacent country, with the exception of Monkstown Castle, was to be found there. It stood, with its extensive slated out-offices, in the midst of a garden, while a little way off an orchard and grove of ash trees concealed from view the mill which was still in good working order, on the river,3
During the minority of Mr. Wolverston's grandson, the Marquis of Ormonde, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was appointed by the Crown guardian of the Wolverston property, but occupied as the Marquis was at that time with the unhappy affairs of his royal master, Stillorgan can hardly have received any attention from him. Probably the castle and lands were derelict when seized by a certain Henry Jones, whom we find
the coiinty Wicklow, find died in ]630, directing his bod;/ to be buried in Baltinglass- Church, Christopher, of Newtown, and of the Kill farm, in the county Dublin, and John, of Newcastle, in the county Wicklow, who died in 1633, directing his body to be buried at Stillorgan. He died September 9th, 1609, and was buried in the churchyard of Stillorgan. See " Calendar of Fiants," Elizabeth, 3406, 4796 ; " Calendar of State- Papers, Ireland," 1588-92, p. 325 ; 1592-96, p. 15, 1603-6, p. 168 ; Funeral Entries in Ulster's Office ; Prerogative and Dublin Consistorial Wills.
1 Hickson's "Ireland in the Seventeenth Century," vol. ii., p. 26; Borlase's- " Irish Rebel! ion" (London, 1680; App. p. 114).
2 William Wolvertun married Margaret, daughter of Robert Barnewell of Shankill, by his wife Anne, daughter of Richard Walsh, of Carrickmines. His eldest son George, who resided at "Ballenyloor," married Mary, daughter of Murrough mac Biien Kavanagh of Borris, by his wife Elinor, daughter *of Edward Viscount Mountgarretr and dying June 26, 1634, was buried at Stillorgan. He left an only son James and seven daughters. William Wolverston had also other sons, Humphrey of Stillorgan,. John of Newcastle and of Newtown (who had a son Francis, who attended the- assembly of confederates at Kilkenny in 1647, and died at Dalkey in 1681), and Thomas of Brennanstown, who married Katharine, daughter of John Sarsfield of Lucanr and widow of William Rochfort of Brennanstown. See " Funeral Entries " in Ulster's Office; Prerogative and Dublin Consistorial Wills ; D'Alton's "King James's Irish Army List," p. 295.
3 See Lodge's "Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica," vol. ii., p. 541; Maps of the Down Survey, and Hearth Returns in the Irish Public Record Office.
STILLORGAN PARK AND ITS HISTORY. 25
occupying them under the protectorate. Soon after the restoration Jones was arrested on suspicion of being concerned in a plot to restore the Commonwealth, but his arrest only anticipated his eviction from Still- organ, as Mr. Wolverston's grandson had obtained a Decree of Innocency from the Commissioners under the Act of Settlement, who, fortunately for him, held that his grandfather had always lived inoffensively, and ordered that the "Wolverston estates should be restored to him.1 His mother, during the Commonwealth, had got into serious trouble with the authori- ties for harbouring on her premises at " Ballenyloor," a girl, who was afterwards sentenced to be hanged, and she was ordered off to Con- naught in the general order for transplantation, but whether she managed to evade the order altogether, or whether her son accom- panied her, I have been unable to ascertain.2 He lived for only three years after the recovery of his property and died at the early age of thirty- six years, leaving a widow and two children. His widow, who was a sister of the tenth Lord Dunsany, married, soon after Wolverston's death, Mr. Bryaii O'Neill, of Upper Claneboys, who succeeds! to the baronetcy which had been conferred upon his father by Charles I., in consideration of his gallant conduct at the battle of Edge Hill, and who was appointed one of the judges of the Court of King's Bench in Ireland by James II.3 The O'Neills appear to have resided at Stillorgan for some time,4 but about the year 1680 they sold the estate to Sir Joshua Allen of Dublin, from whom the present proprietor, the Earl of Carysfort, is descended in the female line.5 Sir Joshua Allen was the eldest son of a Mr. John Allen, whose ancestors, originally of English extraction, had settled in Holland, and who came over from that country to Dublin at the close of Elizabeth's reign. John Allen in his will modestly describes himself as a bricklayer, but he was really a master builder, and Lodge quaintly tells us that " being very handsome in his person and of great skill in
1 The property in the county Dublin, to which James Wolvertton proved his title, included, beside the manor, castle, town, and lands of Stillorgan, the lands of Newtown, of Leopardstown, of Ballycorus and of Callary, a chief rent from Kilma- cud, a castle and several tenements in Little Bray, Hackett's land near Shanganagh, land and tenements in Dalkey, and land in Roebuck. See " Roll of Innocents," iv. 17, in Irish Public Record Office, and " Calendar of Ormonde Papers," in " 8th Report of Historical Manuscript Commission," App., pp. 502, 512, 541.
- See Loftus's " Court Martial Book " in Marsh's Library ; Prendergast's u Crom- wellian Settlement of Ireland," p. xx.
3 The baronetcy is presumed to be extinct, but a lineal descendant of Sir Bryan O'Neill is stated to have heen living, in 1865, in a miserable backroom in Cook-street, Dublin, in absolute indigence and destitution, and another man, who claimed to be a descendant, was employed; about 1820, in a small inn near Duleek, as " boots and ostler." See Madden's "History of Irish Periodical Literature," vol. ii., p. 61; Burke's " Extinct Baronetcies " under O'Neill of Upper Claneboys; Lodge's " Peerage of Ireland," by Archdall, vol. vi., p. 211 ; Prerogative Will of Lady Mary O'Neill.
* See " County Dublin Subsidy Rolls " in Irish Public Record Office.
3 In 1684, Sir Joshua Allen disclaimed all intention of passing letters patent for the church land of Stillorgan, and ] conclude he was in possession of Stillorgan Park prior to that time. See " Calendar of Christ Church Deeds," 467.
26 RO YAL SOCIETY G J* ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Architecture, he was much esteemed and consulted by the most eminent bf the nobility and gentry in their buildings, particularly by the Earl of Stratford, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in his large intended edifice near Naas." He died in 1 64 I, enjoining his wife to be a loving careful mother to his children, and to bring them up " in the fear of God, in the Protes- tant religion then established." l His son Joshua was a man of great mercantile ability ; he soon acquired an ample fortune and took a leading place among the citizens. He was elected successively Sheriff, Alderman, and Mayor of Dublin, and during his tenure of the latter office, probably when presenting the freedom of the city in a gold box to the Earl of Essex, he received the honour of Knighthood.2 Sir Joshua, Lord Claren- don says, was as wise a man as you could meet with of his profession, and of as clear a reputation as anyone in this kingdom, and soon after James II. had ascended the throne, he foresaw the coming troubles, and though then extensively engaged in business, began to entertain some idea of removing to England. Clarendon, after his recall from the Lord Lieutenancy, before he set sail, sent for Allen amongst others, and in words, which cannot have had the ring of sincerity, assured them that so long as they continued dutiful to the King he would be gracious to them, and begged them to lay aside gloomy apprehension, and not to think of leaving Ireland. In spite of these fair words, Allen sought refuge in Chester, where we find him in 1689, acting as Vhomme d> affaire in shipping off William's forces. He came back to Dublin after the Battle of the Boyne, but did not live to enjoy the fruits of that victory, as his death took place within twelve months from his return.3
1 Swift, in a satire on Allen's descendants, says that John Allen's name was to be found cut on one of the chimney stacks of Howth Castle. Faulkner's " Works of Swift," vol. xi., p. 284.
2 Sir Joshua's name appears frequently in the proceedings of the Corporation in his time. While making improvements in his father's house, which was situated at Mullinahac, where Power's distillery now stands, and which adjoined the city wall, he had the misfortune to bring a large portion of the wall to the ground by removing some rubbish, and had to pay a large sum towards the rebuilding of it. Then we find him repaid on several occasions for French wine, "rackt," which he supplied to be run out at the High Pipe, the Castle gate, and the Tholsel ; for no fear of a govern-, ment audit then restrained the expenditure of the city fathers, and on high festivals, such as the birthday and coronation-day of King Charles, they provided claret for the populace whose taste in spirituous liquors has sadly degenerated in modern times. We also find him acting as treasurer of a fund to provide " tuneable rings of large bells, and two faire audible clocks and chimes " for the two cathedrals, and as treasurer of an assessment to build a new stone bridge. "Irish Builder" for 1887, p. 115; Gilbert's " Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin," vols. iv. and v., passim.
3 He died on July 8, 1691, and was buried in St. Catherine's Church. He married Mary (who died September 4, 1709, and was buried in St. James's Church), daughter of John Wybrow of Chester, by whom he had fifteen children, of whom only four survived ; a son, John, who succeeded him, and three daughters, Elizabeth, who married Anthony Sheppard, M.P. for the county Longford, Elinor, who married in 1700, Henry Westenra, an ancestor of the Lords Eossmore, and Mary, who married' Joshua Cooper, an ancestor of the Coopers of Markree. See "Lodge's Peerage of Jreland" by Archdall, vol. v., p. 181; "The State Letters of Henry,' Earl of Clarendon" (Oxon., 1763), vol. i., pp. 156-454; " Diary," p. 13; "Calendar of State Papers of William and Mary," 1689-90, passim.
STILLORGAN PARlt AND -ITS HISTORY.' 2T
Sir Joshua was succeeded by his only surviving son, John Allen, who had served as a captain in King William's' army. He was a man of no ordinary type of character, and displayed through life a rigid adheren'ce to the principles which had actuated his conduct in early days. Having regained possession of the Stillorgan estate, which had been confiscated by James, Colonel Allen, as he had become, took up his residence there and soon was recognised as one of the leading men in the county, 1'or which he was returned to Parliament as Knight of the Shire. He now became immersed in politics. For twenty -five years he occupied a sent in the Irish House of Commons, during three Parliaments as member for the Metropolitan County, during one as member for the county of Carlow, and during another as member for the county of Wicklow. He largely increased his father's .property by the purchase of the Arklow estate, and of lauds at Bullock and at Dalkey, now owned by Lord Carysfort.1 Besides the influence derived from his territorial possessions he had formed an alliance with one of the most powerful families of the day by his marriage to the sister of Robert, nineteenth Earl of Kildare, and we find his illustrious brother-in-law staying with Allen at Stillorgan when appointed one of the Lords Justices on the accession of George I.* Allen had strenuously exerted himself to secure in Ireland the peaceful succession of the House of Hanover. He had been one of the principal witnesses against the Kev. Francis Higgins, who has been called the "Irish Sacheverel,"3 and steadfastly set his face against the Jacobite tendencies of the_Q,ueen's.jninisters. ..,. At. the -General -Election- of 1713 he had used his wealth and influence to secure the return to Parliament of members sharing his own views. His eldest son had then been elected for the county of Kildare, and his second son for the Borough of Carysfort, while by the return in 1715 of his youngest son for the borough of Athy, the extraordinary spectacle was witnessed of a father and three sons all sitting at the same time in Parliament, and which
1 He purchased in 1714 from the Duke of Ormonde part of the town and lands of Arklow, containing 8528 acres. And in 1703 he had bought from the trustees of Fori'eited Estates, for £151, 19 acres in Dalkey, with four castles and several cabins thereon, the estate of the late King James, and for £1750 the town and lands of Bullock, containing 209A. 3u. 24p., the estate of Richard Fagan, attainted. He had inherited from his father property in the county Kildare, and a mortgage on the manor of Rathvilly in the county Carlow. In 1708 he was involved in no less than nvi- <.r six lawsuits with regard to Rathvilly. Archbishop King, as a friend of the persons concerned, tried to effect a settlement, and in his correspondence there is a letter to Sir Richard Cox, before whom, as Lord Chancellor, the matter had come, and another to Colonel Allen himself,' whom the Archbishop had " rid down " to see at Stillorgan, but whom he had found to be in the county Carlow, with regard to the terms of a com- promise. See Lodge's "Peerage of Ireland " by Archdall," vol. v., pp. 182,183; 15th Report of the Commissioners of Public Records in Ireland, 1821-28, p. 356 ; "Archbishop King's Correspondence " in T. C. D. Library.
2 Mant's " History of the Church of Ireland/' vol. ii'., p. 227.
3 See "Account of the Trial of the Rev. Francis Higgins 'r (London,- 1712), -also- notice of him by the Rev. William Reynell, -B.L>., M.H.I.A., in " Dictionaiy of National Biography." ; .''•''"
28 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
was even more remarkable, all returned without opposition. A Privy Councillorship was Allen's immediate reward, and three years later a peerage was conferred upon him as Baron Allen of Stillorgan and Viscount Allen of Kildare.1
It was by him, immediately after he came into possession of the Stillorgan estate, and probably on the site of, or near to, the Wolver- tons' castle, that the house of which the remains have only disap- peared within the last twenty years, was erected. It was, as Dr. Stok( s- tells us, built in a style much in vogue in the early part of the la^t century, with wings, containing on one side a miniature theatre and on the other the stables, and enclosing in the centre a large courtyard.2 Mrs. Delany, in describing a visit she paid to Stillorgan compares the house in appearance to one made of cards.
The gardens, which were so extensive as to c6ver thirteen acres, were laid out in the old fashioned style, probably by an Englishman called Bullein, who was the principal rural artist in Ireland in the reign of Queen Anne. They abounded in straight avenues and alleys with curious edgings of box, carefully clipped yew-trees, knots of flowers, topiary work, and grassy slopes, and possibly there may have been, as in Bullein's nursery, the representation of a boar hunt, or a hare chase, cut out in box. Everything was made on a strictly rectangular line, even to the artificial fish-ponds, with three of which the pleasure-grounds were furnished. Though rapidly being filled with rubbish, two of these are still to be seen.
1 He was born in Dublin on February 13, 1661, and baptized in St. Kevin's Churcb eight days later. Having been educated under a Mr. Ryder, he entered Trinity College as a fellow commoner in 1677, and was in 1692 admitted B.A. speciali gratia, on being returned to Parliament. He represented the county Dublin, 1692-95, 1703— 13, 1715-17, tbe county Carlow, 1695-1703, and the county Wicklow, 1713-15. He was sworn a Privy Councillor, October 9, 1714, and was raised to tbe Peerage on August '28, 1717. He died in London on Novembers, 1726, and his body was brought into Ireland, and inierred in St. James's Cburch, Dublin. He married in 1684 Mary, eldest daughter of Robert Fitzgerald, Esq., who died in 1692, leaving three sons, Josbua, Hobert, and Ricbard. Of Joshua, who succeeded him, we shall see later on. Robert was born in 1687, and having been educated under a Dr. Jones, entered Trinity College in 1704. He was M.P. for Carysfort from 1713 to 1715, and for the county "Wirklow from 1715 until his death. In 1736 be was appointed Secretary to the Commissioners of the Revenue and died in York- street on December 16, 1741. He married in 1707 Fiances, daughter of the Hon. Baron Johnson, and had two sons, who died unmarried, and three daughters, one of whom married Robert Boswell of Bally curry, county "Wicklow, and another, "a lady of very great beauty," "William Paul "Warren, of Grangebegg, county Kildare. Richard was bom in 1691. He sat for Athy from 1715 to 1727, and for the county Kildare from 1727 until his death, which took place at his seat at Crunilin, on April 14, 1745. In an announcement of his death in the Dublin Journal, he is stated to have been "a gentleman of the strictest honour, justice, and humanity, and a sincere friend to the interests of true liberty and his country." He married Dorothy, daughter of Major Greene of Kilhighy, county Tipperary, and had two sons, both of whom succeeded successively to the Allen titles,' and one daughter. See Lodge's "Peerage of Ireland," by Archdall, vol. v., p. 183 ; " Pue's Occurrences " ; " Faulkner's Dublin Journal " ; Matriculation Books, T. C.D.,&c.
2 See Dr. Stokes's Paper on " The Antiquities from Kingstown to Dublin," in the Journal for 1895, p. 9, for a description and picture of the house.
STILLORGAN PARK AND ITS HISTORY. 29
These lay to the south of the house, on the other side of an eminence in the undulating surface of the park, and the approach to them was by means of a curious passage and tunnel, now amongst the few remaining relics of the residence of the Aliens, cut through the mound. The walls of the passage and tunnel are built of red brick, and were evidently decorated with niches, tablets, and sculptured figures, apparently designed on some classic model.
It was probably here, when making the necessary excavations for this structure, that the tomb which I have mentioned, and which was found in 1716, was discovered. The ground now occupied by Obelisk Park, Carysfort House, and Newtown Park Village, then formed an extensive deer-park, the wall of which is still to be seen stretching behind the first-named place.1 The Stillorgan venison was famous, and the Aliens were so generously disposed that even the great Archbishop King did not hesitate to apply to them for the side of " a barren doe " when about to entertain his friends on the occasion of the annual visita- tion of Marsh's Library.2
Joshua, the second Yiscount Allen, succeeded to Stillorgan on the death of his father, and resided there constantly. He has gained an unenviable immortality as the subject of some of Swift's severest satires.3 The Dean does not allow him the possession of a single good quality ; but, while he had not his father's wisdom or stability of mind, he must have been a man of ability ; and Lodge says that he demon- strated it, and his learning, on more than one occasion, by his speeches
1 My authority for the size of the gardens is a lease in the Registry of Deeds Office (Allen to Tisdall, Lib. 169, p. 372). In it there are mentioned three gardens con- taining 13A. IB. 24p., three fish ponds containing 3A. 10p., the limekiln park contain- ing 2A. IR. 29p., the haggard 20p., the wood meadow IA. IB. 10p., the large avenue 4A. IB. 4p. (which is still to be seen stretching down towards Merrion Avenue), the grove 3u. 38p., the new paddock 8 A. 2B., the lime tree park 2A. 2B., the low pasture 12A. 2B. 39p., the nursery meadow GA. 10p., the court containing IA., and the road leading to it from the iron gate. Also see Mrs. Delany's "Life and Correspond- ence," vol. i., p. 373; Walker's " Essay on Gardening in Ireland," Transactions, R.I. A., vol. iv. (Antiquities), p. 13 ; London's " Encyclopaedia of Gardening," p. 83.
2 His application on one occasion was made in the following letter to Lord Allen's eldest son : — "St. Sepulchre's, Oct. 10th, 1726; Sir, I am to entertain some friends here on Thursday next at the Visitation of the Library. I understand that a piece of venison would be very acceptable to them, but except you can be so kind to me as my Lord Allen was last year, I know not how to come at it. I am not so good a hunts- man as to know whether this be, at this time of year, a seasonable request, but if you should think it proper, a side of a Barren Doe would be a new obligation on, Sir, Yr. Most humble Servt., W. D. To the Honble. Jos. Allen."
3 ' ' Positive and overbearing,
Changing still and still adhering, Spiteful, peevish, rude, untoward, Fierce in tongue, in heart a coward, Reputation ever tearing, Ever dearest friendship swearing, Judgment weak and passion strong, Always various, always wrong."
Scott's "Works of Swift," vol. xii., p. 424»
30 ItOYAL SQCrETY. OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
in Parliament for the benefit of his country.1 He was sent abroad at an early age to complete his education, and two letters of his, written at this time to Joshua Dawson, the Irish Secretary of State, breathe the spirit of patriotism in the passionate wish he expresses to be amongst his Dublin friends "in a little hole about ye round church," and show that, however easily led he may have been, he was not without inherent discretion. The first of these letters^is in reply to one of Dawson's warning him against making an unsuitable match, and, curiously enough, it is said that his marriage was due to a trick played upon him by Lionel Duke of Dorset, and that at first he refused to acknowledge the lady as his wife. After a time, however, she inserted a notice in the newspapers of the day, , saying she had succeeded to a large fortune, and he then became as desirous to prove the marriage as he had been to disown itj and before he found the report was without foundation, the lady had gained complete ascendance over him.2
. It was probably by the second Lord Allen, during the famine of 1727, that the obelisk,3 still the pride of the neighbourhood, and the most conspicuous object in the surrounding country, was erected. It is traditionally reported to have been designed by Sir Edward Lovet Pearce, the architect of the Irish Houses of Parliament, and this report is more or less confirmed by the fact that Pearce appears to have been a friend of the Aliens, and came to reside some years later at a, small house within their park, then and until lately known as The Grove".4
1 Lodge's « Peerage of Ireland _" (1754), _voL _iii,,_.p. 244. In . ArcbdallLs_jediliQn the passage is omitted.
2 He was baptized in St. Kevin's church on September the 17th, 1685, and having been educated under a Dr. Jones, entered Trinity College in 1701 as u Fellow Com- moner. He was admitted LL.D. in 1718. In 1710 he was elected Knight of the Shire for the county Kildare, which he represented until he succeeded to the Allen titles on the death of his father. He married on October 18th, 1707, Margaret, daughter of Samuel du Pass of Epsom, Surrey, first clerk in the Secretary of State's Office, by his wife Dorothy, daughter of Edward Ellis, who sent large sums of money to Charles II. during his exile. See Lodge's "Peerage of Ireland" by Archdall, yol. v., p. 185; British Departmental Correspondence in Irish Public Record Office, Allen to Dawson, 24th January, 1703, and llth November, 1707 ; Scott's ''Works of Swift," vol. vii., p. 276.
3 For an account of the famine of 1727, see Lecky's "History of England," vol. ii., p. 217. Many persons- in describing the obelisk have given the date of its erection as 1740, but it was in existence in 1731, when Mrs. Delany visited Lord Allen,
4 There is a lease from Joshua, Lord Allen, to Pearce in Registry of Deeds Office (Lib. 73, p. 39), dated July 26tb, 1731, conveying to him the tenements wherein the gardeners usually resided, within the wall leading by the roadside to Stillorgan and a long strip of ground containing £A. 3n. IP., with liberty to make use of the adjoining grove containing SA. 2u. 30p., and also of a coach passage. Pearee died at Stillorgan on December 7th, 1733. He was then engaged in the construction of the canal from Lough Neagh to Newry, as well as in the erection of the Houses of Parliament. See " Pue's Occurrences," May 22-26, 1733, fora reference to his "indefatigable labour and prudent conduct " in connexion with the former work, and notice in " Dic- tionary of National Biography." In his will he desires his executors to offer his books to Trinity College for two-thirds of their value, and in the event of the College not purchasing them, directs that they should be sold in Great Britain. See Prerogative "Will. Whether the books were bought for the College or not I have been unable to
STILLORGAN PARK AND ITS HISTORY. 3 1
The obelisk resembles in its massive style,' and in its excellent state of preservation, the great work of Pearce's life. It is more than one hundred feet high, of cut granite stone, and rises from a rustic .base, formed of huge uncut rocks, containing a large vaulted. chamber, and having on each side a double staircase leading to a platform, from which four doorways of Egyptian design furnish the entrance to a small room in the bottom of the obelisk.1 , .
The second Lord Allen and his wife were prominent figures in the Dublin Society of their day, and Stillorgan was no doubt in their time the scene of many festive gatherings where shone -Irish beauty, -wit, anH fashion. Thither rode the good Archbishop King, in the hope he^ might secure Lord Allen's interest for a friend who sought a seat in Parliament. There was welcomed the witty Dean, whose friendship Lord Allen 'at first -'•" caressed and courted and solicited ^" but whose enmity he was rash enough subsequently to incur 4<by rattling, him bitterly undei* various injurious appellations." Thither w^nt Mrs. Clay ton in her great coach drawn by six flouncing Flander's mares, which outlooked everyone else's. And there came to stay for some weeks with; Lord Atbn that gallant soldier and brilliant diplomatist the second Earl of Stair, escorted from Don aghadee, where he landed, by many persons of great quality and distinction.2
iy a will of a few lines 'the second Lord Allen bequeathed all hi& property, real as well as personal, to his wife, and on his death in 1742,' she succeeded, under this will, : to Stillorgan Park.3 He left a son and two daughters. The son Jonh, third Viscount Allen,* only survived his
ascertain, notwithstanding very kind assistance from the Assistant Librarian, A. C. Be Burgh, Esq. The Grove was again let, in 1745, to Alderman~ George Bibtqri, who/walsL afterwards created a baronet;, and was occupied by him and his son, until about 1780. when it came into the possession of Alderman Nathaniel Jenkins, a well-known, book- seller of his day. Puring the present century it was for many years the residence. of the Hughes family. See Hughes of the Grove, Burke's " Landed Gentry," ed. 1849 ; also Leases in Registry of IJeeds^Office ;"" PbstnChaise Companion,'* &fcV It is^'now called Tigh Lor cain Hall. <:•. ; •_: ' ;./,," :;: T '-iri;
1 A picture of the obelisk appears in Wrights " Ireland Illustrated," and in a, spurious edition of the "Hibernian Magazine" for 1773, published by one Peter Sequin. u«i .
2 Archbishop King's Correspondence in Trinity College Library; Scott's "Works of Swift," vol. vii., p. 276; Mrs. Delany's "Life and Correspondence," vol.' iii*,, p. 300, 373 ; " Pue's Occurrences," August 21-25, September 15-18, 173£.
3 He died at Stillorgan, after a long illness, on December 4th, 1742, and was "decently" interred on the 8th, in the family vault in St. James's Church. The gravtedigger, while the vault was open for Lord Allen's interment, stole a leaden coffin. put of it, and, having melted it down and sold it, ran away. No trace of the vault can now. be ,foundv St. James's Church was rebuilt in 1762, and the v;vult was probably then finally closed and built, over. "Pue's Occurrences;" December 4— 7, and 7—11 ^ 1742,1 and January 25!r29> 1743. -
4 He was M.P. for Carysfort from 1732 to 1742. His death is thus announced in thej Dublin Jour tofll for May 25-28, 1745. " Qji Saturday morning last [the 25th], about e^giit p' flock, /;the Right, ^on. John Lord Viscounij; Allen died ql a mortitication,
occasioned by a wound he lately received in an assault made upon him by dragoons (as found by the coroner's inquest). The; great benevolence, food sense ,.
32 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
father three years, and as he had never married, the title, after his death, passed to his cousin. The eldest daughter, Elizabeth, married, eight years after her father's death, Sir John Proby, who subsequently became the first Baron Carysfort,1 and on her marriage her mother settled on her the Stillorgan and Arklow Estates. The second daughter, Frances,2 married, eight years later, Sir "William Mayne, who also was raised to the peerage as Baron Newhaven.3
Lady Allen went to reside in London after her husband's death,4 and, in 1754, Stillorgan House and the surrounding grounds were let to Mr. Philip Tisdal, then Solicitor-General and Judge of the Prerogative Court, and subsequently Attorney-General and Secretary of State, and for twenty- three years, until his death, it continued to be the country residence of this remarkable lawyer and statesman.5 " He was a man of first-rate talents and one of the greatest lawyers of his time," writes his rival, Prime Sergeant and Provost Hutchinson, " and in the Courts of Justice, the Senate, the Privy Council, and the Cabinet maintained to the time of his death the reputation of a man of great knowledge and ability." Tisdal, we are told, understood so well the farce and fallacy of life that he went through the world with a constant sunshine of soul, and an inexorable gravity of feature, viewing the world as if it had been a scenic representation, and he was in some respects one of the most singular as he was undoubtedly one of the most able Irish statesmen of the eighteenth century. He lived in a style of the greatest splendour and magnificence, and during his occupation of Stillorgan House it was the centre for that unbounded hospitality in which he delighted. We see him entertaining there the Lords Lieutenant of the day — in 1755 the Marquis of Hartington, in 1765 the Earl of Hertford, and during his Viceroyalty the Marquis of Townshend, who, appreciating Tisdal' s well-known cook and the company of an *'. eight bottle man," such as Tisdal is said to have been, was a frequent
and public spirit, with other good qualifications that so eminently distinguished this young nobleman has rendered his death a universal loss to the kingdom, and generally as well as deservedly lamented. He is succeeded in honour and title by his cousin .german John Allen [eldest son of the Hon. Richard Allen, the third son of the first Viscount], and now the Right Hon. John Lord Viscount Allen. His Lordship's remains were interred in a very decent private manner at the family burying place in St. James's Church on Sunday evening."
1 See notice in " Dictionary of National Biography."
2 Mrs. Delany describes this lady as a little lively sort of fairy, who could say many entertaining things, and relates an anecdote of her conduct at a masquerade at Somerset House, where she met one of the royal princes, and the celebrated beauty, Lady Coventry, which is curiously illustrative of the manners of her time. Mrs. Delany's " Autobiography and Correspondence," vol. iv., p. 438.
3 See Burke's " Extinct Peerage " and Lodge's "Peerage of Ireland " by Arch- dall, vol. vii., p. 119.
4 Lady Allen died in Duke-street, St. James's, London, on March 4th,r 1758, and was buried in that parish. Lodge's "Peerage of Ireland," by Archdall, vol. v., j>. 186, and Prerogative Will.
5 See lease already mentioned in note on p. 29.
STILLORGAN PARK AND ITS HISTORY. 33
-guest at his Attorney-General's table. There also met a small circle of political friends — "the cabal at Stillorgan " — whom Tisdal was said to attract round him by his profusion, and whose meetings were regarded with suspicion by his rivals. And there as his guest Angelica Kauffmann during her visit to Ireland exercised her great talents.1
After Tisdal's death, which occurred in 1777, the second Baron Carysfort, who was an active politician, as well as a diplomatist and author, and who was advanced to the dignity of an earl, resided for some time at Stillorgan.2 Then the place was again let to the Lord Chan- cellor of the day, Lord Lifford, who had previously rented Santry Court as his country residence. Lord Lifford' s appointment to the Chancellor- ship had been much resented, as he was an Englishman, and occupied a seat on the English Bench when sent to this country, but by the ability with which he discharged the business of his court, he had gained the respect of the public, and through his amiable and upright disposition he had become very popular in private life. With the assistance of a young and handsome wife he dispensed at Stillorgan such hospitality as became his position, and, though no doubt his entertain- ments lacked the brilliancy of Tisdal's, they were probably even more frequently honoured by the presence of the Viceroys.3
The outlying portions of the park began to be let as building sites after the second Lord Allen's death, and Carysfort-avenue was made,
1 Philip Tisdal was the eldest son of Richard Tisdal, Registrar of the Court of •Chancery in Ireland and M.P. for Dundalk, and subsequently for the county of Louth. He was educated under Dr. Thomas Sheridan, and in 1722 graduated B.A. in T. C. D. In 1733 he was called to the Irish Bar, and was appointed third sergeant in 1741, Judge of the Prerogative Court in 1745, Solicitor- General in 1751, and Attorney- •Oeneral in 1760. He represented the Univei-sity of Dublin in Parliament from 1739 to 1776, and the borough of Armagh from 1776 to his death. In 1763 he had been appointed Secretary of State and Keeper of the Privy Seal. He died at Spa, in Belgium, on September llth, 1777, and his body was brought home and interred at Finglas. His town house was in Leinster-street. He married Mary, daughter of the Rev. Rowland Singleton, and niece of the Right Hon. Henry Singleton, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and had two daughters, Mary, " a young lady possessed of the -greatest accomplishments," who married Lieutenant- Colonel Hugh Morgan, and had an only daughter, who married Robert Sterne Tighe of Mitchelstown, and Jane, who died unmarried. See Burke' s "Landed Gentry" under Tisdall of Charlesford ^nd Tighe of Mitchelstown ; Stubbs' " History of the University of Dublin," p. 236 ; Hardy's "Memoirs of Charlemont," vol. i., page 152 ; " Pue's Occurrences," Sep- tember 13-16, 1755 ; October 22-26, 1765 ; Freeman's Journal, September 30, 1777 ; :" Baratariana," pages 172, 274; Gerrard's "Life of Angelica Kauffrnann," page 136 ; 12th Report of Historical Manuscript Commission, App., Pt. ix., page 240, and passim.
2 In the correspondence of the first Earl of Charlemont there is a letter from the second Baron Carysfort, dated from Stillorgan Park, on July 10, 1780. See 12th Report of Historical Manuscript Commission, Appendix, Part x., vol. i., p. 374 ; and for a biographical notice of him, see "Dictionary of National Biography."
3 See Adams's " History of Sanrry," p. 25 ; 12th Report of Historical Manuscript Commission, App., Part ix., p. 276 ; 14th Rep., App., Part i., vol. iii., p. 322. For notices of Lord Liiford, see " Dictionary of National Biography" ; and Burke's " Lord •Chancellors of Ireland."
JOUR. R.R.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. I., 5TH SER. D
34 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
and Stillorgan Castle,1 Carysfort House,2 and a number of other houses were built upon it before tbe end of the eighteenth century.3 After Lord Lifford's death in 1789 Stillorgan House was Jeasvd to a Mr. ^Nicholas le Fevre, a lottery merchant in Dublin, whose advertisements fill no small portion of the newspapers of his day, and whose lottery office was the house at the corner of Graf ton-street and Suffolk-street, now occupied by Hamilton & Long. In his time the park is stated to- have lost all its former splendour, the only thing worthy of notice being a new approach, which appeared useless, so much had the place deterio* rated.4 Le Fevre came to financial grief, and the mortgagees, in 1803, sold the house and lands to Mr. John Yerschoyle, brother of the Eight Kev. James Verschoyle, Bishop of Killala, and father of the Right Rev; Hamilton Yerschoyle, Bishop of Kilmore.5 He died in 1840, and the house then became the residence of Mr. Arthur Lee Guinness, a brother of Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, who restored the place to some of 'its former magnificence and revived its reputation for lavish hospitality. The house remained in his possession until about the year I860,6 and afterwards fell more and more into ruin until, finally, about twenty years ago, its walls were levelled with the ground.
1 Now known as the House of St. John of God. It was called, at the beginning of the century, -Mount Eagle, and was occupied by William Monck-Mason, the author of the " History of St. Patrick's Cathedral." It then became the residence of Henry J)eane Grady, a lawyer who is still recollected for his wit and humour, and whose house, on account of the brilliant matches made by his daughters, was called the " House of Lords." After his death it was occupied for a time by his son, and then sold to Mr. David Sherlock, who subsequently became a Serjeant- at-Law, and M.P. for the King's County, after whose death, in 1883, it was sold to the present owners.
~ Carysfort House was built by a Mr. John Allen, a Dublin merchant. In 1802 it was sold to Mr. William Saurin, Attorney-General for Ireland for fifteen years, and one of the most distinguished lawyers the Irish Bar has ever known. In his time the gardens were remarkable for exotics. After his death, in 1839, his family occupied it for a quarter of a century, when it was sold to the Right Hon. Rickard Deasy, then a Baron of the Exchequer, and afterwards a Lord Justice of Appeal. After his death,, in 1883, it was sold to its present owners, the trustees of the Convent of Mercy. — Leases in Registry of Deeds Office, &c.
3 Leases in Registry of Deeds Office, and " Faulkner's Dublin Journal," Nov.- 2-4,. 1784.
4 See Archer's " Survey of the County Dublin," p. 104, and Dutton's " Observa- tions on Archer's Survey," p. 124 ; Picture of Graf ton- street in 1770, in the possession of Dr. Stokes ; and Sleater's " Dublin Chronicle," passim.
5 Lease in Registry of Deeds Office, Shaw to Verschoyle, Lib. 561, p. 850. For pedigree of the Verschoyle family see Burke's " Landed Gentry."
6 Lord Carysfort tells me that Mr. Guinness, while the sale of his effects at Stillorgan was taking place, had a harper in the grounds playing funeral dirges'- Mr. Guinness was never married, and died at Roundwood House, Co. Wicklow, on January llth, 1863.
ST. MAKY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK : ITS PLAN AND GROWTH.
BY THOMAS J. WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A., FELLOW. [Read FEBRUARY 24th, 1897.]
I" IMEKICK differs in a striking manner from its sister towns of Danish foundation as regards the origin of its cathedral. Dublin and Waterford owe to alien princes the churches of the Trinity that rose within their walls ; but in Limerick the Christian Danes worshipped in a little Irish church dedicated to an obscure early bishop Mainchin.1 It is a very noteworthy fact that the long Norse occupation has left in Limerick and its vicinity no visible relic, whether building, carving, or rune to recall its existence.
In the clustering houses of the old town on the Island of Inis Sibtonn, stands the gloomy but impressive old church whose history we will try and trace out. The heavy belfry tower, turreted and battlemented, rises over the trees, surrounded by quiet little graveyards and grass plots, whence lovely glimpses of the Shannon and the graceful "Wellesley Bridge can be obtained. The massive old church, its confused architec- ture recalling nearly every period of the seven centuries that have passed since its foundations were laid, attracts many a visitor. The first impression conveyed by the interior is coldness and heavy plainness. By degrees the quaint vistas and charming lights and shadows of the crossing arcades, the sense of massiveness and gloom, impress themselves, and the visitor forgets the gorgeous minsters of other sees, and finds deep pleasure and interest in the rude old structure so little adorned by skill of architect or sculptor. For such a person I strive to trace the growth, and record the benefactors, of the venerable cathedral down to the first systematic description — that by Thomas Dyneley — in 1680.
THE FOUNDATION, 1172-1207.
The cathedral of Blessed Mary the Virgin was founded by Donald More O'Brien,2 the last de facto King of Munster, in 1172, and dedicated
1 His identity is very doubtful. Mainchin, son of Sedna, son of Cass (A.D. 400), son of Connall Eachluath, King of Munster, 367 ("Leabar Breac "), lived circa 490. Another Mainchin was possibly the patron of the now bare church site of Kilmanaheen, on the stream which flows over the cascades in the wooded glen of Ennistymon, and to the sea through the sandhills of Lehinch, the latter Mainchin was contemporary with Ailbe of Emly (circa 520), says Vita S. Maccrecii. The "Bishop" Mainchin of Luimneach, with no recorded succession in the "see" till Danish times, has much exercised local antiquaries. The utter vagueness both of the term " Luimneach," and of the early bishop's exercise of his office, is surely sufficient explanation of both difficulties.
2 For his life and charters, see our Journal, 1892, pages 74-76. The foundation Charter of St. Mary's was not extant, it would seem, even in the reign of Henry IV., but there is a -grant of Donald to Bishop Brictius, conferring Mungret, &c., to the church, drew 1 180, in the " Black Book." . , „ /
D2
36
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
(as old observance shows) on the Sunday after the 16th day of July.1 Tradition alleged that it stood on the site of the stone fort, which his predecessors had huilt among their Danish subjects when the older palace of Kincora was hopelessly ruined.
The original foundation was cruciform in plan, with side aisles to the nave. It closely resembled the Cistercian Abbeys of the period, such as Corcomroe, built by the same prince about the same time, and Manister- nenagh,2 one of the earliest pointed buildings in Munster, founded by his predecessor in 1148. It has the same plain pointed arcade and round- headed clerestory, and the original romanesque west door was intact a few years since in a decayed but recognizable state.3 Alas ! in the craze for
Capital in South Arcade.
" restoration," which levelled " Ireton's House " to the ground in 1894 — it was completely defaced, only the hood and innermost arch remaining. Some antiquaries who ought to have known better stated, as they did of the romanesque door of Killaloe, that it was the gateway of the O'Brien's palace.
The belfry formed no part of the first design.4 It rests on the old gable and side walls, closing two clerestory lights, its eastern piers and arch being built between the sides of the nave.
Bishop Donat O'Brien5 completed the chancel and transepts before his
1 " In the Calendar of an old breviary," copied circa 1658, by Rev. Jasper "White. White says August 15th was the proper day, evidently putting the dedication above the ancient observance. August the 15th was observed so early as the time of Bishop O'Dea for a commemoration of the dedication as well as the feast of its patroness (Lenihan's " Limerick : its History and Antiquities," p. 558).
2 See our Journal, 1889, p. 232 ; and 1895, p. 280.
3 A view from a not very satisfactory painting is given in the 3rd edition of Canon Meredyth's "Handbook," 1887. For the destruction of " Ireton's House," see our Journal, 1894, p. 386.
4 Mr. Lenihan's picture (" Limerick," p. 548) of the consultation of the original architect and " the wise men of the day," and his statement as to Wilkinson's sup- position that the tower was part of the O'Briens' palace, are equally refuted by an examination of tbe piers.
3 The Bishops of Limerick over the period of this Paper were: — Gille, 1110-1140. Presided at Synod of Rathbreasail, 1114. Patrick, chosen by Ostmen. Harold, died 1151. Turgeis. Brictius, 1179; named in Donaldmore's Charter. Donat O'Brien, died 1207 (Tablet). Possibly Geoffry of Dungarvan. Edmund, died 1222. Hubert de Burgho, of Athassel, died 1250. Robert O'Neill, of Emly, died 1272. Gerald (as in "Black Book of Limerick" Deeds, i., ii., vi., vii., xiv., xv.), or GeofFry le Mareschal, 1272. Robert, of Dundonald, 1302. Eustace de L'Eau, 1311. Maurice
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 37
death in 1207. His slab, with a chevron between three lions, and the word " DONOH," is set in the north chancel wall.1 We hear of no other addition till the episcopate of Stephen deVale or Wall (1360-1369).2 The church was beautified and re-dedicated by Bishop Eustace de L'Eau in 1327. It is not evident that any rebuilding had taken place, so probably there were other reasons for the ceremony.
About the year 1365 Irish annalists record a very singular event, upon which much doubt has naturally been thrown by the silence of the State Papers and English historians. It is alleged that after the over- throw of the Earl of Desmond by Brian O'Brien, in the battle of Manis- ternenagh, the citizens of Limerick opened their gates to the victors, and received as their Governor Sioda Cam Macnamara, whom they soon nfterwards assassinated.3
It is hard to arrive at the truth. The roll of mayors and bailiffs is unbroken for the period, but the Cartulary of the " Black Book " ends about that time, and e \ddently extensive repairs were commenced in the cathedral in the next few years. John de Burgo of Galway is stated on ancient tradition to have gallantly defended Ball's Bridge against the O'Briens in " 1361 " or " 1364," for which Lionel, Duke of Clarence, knighted him, and granted to him and his descendants the figure of the bridge, as an augmentation of their arms.4 This still appears iu the
de Kupeforte, 1336. Stephen Lawless, 1353. Stephen de Yalle, 1360- Peter de Curragh, 1369. Cornelius O'Dea, 1405 (monument); resigned, 1426; died, 1434. John de Mothel, 1426. William Creagh, 1459. Thomas Arthur, 1472. Richard — , 1486. John Dunow, of Exeter, 1486. John Folan, of Ferns, 1489. John Quin, 1521; resigned, 1551. William GVey (by Edward VI.), 1551. Hugh Lacy (by Queen Mary), resigned, or deprived, as some say, 1571. William Casey, restored by Elizabeth, 1591. John Thornborough, translated, 1603. Bernard Adams, 1604 ; resigned, 1617. (Monument.)
1 See our Journal, 1892, p. 70, fig. 4, some later foliage has been cut on it.
2 " Arthur MSS.," quoted by the late Mr. M. Lenihan (Hon. Fellow] in "Limerick : its History and Antiquities," pp. 236, &c. Although in his civil history, 1250-1450, he treats of everything rather than the affairs of the city and citizens, he lays us under a deep literary debt by the publication of these extracts.
Dr Thomas Arthur, a learned and successful physician of the reign of James I. to Charles II., was an ardent collector of the archives both of his own and the other city families. He has been the means thereby of preserving to our days copies of numerous documents from Cartularies, long since scattered or destroyed in the wars and cruel siege of his native city, and the dispersion of its citizens in the Transplantation of 1652.
3 " Annals of the Four Masters," 1365.
4 Dr. Caulfield ("Council Book of Kinsale," p. 388) considers that this is confirmed by the Galwey rental (circa 1564), "Lymerick ; Pro domo nuper Edmundi Sexten per ann vii s. Pons Limerici in possessione Johannis Galwe." We find the bridge and its tenements in possession of Richard Bultingfort, whose family was closely bound in friendship with the Galweys, some forty years after the alleged assault.
I have failed to gather an) thing material relating to the Galweys, Budstones, or Bultingfoi ts, out of the "Plea Eolls " and " Exchequer Remembrance Rolls," from 1360-1480). Another family of Galwey living at Rathfarnham, near Dublin, is mentioned several times. The Sarsfield and Brown Cartularies (" Council Book of Kinsale," pp. 377, &c.) tell much about the family from January, 1390 (when John and Patrick Galwy appear), down to the seventeenth century, " Galweis Court," "•Acre," " Curragh," and " Park," occurred at Kinsale and Cork; also the note- worthy name Bultingsfordistown.
38 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
" quadrat insignia, Galvy," in the south transept. Weighing these facts, it seems probable that the Irish town on the mainland may have been taken by the jubilant O'Briens and Macnamaras, the natives pro- bably opening its defences to their fellow-countrymen, while the assault on the bridge and gate of the English town was repelled. The Macna- maras may have attempted a blockade from the Irish town, and their chief been slain by a citizen or a treacherous clansman, or ally. The English Government had fallen very low in Ireland, their energies being diverted to France, and the city was hemmed in by the O'Briens of Pobblebrian and the Macnamaras of Clancuilen, holding the strongholds of Carrigo- gunnell and Bunratty.
THOMAS BALBEYNE AND JOHN BUDSTON, 1365-1401.
Meanwhile works had commenced at the cathedral. By licence of
Bishop Wall, ante 1369,1 Thomas Balbeyne, an opulent citizen, probably
from Bristol, where his family resided, added the two eastern chapels
to the south transept. The southern was dedicated to St. James Major,
the northern to St. Mary Magdalen, patroness of the Barber Surgeons
cof Limerick.2 By his will he left Thomcor Castle, in the suburbs of
Limerick, to the commonalty of the city if his brother, Henry Balbeyn,
of Bristol, will not live at Limerick. He also leaves his chapel of
St. James, in the southern part of St. Mary's, to Nicholas Stretch.
Martin Arthur, in 1376, bequeathed money for the repairs. His
c contemporary John Budston or Buston gave a peal of four bells, and
' probably made the sedilia of the south transept, which bear his name.
Possibly the lower part of the belfry was also commenced at this time by
building an arch on strong piers between the first and second bays of
the nave..
John Budston was bailiff (sheriff) of the city in 1401. Other members
'of his family held the same office : — : William Budston in 1415 and 1424
and Thomas in 1453. His daughter Margaret was married to Peter
Arthur, and their son William Arthur thus records their grandfather's
good works : — " John Budston, whose bells resound in the shrine of the
Virgin," "this pious man made a gift to the church aforesaid of four
brass bells." Budston's widow presented to her son-in-law " two monu-
^ments of. her ancestors, both bearing the name of Budstone, and a just
'share of the chapel which represents the name and aid of Magdalen."3
1 The chapel of St. James was built with consent of Bishop "Richard" Wall, 1360, 1369 (Balbeyne's Will, as given in full in the "Arthur MSS.," p. 236). Thomas Balbeyne got a pardon from Henry IV. for some unrecorded offence.
2 Charter of Henry VI. to the barbers and chirurgeons, or guild of St. Mary Magdalen of Limerick (Lenihan, p. 697).
s "Arthur MSS.," pp. 368, 572, 573. The Budestone family was of some stand- ing in Wiltshire in the previous centuries. Roger Budston held Kingston West and ' Nethercote in 1325 ("Gal. Inq. ad quod damnuin" 19 Ed. II., No. 51). The lands of -Budstone, in Wilts, were held by other families — the Bernvals, circa 1260, and the Gascelyns some ten years later (" Inq. post mortem "). v'
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK.
39
His descendant, Dr, Thomas Arthur, composed an epitaph or rather long moral poem, in 1642, ending thus : — .
" Without morality all faith is vain, John Buston teaches in this warning strain, Who to the church these powerful bells has given, Do thou, departing, wish him rest in Heaven."
In the south transept is a trefoil-headed recess, with bolder and earlier mouldings than the adjoining Galwey monument, and probably of 1369 ; it contains two stone shelves and two fluted piscinae. Possibly
Budston's Sedilia, Limerick Cathedral.
!i ;:•> ' -, ; - ' !-
the Galwey tomb has replaced one of the two Budston monuments men- tioned above : for beyond it, to the right, is a triple sedile with slender columns spirally fluted and trefoil-headed arches. The cusps contain — 1, foliage; 2 and 3, merchant marks with the letters " g. t." ; 5, the name "Tons Budston" ; 6, a merchant mark g. t. Over the third pillar is a shield with g. for., the head of the letter running through a cross with a circle and a crossed merchant niark. r A small bracket, probably, for a lamp, is set in the middle recess. rr .. ;o,. .
40 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
BlCHAED BULTINGFORT, 1369-1405.
A large share of the restoration was carried out by a citizen whose- identity stands out with unusual distinctness and whose good works continued under Bishops Peter Curragh1 and Cornelius O'Dea, 1369 to 1405. Richard Bultingf ort, or Bullingfort, probably derived his name from that place in Hertfordshire. He had been of sufficient influence to hav& served as mayor on five if not six occasions (1357, '67, '76, '80, '86, arid '90). He owned several tenements in the city and its suburbs. One was near the Tholsel, one near the cemetery of St. Mary's, and a third nenr the- bridge, which last he settled in trust for the benefit of his soul. He also held property in Cork and a goodly supply of silver plate. He had married Katherine, a daughter of the influential house of Roche, by whom he had a daughter Margaret, who (as we shall see hereafter) joined with Geoffry Galwey to put up a monument to their fathers, the only other recorded relative being a certain John, son of Maurice Bultingf ort, who had rights of succession to one of the above tenements.
Richard appears as a typical mediaeval burgess, God-fearing, Church- loving, affectionate to his wife, family, friends and servants — "Vir yenerahilis," as he was remembered half a century after his death. He died, as he had lived, in good repute among his neighbours, and wa& buried in the chapel of St. James, to which he had been a benefactor, and in which he left rights of burial to Nicholas Stretch. His record forms a pleasant contrast to the dreary, aimless feuds of the natives and the discontent which in England darkened the closing years of the hero of Cressy and set Henry of Lancaster on the throne of his unpopular cousin.
Bultingfort's will2 dates on the Sunday after the feast of St. Peter ad Yincula and his inventory the Thursday after the feast of St. Senan the bishop (March 8th), 1406. By a rare good fortune it was enrolled and preserved to us. He leaves liberal legacies to his family and friends, to the Church and Monastic Orders, the Franciscans, and the repairs of the Dominicans' chapel. He does not forget his trusty servants Laurence- O'Daffy (evidently a Clare man) and Richard Flemyng. He leaves his
1 Called Creagh in " White MSS.," but there is in the « Memoranda Rolls," temp. Henry IV., an entry to this effect : — Fine of 100 marks on Peter, Bishop of Limerick, for not coming to the Parliament of Kilkenny. He died anno 9 Henry IV., seized in fee of the lands of Curragh, and left Matilda Curragh his heir. A pardon is pleaded, remitting said fine, for not appearing in the Parliament of 13 Richard II.
^ 2 " Patent Rolls " (Ireland), An. I. Eliz. Copies of the following medieval wills of citizens of Limerick remain : — 1361. Edmund Wyndebalde. 1376. Martin Arture. 1401. Thomas Balbeyne. 1405. Ricbard Bultingfort. 1426. Thomas Arture. 14 . ."Widow of John Budston (extract). 1435. Nicholas Creagh (extract). 1445. Geoffry Galwey. 1449. Philip Russell. 1465. Nicholas Arthur. 1475. Catherine- Arthur. These are recorded in the «' Arthur MSS. " with three exceptions. The wills of 1405 and 1445 are in the "Patent Rolls" of Elizabeth, and that of 1449 is in the "Plea Rolls" of Henry VI. I have to thank Mr. Henry Berry for his kindness in giving me a reference and abstract of the last.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 41
tenement in Cork granted by Simon Miagh, to a certain David Caudebec,1 and his holding near the Tholsel in Limerick to one Nicholas Walsh.
BISHOP O'DEA AND THOMAS ARTHUU, 1407-1421.
The work went on, under the auspices of Bishop Cornelius O'Dea, a member of that ancient Dalcassian house, which had its seat in the heart of Clare, where the massive Round Tower, and the church of Dysert O'Dea, with its ornate door, mark the site of St. Tola's Abbey. A century earlier, the chief, Conor O'Dea, had signalized himself by slaying Sir Richard de Clare, and giving a death blow to the Norman colony. His namesake the bishop was a man of ability and artistic tastes : he probably compiled and certainly completed the " Black Book,"2 which has preserved the older cartulary of the cathedral. Under his auspices Thomas 0' Carry d made the beautiful mitre and crosier, which, in spite of the maker's inscription — was attributed by the citizens to a heavenly artificer.3 A later generation told its children, with awe, how, when the good prelate had no pontificals in which to attend some meeting, a stranger left these lovely objects at his lodgings, and vanished in the crowd seeking neither payment nor thanks. Such a man must have sympathized with any attempt to beautify his cathedral, which may have received some external injury in the conflagration of 1413.4
Thomas Arthur (bailiff from 1407-1410), probably in the year of his mayoralty, 1421, aided by his wife Johanna, daughter of David Muryagh or Miagh (Mayor of Cork, 1379 and 1381) was the next benefactor. " Thomas, whom the Mayor's retinue distinguishes, had raised the pin- nacles of thine ancient house. At his expense he built to the blessed Virgin the elaborate fa9ade of the choir of lofty marble ; hence it bears the shield of the family of Arthur on its outer door."5 He died in April, 1426, during his second mayoralty. Two shields remain on the chancel
1 David Candebec (sic) appears as witness to a Cork deed of 1422— a grant from Walter Reyn to John, son of David Myagh (Caulfield's " Council Book of Kinsule," p. 364).
2 The original is at Maynooth. There is a full copy in T. C. D., made under the supervision of Mr. .Robert Vere O'Brien. Few such large collections of documents are so lacking in life and personal interest as this one. There are no wills, few docu- ments, relating to the fabric of the cathedral, and a dreary wilderness of final accords and quit claims.
3 There is a fine illustration in " Archseologia," vol. xvii., p. 30. The inscriptions are — (crozier) " Me fieri i'ecit corneli odeaigh epo limiricens Ao Doi M°ccccxviii et consecrationis sue anno xviii." The mitre adds : — " Thomas O'Carryd artifex faciens." Mr. Thomas Lbngfield, of the Science and Art Department, thinks that the two examples of the syllable "nels," enclosed in a heart, are a rebus, " Cor-nels," of the prelate's name. A lost relic of O'Dea was extant in 1640. His seal — " In the upper part ... the Father bearing up the Crucified Son" ; in the middle, the Virgin and two other figures ; and below a bishop, between the arms of Ormond and Desmond. The legend was — " The seal of Cornelius, by the grace of God, Bishop of Limerick " (" Arthur MSS.," p. 572).
4 " All Limerick, both stone and wooden buildings, was burned by one woman" ("Annals of the Four Masters," 1413).
' 5 "Arthur MSS.," p. 571.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
buttresses ; one is certainly of Arthur, but the title " Johannis Artur,"1 either implies that it was reset and partly recut, or else, more! probably, identifies it with the works of John Arthur, 1480-87.
EDMUND GAL WET, 1445.
About the middle of the century, Edmund, son of Geoffry Galwey, and Margaret, daughter of Richard Bultingfort, erected a handsome tomb,2 in memory of their relatives in the south transept. The monument consists of a low cinquefoil arch, the cusps of which enclose triangular designs of foliage, while their points ended in leaves. It rests on octagonal piers of clumsy design, two to each side, and has a lofty angular hood richly crocketed and moulded, and ending in an elaborate finial. To each side a buttress with a rich terminal rests on a corbel adorned with a small angel holding a blank shield. Three armorial tablets are set in this monument, the first in the tympanum above the recess has the letters " 8.3 R. B." (scutum Eicardi Bultingfort), and, below this, the arms, a
GALWEY ARMS.— i. Tomb at Kinsale, 1627. 2. Seal of Sir Geoffry Galwey, 1636.
t'ess engrailed with a label of five points in chief. The second, to the left, " S.G.G." (scutum Galfridi Galwey). Arms, for Galwey a cross over it a bend, impaling u double eagle displayed. The third, to the right, " S. E. G." (scutum Edmundi Galvey). The Galwey arms, im- paling for Arture u chevron between three clarions. There are traces of dark-red and blue-grey paint on these carvings.
Of much later date is the tablet overhead ; it is closely similar to the Galwey slab in Kinsale church, and to the seal on Sir Geoffry Galwey 's will, 1636, from which it may have been taken. It displays as crest the chained cat of the De Burghos. Arms quarterly — 1, Galwey ; 2, A double eagle displayed ; 3, Bultingfort (incorrectly as a fess wavy with three plates) ; 4, Ball's Bridge. Below it, in strangely combined capitals,
1 See our Journal, 1892, page 70, fig. 5. Dyneley also mentions the shield on the buttress: see our Journal, 1864, p. 437.
2 See p. 44.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 43
"LVMNIA (sic) QV^} LECTOR | T VI (tie) l CERNNVT (sic) HISCE IOHANrs |
MVRIS SCVLPTA SACRIS | QVADRAT INSIGNIA GALWEY." From their height and contiguity to a glaring window, it is almost impossible to make an accurate sketch of this escutcheon and inscription.
A long tablet is embedded in the back wall of the recess. The middle is much injured ; Ireton's soldiers are reputed to have defaced it out of hatred to Sir Geoffry Galwey, mayor of the city in 1652. It is most im- probable that Puritans who spared the shields, and still more, the figures of angels on the corbels and the crosses on the sedilia, deliberately defaced an unobtrusive black letter inscription which probably none of them could read. More probably the heat of a memorial lamp hanging in the recess injured and cracked the tablet. It is figured from a rubbing and sketch, and agrees in the main with Canon Francis Meredyth's2 reading : —
" (Hie jacet in) tub(a . . . vener)abilis (v)ir Ricardus (-Bultig)fort quoda . . . civitatu lim(erici et) Corcagie q (obi)it ..... A no doi Mccccv . . . 1111 Hie jucet . . . venerabilis vir Gal(fr)idu(s) Galvey qu5da civis (civi)tatu limerici Corca(gie et) Yatfordie q obit . . . die Januarii Ano Do! M. ccccxl . . . (E)dmu dus filius talis Ga(lfr)idi et Margarete tilie talis Eci bultigfort ista tuba fieri (fecer)ut."
The missing part in the second line is longer than " civis," it may be "prepositus." In the third line the day and month are lost. The last word is evidently longer than " fecit" and endsiu " unt," but as the singular is apparently required,3 cannot be the obvious "fecerunt."
The will and inventory of Geoffry Galwey are extant ;4 from them we learn that he practised an extensive general trade in linen, hides, salt, honey, &c. He had probably seen military service, for he owned a helmet and t\vo suits of armour, while lie specifies several costly robes of rich coloured materials and trimmings of marten and other furs which he leaves to his sons. He left legacies to most of the city churches, to the canons and chaplains of the Cathedral and the churches of Kinsale and Youghal ; neither did lie forget the Augustinians, Franciscans and Dominicans of Limerick, nor the Friars of Timoleague, Dungarvan or A dare, leaving to the latter enough to purchase an iron mortar. He
1 So it appears, but as vi are combined, it may have been " tua.'
2 Whom 1 here thank for his great pains, on my behalf, in deciphering the often nearly illegible entries of the chapter-books for information regarding the chapels.
3 There is some difficulty about the facts. Geoffry Galwey, as appears by his shield on this tomb, married not a Bultingfort, but a lady bearing for arms a double eagle. ^ The last word of the epitaph is possibly " fecerunt," but, on the other hand, the genitive form of the lady's name, " Margarita filitf," would make her a wife of Geoffry Galwey. Perhaps the genitive is only a mistake of the carver. That there was, however, some close connexion is shown !>y the Galwey rental (1564 circa) in the name " Butingsfordistowne " (Caulfield's "Council Book of Kinsale," p. 391, &c.).
4 "Patent Rolls" (Ireland), An. 1 Eliz.
f ' ?• _J
FEET.
Galwey Monument, Limerick Cathedral.
ST, MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMKRICK. 45
left money for the repairs of the chancel of Kilmallock, and for the chapel of St. James Major in St. Mary's Cathedral, where he desired to be buried. His inventory was taken on Jan. 5th, 1445, and his will was proved seven days later. By a settlement of the previous year Wm. Marreys had settled certain lands on Galwey and his five sons, Richard, GeofPry, Edmund (the tomb builder), Walter and William. Geoffry was ancestor of the Galweys Baronets.
NICHOLAS ARTHUR, 1450-1465.
The Arthurs were buried in the chapel of St. Nicholas, and had " an ancestral monument on the left of the altar of St. Catherine, virgin and martyr." Nicholas Arthur, who was buried there, deserves a full account, which would be a most instructive social sketch. We can only tell his story briefly — He was born 1405, and was an enterprising merchant, exporting horses, hounds, and falcons, scarlet mantles and skins of otters, martens and squirrels. He sailed from Limerick for England, June 22, 1428, but was captured and plundered by French pirates, and kept a prisoner at Mont St. Michel for two years. On obtaining his freedom he got letters of reprisal from the King at London, 1430, his claim being for £5322 13s. 4d. He was also granted licence for a fishery at Beagh Castle. He was appointed Constable of Limerick Castle, 26 Henry VI., and was Mayor of the city, 1436, 1446, and 1452. Nicholas Creagh had bequeathed to him two messuages in the parish of St. Nicholas by his will, 1435. He married Catherine Skyddy of Cork, Oct. 30th, 1431, and got a dispensation from the Pope (the bride being of the 4th degree of consanguinity), May 7, 1432. He presented " falcons and large dogs fit for hunting, a black marble sculptured with a team of leopards, and Spanish stones " to King Henry VI. He died on the eve of the nati- vity of the B. V. M., 1465, and was buried in the Cathedral near the altar of St. Catharine. His wife Catharine desired to be buried there beside her husband in 1475. l Whether both these chapels stood in the present " Jebb Chapel," or are represented by it and the present " Napier Chapel " I have not been able to elucidate.
THE NORTH AND SOUTH CHAPELS, 1489-1533.
As the century ran to to its close a very extensive restoration was undertaken under Bishop John Eolan (1489).2 The "three transepts" were rebuilt and the chancel enlarged. Robert and Christopher Arthur rebuilt the large chapel west of the north transept. The latter (or perhaps one of the north chapels) was probably restored by the Creaghs, as their arms (three branches) were " drawn in the chapel on the left hand entrying to the quere of our Lady's Church at Limerick."3
1 "Arthur MSS.," p. 369. 2 "Arthur MSS,," pp. 577, 578, 581.
3 "MSS. T.C.D. E. 3. 16. "A herald of arms" found fault with this— says Richard Creagh, " Titular" Bishop of Limerick, 1583— probably as not being the
46 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
These works continued for many years ; in 1 50 1 , the Mayor, Christopher Arthur, made a collection for the repairs. In 1505 his successor~William Harold imposed severe fines on offending citizens, and devoted the pro- ceeds to the same cause. The Harolds, as appears from a slab removed from the chancel, repaired that wing of the church in 1526. It was only in 1532-3 that Daniel, son of Geoffry Arthur, paved the three aisles and the chancel with those square slabs of black marble which originated the popular name " Leccadaniel " surviving in 1640. The Sexten and Stacpole chapels, dedicated the first probably to St. Anne, the second certainly to St. George, -also date from circa 1500.
BISHOP ADAMS, AND DONAT, EAKL OF THOMOND, 1604-1619.
The cathedral suffered horribly all the rest of the sixteenth century, and was little better than a ruin when the reign of that great queen — so glorious for England, so disastrous for the west — ran to its sad close. Wealthy merchants abounded, citizens of no obscure state, men with that strong love for their city and its shrines more like an old Greek or Koman than a modern burgess.1 Nothing could be done, the cathedral was in other hands,2 and had it not been so there were more pressing needs to supply.
The first Protestant bishop who took any practical interest in the venerable building was Barnard Adams.3 He still preaches from his monument " omnia vidit Solomonis et omnia vana" :
"A Bishop once, here Barnard's bones remain, He saw not all, but saw that all was vain."
but in life he took part in these earthly vanities with zest, held two other sees in commendam, and accomplished much good work, which he proudly recorded in the " Black Book " of Bishop O'Dea.
" Ego Barnardus Adaraus, Episcopus JLymericensis, consecratus An. secundo illustrissimi et invictissimi Regis Jacobi, ejus nominis primi, Anno Salutis, 1604, ornari feci ecclesiam cathedralem Beate Marie Yirginis (valde ruinosam etpene demolitam, ratione bellorum et rebellionu
arms of O'Neill, from whom the good prelate claimed descent. I may note the early occurrence of the name "Creagh." as a suffix to llussell in the lists of city officers. The only Creagh tomb now visible hesides that of Dean Creagh, 1519, is in the most western of the north. chapels, and only dates 1631.
1 It may interest ,our Munster readers to give a list (necessarily restricted and imperfect), noticing the first 'connexion of these various families with the city of Limerick to the year 1690:— 1195-1250. Arthur, Blunde, Crop, Kildare, Eainhold, Russell (alias Creagh), Sarvent, Troy, White, Young. 1250-1300. Harold, Wainbold, Walsh. 1300-1350. Balbeyne, Creagh (of Adare), Flemyng, Moore, Nophthine, Prendergast, Roche. 1350-1400. Budston, Cogan, Comyn, Doridon, Fox, Galwey, Nangle, Stritch, Torger. 1450-1500. Rice, Sexten, Stackpole. 1500-1600. Fanning.; 1600-1690. Harrington, Berkeley, Bindon, Bourke, Foxon, levers, Ingoldesbye, King, Lysaght, Massy, Monsell, Waller, Westropp, Wilson, Yorke. (Benefactors of the cathedral in italics.)
2 " The masse put down the communio set up " (Sexien's " Annals," 1559).
3 September 9th, 1622, Dr. Thomas Arthur records his medical attendance on " Bernardus Adams pseudo epus Lymicens." (See our Journal, 1867, p. 33.)
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMURICK. 47
predecensium) in tectis. parietibus, fenestris et pavimentis ejusdem et procuravi organum pulcherrimum (antiquis duobus 1 fractis et devastatis) et chorum renovavi et cnntatoribus vocalibus et scientificis, et quatuor pueris choristis decoravi. Et sepulchrum milii et successoribus meis novum juxta sedem episcopalera, a dextris ex adverse monument! Hono- ratissimi Donati comitis Thomonie, tune Domini Presidentis Momonie erexi. Et " Librum " hunc quern vocant " Nigrum " (the blacke booke), optimam et solam reoordam maneriorum, terrarum, redditum et cseterorum Episcopatum Lymericensem spectantium, magna cura preservavi. Et pallatium, seu domum mansion alem episcopi, maximis meis sumptibus, re- edificavi et splendidissimum successoribus meis reliqui. Q,ue omnia secundum veritatein codicihujus " Libri Nigri " ad perpetuam memoriara adjici et inserui Anno Domini, 1619 ; Mense Augusti, die ejusdem xx."
At tbe same time Donat, "the great Earl" of Thomond, after a warlike life, was, in more peaceable times re-edifying and beautifying the plain old castle of Bunratty, and also turned his attention to St. Mary's. Deserting the Friary of Ennis, where, from 1306 most of his ancestors had been buried, he purchased a: tomb in the cathedral chancel not far from the slab of his ancient clansman Bishop Donat O'Brien. Thence he removed the effigy and bones of Cornelius O'Dea to the south side on July 14th, 1621. Several have even written that the Earl resumed the old "royal tomb " of his race, and described " huge bones'* found in it ; this is a mere fancy opposed by our records.2 He desires in his will (Nov. 28th, 1617) "to be buried in the Thuombe in the Cathedral Church of St. Mary in the citty of Limericke which I lately purchased there, according to my honour and degree." He leaves "to Barnard, Bishop of Limerick, a young gelding . . . All the glasse and leade in my house at Bunratty, being not sette uppe in the Wyndowes there, towards the glazing of the cathedral church," and desires his son Henry " to repaire, finishe, and make upp my thuombe at Lymerick, and to laie uppon it my picture in Alablaster in roabes, and in the topp of the thuombe all pieces of Armor as is uppon Sre francis Vere's thuombe in Westminstere, and twoe earles and twoe barons in their roabes to be the supporters of the saide uppermost stone, as the said Sre frauncis his thuombe is errected. And also to hang and bedeake the saide thuombe, by order of heroldrie, wth my coate Armore and all other rightedue and apteyninge to an Earle. Item — I bequeath £20 ster. for the adorninge of the quire of our Ladyes Church in Lymerick, and the same shalbe disposed of by the Maiore, Bushopp and Deane of Limerick." 3
Such was the design of the monument. "Whether it was fully carried
1 Compare the old phrase "a pair of organs."
2 For of Donald's successors, Donchad Cairbrech was huried in the Dominican Friary, 1241; Conor-na-Siudaine in Corcomroe Abhey, 1267; Turlough and his successors, from 1306, in Ennis Friary.
3 " Prerogative Wills, Dublin," 1624. The original is extant.
48 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
out we cannot tell. The two effigies, that of the earl without limbs or face, that of the countess fairly perfect — alone remain, an interesting •study of dress. The rest perished in the civil war, but it is improbable that local carvers were then capable of such skilled work as redeems the somewhat fantastic and structurally weak tomb of Sir Francis Vere where four kneeling knights support a great slab loaded with pieces of armour over the recumbent figure.
The stirring events which next raged round St. Mary's probably affected the main fabric very little. Resisting the temptation to tell how Cardinal Kinuccini celebrated high mass, and laid the captured English standards on the altar, or how the Cromwellians defaced the monument of the hated Earl of Thomond,1 we need only note an order •dated 15th June, 1655, which banished the native citizens of Limerick, and probably confused their traditions.2
1 " This monument being defaced in the time of the late rebellion in Ireland" says the inscription. The destroyers are not named, as they are on similar inscriptions .at Ennis, Athenry, and other places.
2 The " Journal of the Association for the Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead in Ireland," vol. iii., No. 3, 1897, gives illustrations of the tomh of Donald- more, the shields on the Bultingfort and Galwey tomb, and the name and initials on JBudston's sedile, pages 488, 489.
(To be continued.}
FIND OF CIST WITH HUMAN REMAINS, DUNFANAGHY, COUNTY DONEGAL. (REPORTED BY ARCHDEACON BAILLIE.)
BY W. FRAZER, M.R.I.A., A VICE-PRESIDENT. (Submitted 12th JUNE, 1897.)
fT'HE VENERABLE R. E. BAILLIE, Glendoon Rectory, Letterkenny, has forwarded some particulars of a cist discovered by himself and his son, Captain Baillie, in March 1897, at Dunfanaghy. It was situated •on the top of a sandhill which, at high tide, is surrounded. The mound was of conical form, and a quantity of rough stones lay on the top of the cone. He writes: — "on inquiring, I was told the story was that a giantess lay buried there, but little was known about
The Inferior Maxilla of Male Skull.
her." He further mentions that they obtained the assistance of some labourers to dig down on the top of the mound, when they came upon a flagstone which, when cleared, " was ascertained to be of large size, measuring 7 feet in length by 5 feet wide, and of considerable weight ; they were able to raise it up a small distance from the top of a cist which it covered, by the help they had, and to get out several bones, most of which were unfortunately replaced, as night was approaching, and they intended next day to return with additional aid and thoroughly explore the con- tents ; but severe weather setting in, Archdeacon Baillie had to return
JOUR, R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. I., 5TH SBR.
E
50
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
home on Saturday to his parish. Next day a number of roughs collected,, who pulled the place to pieces, scattering its contents, and trampling on them. Fortunately portions of two skulls were secured and sent to Dublin the nearly perfect inferior, maxilla of a male, ,a,ncLthe front part oltbe skull and facial bones of a f e.male^ ' The infenor^ni^xili^ l^elprig^d'to'an individual of rather advanced Uge ; the teeth : wMdi rema'inecl (fp^several had fallen from their sockets) were healthy, ground •* down iroin wear to two-thirds of their , original height, and tbeir ivory exposed. The-
Skull of Female found in Cist.
mental prominence is conspicuous, and the front teeth project some- what forwards. The chin was decidedly a prominent feature, and well-j shaped. The tubercle inside the symphysis for insertion of muscles j was of large size, and well developed. The angle formed by the ramus, Amounted to 118°, and the jaw -was deeply grooved, by rough surfaces- for muscular attachments. It corresponded in its massive rectangular; shape, and projecting chin, with those observed in Norsemen, in the r inhabitants of our Northern Irishr and Scottish coasts, and in Lowland., Scots. •• ., .-,
The skull of -the female was imperfect ; what remained consisted of^
, ! 'FIND! OF> CIS3? WlTH-fiOMAN REMAINS. 51
both the "frontal bones: and -part-of tlie parietal^ together ^iti-tlie bones of the face; those entering into the' skull itself were^ remarkable :f or their exceptional thinness, which was somewhat less than -A-ths of an inch. They belonged to a woman of mature age, the crown of the teeth show- ing marks of wear, but much less than those of the male lower jaw. The ; forehead rose vertically to a considerable height ; the supraciliary ridge* were little developed; and the medio-frontal suture is persistent for '-all its extent down to the nasal bones ; hence the skull was " Metopic," an abnormal condition found by Topinard to occur in about one cranium out
Female Skull — front view.
of ten examined in Paris, and which appears to be rather rarer with us. The orbits and nasal aperture admitted of measurement, that of the nose was somewhat broad or platyrrhine, its index amounting to 55*3. The orbits are mesoseme, of medium size, the index being 86' 1. A reference to the accompanying photographs will show the character of these remains better than mere description.
The interments probably represented the remains of an elderly man, and of a younger but fully aged female, possibly his slave or wife; and in such cases, it is usual to assume she may have been slain to attend her
E2
52 ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
master on his journey to another world. It is a source of regret that the cist was not subjected to a thorough investigation ; it is possible that a clay urn or fragments of one might have been found, intended to contain votive food offerings, and though less probable some form of stone or flint weapon • but the misguided energy of ignorant people did mischief , and it is fortunate that what was recovered enables us to settle the double character of the interment in this cist of both a man and woman, the latter being a person of rather pleasing features, and a strong contrast to the ruder and sterner facial appearance the man must have preseiiteci.
NOTES ON THE NEWLY-DISCOYEKED OGAM-STONES IN COUNTY MEATH.
BY ROBERT COCHRANE, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., HON. SECRETARY. WITH READINGS BY PROFESSOR RHYS, M.A., F.S.A., HON. FELLOW.
[Read 28th SEPTEMBER, 1897.]
nPHE discovery of Ogam- stones in county Heath is interesting in many "ways, chiefly on account of the extension of the Ogam area to a part of Ireland where no such monuments have hitherto heen known to exist. On this point the late Sir Samuel Ferguson in the work on " Ogam Inscriptions," published after his death in 1887, says the divid- ing line between the Ogamic and non-Ogamic districts of Ireland is co-incident with the limits of the Patrician Mission, and in treating of Meath says that any traces of Ogam markings in that county are illegible or quasi-Ogamic. Describing, in the Proceedings, E.I. A., vol. i., ser. n., p. 303, a stone at Mullagh, Co. Cavan, the existence of which, how- ever, is extremely doubtful, he mentions that it is the first instance of a genuine Ogam having been found in the east of Ireland north of the county of Wicklow. The two monuments now about to be described extend the limits of the Ogam area to about 30 miles north of Dublin, and about 10 miles from the eastern seaboard.
It has been observed that in Ireland, Ogams are more frequently met with in barren and uncultivated districts, on mountain slopes and lonely moors, but those recently discovered in Meath are in the centre of what has, at all times, been considered the most fertile part of Ireland.
In a Paper read by Mr. Eomilly Allen, F.S.A., on 10th May last, before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, on " Some Points of Kesemblance between the early Sculptured Monuments of Scotland and those of Ireland," he mentioned that what surprised him most, in going into the question of the geographical distribution of the early crosses with ornament, are the comparatively small number there are in Ireland, and the almost entire absence of crosses, with ornament, in the district where the Ogam inscriptions abound.
The views thus enunciated by Mr. Allen as to the distribution of Ogams is in accordance with the opinion expressed by Sir Samuel Ferguson on the limits of the Ogamic area before alluded to, and both are based on the data afforded by the then known monuments ; but the discovery of the Meath Ogams in the midst of the finest examples of our high crosses, and in the immediate neighbourhood of the most important, must tend to a modified acceptance of these conclusions ; and it is perhaps premature to adopt a decided attitude on the question, until a more complete and exhaustive
54
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
list of the monuments has been compiled. That our Ogam list is not, as yet, in a state to be regarded as approaching this completeness, is shown by r the ^finding of.no less £han ;f our Ogam -inscribed stones, within^ th e past twelve, "months, in Ireland ; and during the last month I nad an opportunity of examining three stones, with inscriptions in debased Latinjcapitals, in Pembrokeshire, of which two had, Ogam inscriptions as well, and all have been discovered within the past year.
•THE PAINESTOWN STONE. — This, the most recently known and hitherto
Map showing position of Painestown Ogam -stone, Co. Meath.
Tundeseribed, is easily accessible from Dublin. It is about a mile from 'Beauparc railway station, quite close ^to the public road, in a field belonging to Captain Thunder of Seneschalstown House, who will be very
NEWLY-DISCOVERED OGAM-STONES IN CO. MEATH. ( 55
pleased to slow it to anyone who wishes to makeapersonalexaminatitfti. r This gentleman has known the stone for many years, and had observed
the scores in the face,' but, considered
they were ploughmarks. This is not
surprising, as the sinkings occur in "the face of the stone, and not in the
more usual position on the edge, so
that its true character, easily passed
unnoticed.1
As it is of some importance that
the precise Iticm of the find should
be noted, I have marked its position
on the map herewith which shows
the railway station and the principal 'places in the neighbourhood.
Looking at the f onn; of the stone, "• it is evident that it was originally
intended to stand erect, though, at
present, it lies flat. Its extreme ' length is 7 feet 4 inches ; breadth at
top, 1 foot 8 inches, and „ at bottom,
2 feet 6 inches. The inscription com- mences at 3 feet 8 inches from the
top, or at exactly half its height, and
this allowed the bottom portion to be
sunk in the ground for the other half
of its length, without causing any ' portion of the inscription to be hidden.
• The stone at its edge varies from 8 inches to 13 inches in thickness; and
1 the side opposite to that on which "the inscription occurs is of a " saddle- backed" shape, and in the middle it i: measures 18 inches in thickness. I
• took a careful rubbing of it at my first THE PAINESTOWN OGAM-"*™.. Co. MBATH.
visit, While it lay flat; but Captain ; (tfrtom a'Photo by Rev. Dr. Healy.)
Thunder very kindly got his men to ;
•raise it on edge, on the occasion of my second visit, for the purpose
j : ^_ : ; — : : __; ;
1 I was led to investigate -this locality 'from conversations I 'had with Dr. Moran, Heacl Inspector of National Schools, whoj,s well acquainted- with county Meath. He nlso mentioned another stone which, though most interesting, 1 found not to be a true Ogaic. Dr. Moran gaveLme the address of Mr. P. Collins, principal teachefr of Yellow Furze National School, who during an August holiday kindly accompanied me in examining the mai.iy objects of interest jin the locality. ,
t: The other- stone, a description of which I -shall give later, is in the townlknd of Brownstown ; it is of the pillar-stone type,,13;feet 2 inches in height, rwith peculiar markings, and is known locally as " Clough Stucka."
56 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
of having it photographed, and the Rev. Dr. Healy of Kells, was good enough to photograph it in this position which gives a full view of the face of the stone, and shows the inscription on it.
The inscription is in two lines on the face of the stone, and not on the angle, and there is no trace of a stem-line whatever — it is very rarely that the stem is entirely absent. At Lomanagh, Ballintaggart, and Kil- bonane where the inscriptions are not on the angles, the stem-lines, though very indistinct, can with care be traced, but on the Painestown stone, the closest examination does not show any indication that a stem -line ever existed. The ogam markings as will be seen, do not run quite straight, and as the value of the scores depends on which side of the line they are marked there is here a field of speculation for epigraphic critics, but Professor Rhys says it is charmingly easy to read, and that there can be no doubt whatever as to the meaning of the characters. I am very much indebted to the learned Professor for coming to make a personal examination of the stone, which relieves me from a further description of the characters, and it will be regarded as satisfactory that the priority of reading comes from one who has raised our Ogamic inscriptions to the high place they now occupy in philological research.
s ''/&•* THE ST. CAIRAN'S STONK. — Another
^fiB^n stone in the county of Meath recently
"J/ . discovered and hitherto undescribed is in
/ffj/i. «?<! the churchyard of St. Cairan, about three
ffj^ miles from Kells ; it was discovered recently
Jjl while digging a grave ; and to Eev. Dr.
Healy of Kells belongs the credit of having
first drawn attention to it.
This monument though undoubtedly buried underground for a long time, shows signs of previous rough treatment, as it is much chipped on the angles. It is not so massive as the Painestown stone, its ex- treme length being only 4 feet; it is of clay slate, and measures 10 inches in OGAM-STONE IN ST. CAIRAN'S CHURCH thickness at its base, and is 4 inches thick
YARD, NEAR KnLLS, Co. MEATH. , .
(From a Photo by Rev. Dr. Healy.) at the toP' lhe markings Commence at
12 inches from the bottom.
This stone stands nearly in the centre of the ancient graveyard of St. Cairan, just over the spot where it was recently dug up, and it is used &s a headstone for the grave in digging for which it was discovered.
There are four high crosses in the enclosure, some of which are illustrated in Sir William "Wilde's work on " The Beauties of the Boyne and Blackwater."
In this case, also, Professor Rhys gives a reading of the inscription, the first which has been published.
NEWLY-DISCOVERED OGAM-STONES IN CO. MEATH. 57
THE PAINESTOWN STONE. READING BY PROF. RHYS.
This fine, massive monument has two lines of Ogam on the face of the st one, together with two short grooves for which I cannot account ; hut there is no reason to suppose that they had anything to do with the writing, which shows no fleasc connecting the letters. There is absolutely no room for doubt as to any one of the letters, and before I saw the stone itself I had read it from an excellent calico -rubbing taken by Mr. Cochrane : —
M A QU I CA
HI
AV I I N E QUAGLA8
With regard to this, I ought to say that there never was anything after glas : there the surface is smooth, and in no way worn into a depression. I paid particular attention to this point, as I expected a genitive in t, Inequaglasi, but in vain ; for my first impulse was to treat the whole as equivalent to a later Maie Cairthinn ui hEnechglais, that is, " (the stone) of Mac Cairthinn, descendant of Enechglass." But there is no occasion to ascribe a gross blunder to the inscriber : so I construe, according to a formula well established elsewhere, "Mac Cairthinn' s descendant Enechglas." The inscription seems to be an early one, and it it is most important as giving us a nominative Inequaglas, with the case termination gone, which there are other reasons for regarding as having dropped off at an early date.
I have no books at hand where I am penning these lines, but I well recollect the name of a sept, or clan, called after an Enechglas, though I rather think that they belonged to some district in the south-east of the island. The name Mac Cairthinn was hardly a very common name, but I have a recollection of meeting with it in the pedigrees in the "Book of Leinster," and if I am not mistaken, it is there usually written with nn (or nd], for which I cannot account ; and I am pretty sure I have read of a Maccaerthennus episcopus somewhere.
For the pleasure of inspecting these important monuments I have to thank Mr. Cochrane, who led the way to them, undeterred by the heavy rain which poured down on us, and to whom I leave the description of the details of their dimensions, the circumstances attending the discovery of them, and other things of interest connected with them, not the least of which is their being both found in Meath. Up to the date of the discovery of these stones by Mr. Cochrane, no certain instance of a
OGAM INSCRIPTION AT PAINKSTOWN, Co. MEATH. (From a rubbing by Mr. Cochrane.)
NEWLY-DISCOVERED QGAMr STONES Y IN CO. MEATH. 1.0.9
.Meath Ogam had been foupd; : I- do riot believe the supposed Qgdm fin the Chair Cairn at Loughcrew to be one, and I 'have looked in vain
for the one said to be at Mullagh,' in the county of Cavan, on the borders
of Meath.
THE ST. CAIRAN'S STONE.- READING BY PROF. RHYS.
The edge of this stone is a little damaged near the top, besides that a great part of it is weatherworn, so that we have to supply the vowels wholly or in part. Thus the first three notches of the i of Conni are gone ; the third and fourth notch of the i of maqui are similarly worn off, but I thought I detected the fifth near the top of the stone. A little beyond, there seemed to be a part of a following m on the front of the stone. Then there was room for the u of mucoi, and the last notch of that u is still visible, followed by what appears like another notch ; but this latter is on a part of the edge which is damaged and thin, so that I take it to be the first score of the letter c of mucoi. The oi is all gone, but 1 spaced it, and found that it appears to give about the right room for the vowels oi. The next letter is an I followed by space for u, and too much for o. The rest is mostly perfect, with the exception of the third and fourth scores of the n, which are imperfect. On the whole I may say, that there can be no doubt except as to the mucoi, and 1 entertain none even as to that. One or two remarks, however, ought to be made here : among others, that the Ogam cutter was not very careful as to his spacing of the scores ; thus the first n of Conni is badly spaced : the same applies to the qu of maqui and to the c of mucoi. With regard to the latter, it is also to be observed that there is a cut, made by some tool or other, askew from the base of the first score of the c to the top of the second score, or rather slantingly through the latter near its top. This at first puzzled me, and it has to be dissociated from the writing : it occurs on the damaged part of the edge. Lastly, although the stone was unearthed the other day in digging a grave, it must have long ago been exposed for ages to the weather : there is no other explanation to give of the disappearance of so many of the vowels, and the smoothly-worn surface of the angle through- out a considerable portion of its extent.
-H-:: ~ y-::--^::-:::::^::: ^-^TITT—
" mil run ~-
CON N I MAQU I MUCO ILUQUN I
A word now as to the names : Conni is the genitive of Conn, and in modern Irish it is Cuinn, anglicised Quin. But who this particular Conn was I have no idea. As to Luguni, that is the genitive of a name Lugun-, which has been found in Ogams examined by me in the counties of Wexford and Kerry, but I have never succeeded in cennecting any of
60 -ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.:::
them with any Luigni of Irish history. Here, at last, one is more fortunate. Some Meath Luigni have left their name to the barony, now known in English as that of Lune. But it would seem that the present barony of Lune is only a fraction of the district which once belonged to the Luguni or Luigni, and I have a recollection that O'Donovan considered that it formerly included Lough Ramor, and reached somewhere near Navan. Thus the tract in question must have covered the locality of this stone, and the mucoi Luguni, or the Luigni&n elan, was at home in the country around St. Cairan's.
( 6lA )
Jffifcceflanea,
Ulcerative Disease of Bronze, or " Bronze Cancroid." — Coins and medals, weapons and statues, in short, all objects of antiquity fabricated from metallic copper, and its important alloy made by adding tin in certain proportions to form bronze are liable to be attacked by this destructive corroding affection.
The brilliant surface of a recent medal struck in bronze, or a casting made from it soon loses its bright lustre, and becomes oxidized on the exterior, assuming in time some modification of those peculiar patinas valued by persons who recognize their importance for increasing the artistic appearance of such objects. Thus the copper may become, in the course of time, converted into a dark red suboxide, still preserving the sharpness of the outlines caused by the die, and the smooth appearance which it had originally, remaining unaltered. This change is seldom noticed to occur to any great extent in our Irish antiquities.
When bronze is exposed to the continued action of a moderate degree of moisture and warmth, and in addition to the influence of carbonic acid gas which abounds in the case of volcanic districts, such as portions of Italian soil, the conversion of the metal proceeds further until it acquires a lovely shade of blue, such as mineralogists term azurite, or some tint of rich green carbonate, similar to the various colours of the mineral malachite. These conversions to a red suboxide, or to blue or green carbonate are all healthy processes, and so far from causing the slightest injury are considered to augment the value and beauty of the bronze when thus altered.
Far different is the bronze disease ; it produces a remarkable disin- tegrating and destructive effect on the object it attacks, and there are good reasons for considering that it possesses infective powers, spreading like a leprosy through the substance of the metal, and slowly reducing it to amorphous powder ; further, there are substantial grounds for believing it capable of being conveyed from surfaces already suffering with it to those yet uninfected. So that dishonest counterfeiters of antiques now propagate it on their modern forgeries to deceive intended purchasers. This infamous act is as yet understood to be confined to Italy, where the greater part of these forgeries are made.
The fabrication of imitations of bronze antiquities is a flourishing trade in Rome ; formerly they were satisfied to apply deceptive surface patinas which were soon recognized, and could only deceive amateur collectors with little experience. Now the artists are better educated, skilled chemists, well acquainted with' modern discoveries, by which
62 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
identical effects can be produced on metallic surfaces that once de- manded prolonged periods of time for their development. The principal person who carries on these operations in Borne is well known ; at will he can produce the brilliant #nd glittering patina of blue or green coloration, or that rugose surface of metal which formerly required pro- longed exposure to Roman soil, or deposition in a river-bed. In genuine antiques, it unfortunately happens occasionally that the patinated surface of bronze, soon after its discovery from recent excavations, becomes ' affected with this distinctive bronze disease which makes its appearance in a number of small spots of clear pale-blue colour, that swell and form } farinaceous elevations; in the course of time, especially when kept in > a moist atmosphere, these spots enlarge, run together and multiply, gradually invading the greater part of the surface, and reducing the < object to a powdery condition. "0
"When a bronze article is disinterred, and this troublesome malady has commenced, the remedy recommended is to saturate every spot where it • shows, with a brush dipped in ink, letting it penetrate deeply and thoroughly. Of course, the ink employed is that old-fashioned one pre- : pared from common sulph ate of iron and oak galls — not any of the modern inventions. If the diseased surfaces appear inclined to extend, or should new spots show themselves, the process should be repeated two or three times or more until it is arrested. In the course of time the discoloration > which the ink produces will fade away, and gradually agree in tint with;j that of the healthy patination. Special care must be taken not to scrape"1 the spots thus acted on by ink, which would risk a fresh outbreak of •- this infectious malady.
It would appear that those' jskilful artists of false antiques having 1 succeeded in counterfeiting genuine patinations, so as to deceive the , most learned collectors, have subsequently gone to the length of infecting : their reproductions with spots of the bronze disease. This is no mere superficial imitation which they -cause, but absolute inoculation of the destructive canker itself.
I am induced to call attention to this subject from a learned article in ; the "Revue Archeologique " by the' late Count Michel Kyskiewicz, who, ^ I regret to say, died in November last at Rome. It is contained in one of - his latest contributions to archeology, and the last of a highly attractive ' and instructive series of papers by him,' "Notes and Souvenirs of an Old Collector." These are deserving of study as they abound in information ; of the most valuable description for^all who desire to understand the pitfalls and deceptions which are prepared to entrap unwary beginners, and even lead astray those who should be better informed. — W. FRAZER.
The Moat -of Patrickstowri.^The- Moat of Pairickstowii is situated to the smith- east of the hill of tnat name,* about three miles from
MISCELLANEA.
Oldcastle, county Meath. In form it is a truncated cone, whose top is about fifteen yards across. Tradition has long connected it with the Danes, and it would be a matter of no small difficulty to persuade soine of the peasants living in the neighbourhood that dwarf-like men have not been known to vanish mysteriously into the interior, where it was stoutly affirmed existed a cave with a passage leading to it. So widely spread was this idea *that the owner was, many years ago, induced to excavate and so settle the question. This Excavation was a wide" cut extending .from the outside to a point about two-thirds across the tumulus, and going right down, to the maiden earth, on which it; stands.
No trace of a chamber was found, but near the top on the right-hand; side (vide illustration) were found the remains of fire, presumably for cremation purposes, although no re-; mains, of bones were . found in the blackened mass, This, however, yielded several rusted fragments ol- iron, which? when placed together were found to fit each other so as to form an object about six inches long and one wide, wliicn' S^as probably the blade of a knife] or dagger, all traces of the handle having vanished. , , T, The silver buckle or broocK illustrated was , also found in thevcharred mass near the pieces of iron. It is nearly an inch in diameter, and shows a slight attempt at ornamentation- on both sides^ which is produced by stamping with a very small, hollow punch, causing the metal, inside to rise^ up in minute, knobs, partly surrounded by horseshoe-shaped depressions. These are rather irregularly scattered over the ring. Several very similar brooches can be stten in the Museum, at York.
So me distance below the burnt layer, the skull of a rather small dog5 was found, quite perfect 'and oUnburnt. . . :,»:.; \- . .;•;:;"
I am not aware of any other remains having been discovered.,; but' those that have been found are apparently sufficient to show that the > tumulus was the tomb of a Dane.
It is interesting to note how tradition has persisted in connecting the moat with, the Danes,, even after the lapse of so many centuries,\ and that it has endowed them with supernatural powers.— E. CROFTOIT
Moat of l^atricfcstown, Co-. Meath.
64 ROYAL SOCIETY. OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The Photographic Survey lias received the following accession^ during 1897 : — From Mrs. Shackleton, 87. T. J. Westropp, 22. E. R. M'C. Dix, 4. T. Mason, 3. The following lent negatives for the use of the Society: — J. Grene Barry, 15. G. Fogarty, 10. Mrs. Stacpoole, 3 (Members). Richard J. Stacpoole, 4. Photographs, printed and bought by the Society, 30.
The following is the distribution of the collection according to counties at end of 1897 : —
Antrim, 45. Armagh, 3. Carlow, 5. Cavan, 10. Clare, 88. Cork, 14. Donegal, 30. Down, 74. Dublin, 84. Fermanagh, 15. Gal way, 69. Kerry, 48. Kildare, 19. Kilkenny, 45. King's County, 29. Leitrim, 8. Limerick, 36. Londonderry, 3. Longford, 2. Louth, 31. Mayo, 14. Meath, 54. MonagTian, 6. Queen's County, 3. Ros- common, 27. Sligo, 27. Tipperary, 28. Tyrone, 8. Waterford, 17. Westmeath, 12. Wexford, 29. Wicldow, 23. Total of permanent photographs, 909.
ADDITIONS DURING 1897.
CAHLOW. — St. Mullins, base of round tower, cross. Ullard, chancel arches, west door, cross.
CLARE. — Dangan (near Fortfergus), castle. Doonagore, round castle. Dromore, castle. Dunlecky, castle, from E. (before fall of tower) ; from N.W. Dysert CPDea, church, door, cross. Ennis, friary (3), screen. Glen, castle. Scatter^ Island, Temple-na-marve.
CORK. — Cloyne, round tower. Inisherkin, friary, from N.E. ; from west.
DONEGAL. — Tory Island, round tower.
DUBLIN. — Adamstown, castle. Clondalkin, round, tower, cross. Finglas, cross. Kilgollin, cross, Kilternan, church, window, door, and font ; cromlech. Leixlip, castle. Newcastle Lyons, church tower, east window, cross. Puck's Castle. Rathmichael, church-; ditto, and round tower. Tulfy, cross.
GALWAY. — Aran Isles, Temple Benen ; Kilgobnet ', cemetery on Inishere. Iniscaltra, round tower; St. Mary's church; St. Michael's church.
KERRY. — Alleydorney, abbey, from W. Ardfert, cathedral, from S.E., west door, Templenahoe. BaHycarlery, Cahergel fort. Caher- dor g an, fort and cells. Derrynane, caher ; friary, from W. Dunbeg] fort (2). Fahan, caher and cells ; Cahernamairtinech (" Fort of the Wolves"). Gallerm, oratory. Glenfahan, cloghauns in caher. j&lmal- kedar, church (6), cross; St. Brendan's House. Lough Curran west door, inscribed slab ; cloghaun (2). ItaJiinnane, castle. St. Michael's rock ; St. Michael's church ; monastic cells (3) ; -steps.
MISCELLANEA. 65
LIMERICK. — Askeaton, castle, banqueting-hall; church, belfry ; friary, from S., nave, cloister arcade (2), figure of St. Francis in cloister, Stephenson monument, refectory, recess in ditto. Ballycullane, castle. Ballygrennane, castle (2). Kilulta, church. Limerick, castle. Lough GUT, Black castle.
LOUTH. — Drogheda, St. Peter's church, Golding tombs (2).
MAYO. — Clare Island, Grania Uaile's castle. Dunnamoe, fort. Killala, round tower. Moyne, friary, from S.E., from N.W., transept, cloister. Rosserk, friary, church, exterior S.W.
MEATH. — Ballylogan, friary. Bective, abbey, exterior, cloister. Carried, castle. Clonard, font, tumulus. Duleek, cross, church. Kilcarn, font. Newtown, St. John's ; Sir Luke Dillon's tomb. Trim, Watergate, sheep gate, and castle.
QUEEN'S COUNTY. — Dunamase, castle.
WATERFORD. — Cluttahina, souterrain. Lismore, castle.
WESTMEATH. — Fore, abbey (2), with abbot's house, St. Fechin's church (3), ditto and abbey, ditto and Greville's burial-ground ; St. Mary's church ; east gate ; west gate.
"WICKLOW. — Burgage, cross. Old Court, church ; St. Patrick's well ; base of cross in stream.
Total increase for 1897 was 141 ; increase for 1895 was 174; and for 1896, 107. Fortunately we have now no blanks in the list of counties, but very little has been done to complete the series of Round Towers, and more noteworthy remains noted in our last report (Journal, 1896, p. 391).
Though not suitable for a record, we have also available for illustra- tions and notes some 80 silver prints.
T. J. WESTROPP, Son. Curator.
Historic Truth and Sham Legends. — The growth of sham legends, referred to by T. J. W. at page 253, Journal, September, 1897, is un- ceasing, but not altogether due to modern tourists, as he supposes, who 41 stimulate " it. The statement at page 297 of same, that Raleigh had anything to do with the extermination of the Italian and Spanish troops at Smerwick in 1580 is one of those time-honoured legends which have no support whatever in contemporary records of a trustworthy kind. The sole authority for Raleigh's presence at Smerwick is Hooker, whose work is much less a history than a panegyric of his patrons und country- men, Raleigh and Peter Carew, and whose account of the siege at Smerwick was written long after it took place from second-hand reports proved incorrect on most important points by Lord Grey's and Captain
JOUR. R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. I., 5TH SER. F
66 ROYAL SOCIETY- OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Bingham' s letters, written from Smerwick, giving every detail of the- siege of the fort, its surrender, the killing of the garrison, &c. In The Antiquary for June and July, 1892, I gave those documents in full, and a plan of the fort, with all the English ships of war on the Bay of Smer- wick, including the "Revenge" of Tennyson's fine poem. The original very curious plan of 1580 remains in the London Public Record Office. In not one of those letters is Raleigh's name mentioned ; while Zouche, Denny, Piers, Chrke, and others are all described as active in the siege. Hooker says that Raleigh had the ward on the first day and the last day of the siege. Grey's despatches show that this was not the case, and they are confirmed by Bingham's letter, who writing of and on that last day says, after describing the surrender : —
" The fandiQwhich had the war de of that day, whichwas Mr. Denny' s? then entered (the fort), but in the meantime were also entered a number of mariners upon the part next the sea, which with the soldiers aforesaid, having possessed the place, fell to spoiling and revelling and withall to killing, in which they never ceased while there lived one." (Bingham to Lane, "from Smerwiclt Roades, llth November, 1580."—" Cotton MSS.," Titus A., xii. 313, Brit. Museum.}
It was Denny's troop and the " mariners" who killed the Spaniards and Italians. Raleigh was either in Limerick or Cork during the siege ; but when Denny, who was sent to the Queen with Grey's despatch (after being knighted for his services), arrived in the latter city en route for London, he was joined by his cousin-german Raleigh, who accompanied him to Court. I may add that Mr. Hans Claude Hamilton, F. s. A., late- Assistant-Keeper of Records, London, who calendared so admirably all the Tudor State Papers relating to Ireland, and had an exhaustive know- ledge of the history of the events of the time, told me he felt assured, Raleigh was not present at the siege of Fort del Or at Smerwick at all. The reckonings of his pay in 1580 extend from July 13th to Sept. 30th, and the siege at Smerwick took place in November of that year.
The killing of the Spaniards and Italians was not a whit more criminal than numberless similar cruelties in that age when fierce, so- called " religious" wars were going on in Europe. Even in recent times- when a fort or town was taken by an excited soldiery, the same thing has too often occurred. Neither Denny nor Bingham could have pre- vented it at Smerwick in 1580. (See Antiquary, July, 1892, pages 19, 20.) — MARY AGNES HICKSON.
Malay weapon supposed to be Danish. — In the very full and interest- ing notice of Scattery, from the pen of Mr. Westropp, which appeared in the September Number of our Journal, the following occurs :- — " Antiqui^-
MISCELLANEA. 67
ties have occasionally been dug up — a hatchet, shaped like a bird's head, and reputed to be Danish, was exhibited to our society in 1874. and eventually proved to be Malayan ! " In this Mr. "Westropp is slightly inaccurate, or at least expresses himself so as to be liable to misconception. I exhibited this weapon to our Society in 1874 as Malayan, it having been described as Danish in a paper previously published in our Journal. On reading the description, I had doubts as to its age, or Danish origin ; and the late Sir James Spaight, in whose possession it was, having shown it to me, I at once saw that it was Malayan and quite modern ; it was made in the form of a toucan's head, with a hole in it, to represent the eye ; it could hardly be called a hatchet, as it was very thin and light, and the handle, which was bound with brass wire, not more than 4 inches long; it had never been in the ground, not being in the slightest degree corroded, and had never been on Scattery; it had been for some time tossing about in a public-house, in Kilrush, the owner of which, in answer to a leading question, said that he thought it was got on Scattery, the shape, which was supposed to represent the head of the Danish raven, was the only reason for describing it as Danish, I have a strong suspicion, from the grinding of the blade and the wire on the handle, that it was manufactured in Sheffield or Birmingham, and, exported to Singapore or some of the Straits Settlements, for trade with the Malays. Sir James kindly allowed me to take it to Kilkenny, where I exhibited it at a meeting of our Society, where the Members present unanimously agreed with me as to its being a modern Malay weapon. If it had been exhibited to our Society in the first instance, it would certainly never have been described in the Journal as Danish. — GEOEGE J. HEWSON, Fellow, Hon. Local Secretary, Limerick.
The Ogham Retrospect of 1897.— The following discoveries have come under my notice : —
Rathcanning, Imoldlly, Co. Cork. — See Journal for 1897, p. 80. Dooghmaheon, Co. Mayo. — See Journal for 1897, p. 186. Painestown, Co. Meath. — See Mr. Cochrane's Paper, ante, p. 53. *Ardfert, Co. Kerry. — In a field opposite the Protestant church :
inscription, . . . i CT [ma]Q LOG[U ?] Discoverer, Mr. David
Watson.
*Gortatlea, Co. Kerry. — I doubt whether this be an Ogham at all. It has some scratches on one edge, but nothing definite. There is also another Ogham near Tralee, and one at least near Lombardstown Station, of which I know nothing definite.
Liang warren, Pembroke. — Roman, TIGEENACI DOBAGNI ; Ogham, DOVAGNI.
R. A. S. MACALISTEE.
* Examined by myself. F 2
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Tombstone near Geashill.— The
accompanying illustration is of an old tombstone taken from a rubbing. It bears (as may be seen) the inscrip- tion : — "Obbitus Evline Filia Der- mici que Obit 6 Marc. 1603." " Ego Liaews Felius Mauri Eius maritus que me fieri Fe." The tombstone itself is to be found in the parish of Geashill (King's County), in a place named Walsh Island. This is a small district, which is literally an island of upland in the midst of the Bog of Allen. I have not been able to find out exactly whether it should be spelt Welch Island, deriv- ing its name from the peculiar situa- tion in which the place is found, or as I have spelt it above, Walsh Island, deriving its name from that of people who reside on it.
The church (in ruins), which presents some interesting architec- tural features only bears the name Ballintemple, and I have not been able to find any notices of it. It has been suggested to me that it may possibly have been in some way connected with the ancient abbey of Killeigh, some miles distant. But however that may be, I feel sure some interesting history must have been connected with the church it- self, and also perhaps with the names of Evline Fitz Dermot, and her hus- band Lewis Fitz Maurice. The tombstone is 7 feet long, and about 2 feet wide, and is, I think, of a design which is both interesting, and extremely beautiful. — STEELING DE Conner WILLIAMS.
MISCELLANEA. 69
Kerry Ogham Finds, 1896 — In Mr. R. A. Stewart Macalister's very interesting " Ogham Retrospect of 1896," which appeared in the Journal of December, 1896, at p. 393, mention is made of my having found a small fragment in a rath at my residence. That is correct, but the name of the barony in which Bushmount is situated is Clanmaurice, and not Trughenacmy.
This find breaks ne\v ground, as Mr. Macalister writes me that an ogham fragment has never been previously found in this barony (Clan- maurice). I picked up four or five inscribed stones about this same rath, called " Lisnacreavh " (i.-e. the " Fort of the Branches"), and they were submitted for the personal inspection of Right Rev. Dr* Graves, who stated that "they were portions of an ogham monument." I had previously sent a paper mould of one of those stones to Rev. Canon Hewson, of Gowran, county Kilkenny, and his opinion was that it "showed three lines which were sufficiently straight, parallel, and uniform in length to be ogham scores, and that these three straight scores would mean a single letter "t," or "f," according as they were on the right- hand or left-hand surface."
I found several of the most curiously shaped stones — all bearing unmistakable signs of having been " dressed " — both inside and outside the rath ; but this one particular ogham fragment was evidently taken from the beehive-like cell or " cave," which was at one time in the centre of the rath. During my explorations, I discovered that this cell had been uprooted ; and afterwards, I learned from some of the old people about here that this had been the case, and that they remembered well seeing the place where it existed filled in with earth when the rath was planted with trees about sixty -five years ago. When deepening a portion of the fosse at the south side of "Lisnacreavh," I found about twenty-eight or thirty horse-loads of stones at a depth of about 3 feet or 3£ feet below the level of the remainder of the fosse. These seemed to be of the same description as the stones I found in the interior of the rath, i.e. rough -dressed, hollowed, and burned or sooty looking. Under- neath this huge pile, I came upon the foundation of two 'dry' walls 5 ft. x 13 ft., about 5 yards apart, and botli running parallel in a southerly direction. These consisted of immense stones, or boulders; and though I thought this may have been a means of communication with the interior, I found it was not. — R. J. RICE, Lieut.-Col.
Dublin Castle— Threatened demolition of the Record Tower in 1793. — Mr. Evans sends the following extract from a Dublin news- paper a century ago, which forms an interesting illustration of the absence of antiquarian taste of the time, and perhaps explains the cause of dis- appearance of some of our ancient buildings : —
"The east wing of the terrace front of Dublin Castle is taken down to its base, and a better foundation for the new masonry is effecting by the
70 ROYAL SOCIETY QF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
means of a number of beams or piles pointed with iron, which are to be driven into the ground to a considerable depth by Vanlue's celebrated pile-engine, one of which, with its apparatus, being constructed there for that purpose. It was at first, as we are told, in contemplation to take down the entire front ; but the stability of the remaining part being now ascertained, that part only which is now taken down next the garden will be rebuilt. It is said, however, that the old black tower to the westward of the chappel is to be demolished as a useless fabric that gives a disgraceful gloominess to the Viceregal residence, little according with the style and elegance of the other parts." — Dublin Evening Post, Sept. 3, 1793.
Cinerary Urn found in the Parish of Adamstown, Co . Wexford, 1897. — On the 17th of December a Mr. Doyle, a farmer, while ploughing one of his fields on the townland of Old Court, parish of Adamsto vvn, struck the plough on a stone flag of considerable thickness, which he proceeded to raise, and underneath it he found a small cist containing
Fragment of Cinerary Urn, Adamstown, Co. Wexford.
a cinerary urn turned on its mouth on a flag. The depth of the cist was about two feet from the surface of the ground. This urn was about six inches in diameter and about ten inches in depth, and covered by it he found a quantity of ashes and charred bones, among which could be detected a portion of a skull and a piece of a back-bone . It was of the usual brown terra-cotta material, nnd a portion of it showed marks of having been subjected to great heat. The rim of the urn was elabo- rately decorated with a chevron ornamentation, and the body was covered with a lozenge-shaped pattern. This find was about one mile distant from the place where the Misterin Adamstown urn, which was formerly engraved in the Journal (p. 19, vol. xix.), was discovered. I regret to say that this interesting specimen was broken by the finder. — J. F. M. FFRENCH, Vice-President.
MISCELLANEA. 71
A Lake Legend in the Dingle District.— The road that leads from Dingle to the westward slopes of Brandon Mountain passes at one plate -a small lake, in a hollow on its western side. In this lake lives a, " worm " (what our chroniclers would call &peist). This worm is seen once in seven years. Once on a time a woman was passing the lake. She had been to Dingle, and had bought a new caldron, which she was bringing home. The worm put his head up out of the lake, and she, in self-preservation, threw the caldron over his head : whereupon he said : —
" TTluna mbei&ea& an a&cm cuipip ap mo ceann, loppamn cupa agup leac an boniain !"
My informant told me the tale in English, but repeated the doggerel .couplet in Irish. Of course to preserve the rhyme the word ceann must be pronounced in the Munster manner. The verse may be coaxed into Equally doggerel English thus : —
" "Were it not for this caldron you've put for my bonnet, I'd eat you, half the world, and the things that are on it ! "
The narrator said an a&an, not an c-a&an. This shows that he regarded a&an as a feminine noun — a point left unsettled by O'Reilly's " Dictionary." — R. A. S. MACALISTER.
Colpoys of Ballycarr.1 — The later descent of this family from John €olpoys of Ballycarr, High Sheriff of Clare, 1676, is briefly as follows : — John had issue George and Raleigh ; the former married ,1 ane, eldest daughter of Henry Hickman, Esq., of Barntick. He was High Sheriff of £lare in 1711, and left issue an only daughter, married to Charles Eitz^ gerald of Castlekeale. George Colpoys, by a settlement of October 9th, 17 33 (Dublin Registry of Deeds, vol. 80, p. 151), settled his estates on his nephew John (eldest son and heir of Alderman "Rawley " Colpoys of Limerick) on the latter' s marriage with Honora, daughter of Hugh Hickman of Eenloe. John was High Sheriff, 1748, and left an eldest son George, High Sheriff, 1771. George died before 1784, and was buried at Kilnasoola Church, leaving issue by his wife Mary, four children — 1. Major John ; 2. Anthony, married 1805, Mary, daughter of ;William Butlur of Bunnahow, and, like his brother, dieds.^.; 3. Catherine, married Dec. 1st, 1784, John O'Callaghan of Maryfort ; 4. Martha, married Thomas Abbott of the city of Dublin, and had issue.
From the elder daughter the estates descended to her grandson Colonel John O'Callaghan, D.L., now of Maryfort, county Clare, who .sold them.
1 See Journal, 1890, p. 75, and 1897, p. 431. Among the Maryfort Papers is a 'very old pedigree, showing their descent from the Colpoys family, in Hampshire, and their relationship with the Nevilles.
72 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Another branch of the family was founded by James Colpoys — said to have been son of Raleigh — he owned Rafollane, near Bally carr and Crusheen; his will dates 1757, and was proved 1766 by his wife Jane, daughter of Henry Lucas of Tullamore, county Clare. They had issue George of Limerick (administration, 1764); 2. Thomas; 3. Susanna. George's son William was living at Knock in 1783. The Keanes of Beechpark, county Clare, claim descent from this line.
The above Raleigh Colpoys was freeman of Cork, 1694, sheriff of Limerick, 1701, and mayor, 1709. .He is said to have left a third son George, but I have found no document mentioning either this George or the above James as his sons.
There is some memory of Admiral John Colpoys among the O'Cal- laghans, but it does not suffice to localize him in the pedigree.
The arms appear as a maunch on the tomb of Thomas Hickman and his wife Elizabeth, sister of John Colpoys, 1677, in Ennis Friary, and on the seal of James Colpoys of Crusheen, 1757. The maunch is " ermines" on the Ballycarr seals. — T. J. WESTROPP.
Admiral Sir John Colpoys. — In reply to a query in our Journal^ 1897, p. 431, I beg to give a pedigree taken from a document in posses- sion of the Tipperary branch of the family.
Mr. Colpoys, of Ballycarr, county Clare, had, among other sons, George Colpoys, of Limerick, who married Miss Uniack, of county Cork. They had issue a son, John, and a daughter. Susan, who married Mr. Grene, of Cappamurra, county Tipperary, and had issue a son, James, who, by his wife, Ellen Boss, had issue a son, John Grene, who, by his wife, Hannah Biddulph, had issue a son, Biddulph Grene, and a daughter, Maria, married J. Barry, and had a son, J. Grene Barry.
John Colpoys, of Dublin, married Miss Madden, niece of Judge Singleton, and had issue three children — 1. Admiral Sir John Colpoys; 2. Singleton Colpoys (who, by his wife, Miss Baker, left issue Mrs. Bloomfield, now living in county Tipperary) ; and 3. Anne, married Edwards Griffith, and left issue— (1), Sir Edward Griffiths Colpoys (Admiral) ; (2), Patience, married William Dillon Baker, of Ballydavid, county Tipperary ; (3), Susan, married George Heastop ; (4), Margaret, married Dr. Dudley, of Clonmel ; and (5), Anne, married Alderman Abbott, of Dublin. John, father of Admiral Colpoys, was an attorney, and was Registrar to Chief Justice Yorke, whose wife was a sister of Justice Singleton.
The present Mr. Baker, of Ballydavid, has a portrait of Admiral Colpoys, taken in 1812. The latter was made a Governor of Greenwich Hospital in 1816, and died in 1821. My late uncle, Mr. Biddulph Grene, told me the following anecdote : — The Admiral was godfather to Miss Susan Grene, and her father had mentioned, in a letter to him,
MISCELLANEA. 73
that she had learned to play the guitar; the Admiral replied, " I would sooner hear that she had learned to mend your shirts." — J. GRENE. BARRY, Hon. Local Secretary, Limerick City.
Celtic Art and its Developments.— This is the subject of a course of eight lectures to he delivered by Mr. J. Komilly Allen, F.S.A., Fellow, the Yates Lecturer in Archaeology at University College, London, in May and June next. The lecturer treats of — the origins of primitive art ; the evolution of decorative art ; Pagan Celtic art in the Bronze Age; in the early Iron Age; Christian Celtic art in post-Konum times- origin and development of Celtic interlaced work ; key patterns and spirals ; Zoomorphs, foliage, and figure subjects ; and, in the hands of so able an exponent, should prove deeply interesting and attractive.
74 EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
of
[NOTE. — The works marked thus (*) are by Members of the Society.]
* Studies in Irish Epigraphy . Parti. Containing the Ogham Inscrip- tions of the Barony of Corkaguiney and the Counties of Mayo, Wicklow, and Kildare. By E. A. Stewart Macalister, M.A. (David Nutt, 270-271, Strand, London.)
THIS is a little book of 90 pages, to he followed by several others in the same series, if the reception accorded to Part I. warrant a continuation of the series. In the present volume we are given a very valuable introduction of 19 pages, which will be read with much interest by the ogham specialist.
We are pleased to see that our author seems to realize, in some measure, the extreme difficulty of the questions he has so pluckily taken in hand, and freely admits that " as yet many of its mysteries remain unpenetrated, partly because accurate copies of the inscriptions have not been available for the use of scholars." He adds: — " As few under- takings afford so great a scope for human fallibility as the transcription of Ogham legends, it is possible that some slips have been made, notwith- standing every care." We do not believe that the accurate transcription of the legends as they appear now is the only difficulty — nor even the greatest difficulty. A much greater difficulty in nine cases out of ten is to conjecture with some approach to truth what the legends had originally been before the characters were destroyed by time or injured by rude meddling. Nor would we wish our author to be too sanguine regarding those inscriptions which do not come under this head. We have some inscriptions still iutact, but are we unanimous in their interpretation? Our author will not give countenance to contraction or cryptogram. He scouts not only the guesses of the patriotic, unscholarly Munster anti- quaries, but also the daring and brilliant theories of the cryptologists, and states fearlessly that the " science of the philological school has at length placed this difficult study on a firm basis." We now approach the closely barred door with one open sesame, and all the mysteries of the ogham system are revealed. Accordingly we are given in the book very learned and elaborate paragraphs on Celtic declensions and orthography, for which our author gracefully acknowledges his obligations to the renowned Celtic scholars, Dr. Whitley Stokes and Professor Rhys. Ogham inscriptions have thereby been reduced to order "from the
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 75
position of being mere learned playthings to a place of the highest philological importance."
Now let us follow Mr. Macalister — his key in hand — to the Mauma- norig stone. Maumanorig means the mountain pass of the Hoares. Hero the stone is found in a Cilleen (a disused burial-ground), known in the neighbourhood as Cill-na-g'Colman, the cill or church of the Colmans — plural. The inscription on this rock is quite distinct in every particular. To any unprejudiced eye there need be no question as to the ^cores and vowel dots. They have never been tampered with. In the book before us the author gives five transcripts from different observers in the following order: — Mr. Windele, Mr. Brash, Sir Samuel Ferguson, Bev. E. Barry, and his own. Mr. Windele, being, merely a transcriber, did not feel tempted to find an M or a B in the legend to suit COLOMAN or COLOMBAN of the cill, and so gave the inscription as he had actually seen it. For the sake of those readers of our Journal who take an interest in ogham inscriptions, but have not access to the Transactions, R.I. A., it may be well to carry on the history of this very puzzling legend a little further. It occurred to Bishop Graves that it might be much contracted, , or even cryptic, and that the COL OL OL signified that three persons of the name of Colman were commemorated by the one monument. Having referred to the copy of the " Sanctilogium Genealogicum " preserved in the " Leabhar Breac," he found this actually the case — that three saints named Colman had lived together in the " bosom of the Maum " — now called Mauman- orig. The end of the legend (n-ailithir) describes them as pilgrims. No interpretation could be more satisfactory than this, which requires no tinkering with the characters really on the stone. Again, another cryptological guess. Our author has not as yet visited the Camp stone, but we shall ask him to do so now. The inscription is carefully and beautifully cut, and in excellent preservation. We begin to read as usual from the bottom upwards. What a jumble of vowels and consonants, never intended to make any sense. Even the key-word MAQI hides its head. No clue whatever ; but Mr. Brash and others give a reading which did not satisfy themselves. Bishop Graves comes on the scene with his magic wand — he suspects another cryptic trick. There is an M on the stone ; he reads the inscription transposed, and the key at once comes to light. The B side exchanged places with the H side, and there the mystery lay. The names on the stone are kept alive still in the neighbourhood by tradition. So much in favour of the "daring and brilliant theories of the cryptologists." But we do not mean to urge that all ogham inscriptions are certainly cryptic — contracted, I believe, they are more or less like all the other legends on stone monuments where space is limited. The Clonmacnoise ogham gives COLMAN BOCHD — poor Colman. There is nothing cryptic in this unless the question is raised which of the Columns was intended out of a list of more than two hundred of them known in Ireland.
76 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The book is furnished with no fewer than six reference indices, the; letterpress and paper all that could be desired, with a wide margin for; notes and will serve as a very handy companion and guide on ogham expe- ditions. We shall look forward with much pleasure to the publication of the other volumes of the series.1
P. S.
The Voyage of Bran : vol. ii., The Celtic Doctrine of Re-birth. By Alfred Nutt. Grimm Library. (London : D. Nutt, 1897.)
THE first volume of this work was briefly reviewed on p. 91 of the Journal for 1896. It will be remembered that in that volume Professor Meyer edited a seventh-century romance, in which two ancient Celtic conceptions were emphasised : the idea of a Happy Other-world, and the theory of Re-birth. To the text was appended an essay by Mr. Nutt, in which his well-known erudition in popular lore was applied to trace out in all its varieties the first of these conceptions. In the volume no\v before us the second — the Re-birth doctrine — is carefully treated.
Mr. Nutt's method, in dealing with this second branch of his subject, is the same as that which he adopted in the former volume. He first marshals the Irish, and cognate Welsh, literary evidence; then he seeks for illustrative material in other Aryan sources; and having thus found all his threads, he weaves them together into the theory that these conceptions, and rites with which they are associated, are the remains of primitive beliefs and observances in connexion with the vegetative powers of Nature. It will thus be seen that Mr. Nutt's book is one of the m<my children of The Golden Bough.
It would be impossible, without occupying far too much space, to follow Mr. Nutt step by step in his ingenious arguments ; perhaps it would hardly be fair to him do so. "We shall therefore confine our attention more particularly to his treatment of the Irish romances, which is always suggestive and interesting. The obscure cycle of which Mongan, an alleged re-birth of "Finn, is the centre, is first considered, and treated with u remarkable display of critical acumen; a complete parallel is drawn between Mongan, Finn, and the British Arthur. The birth-story of Cuchullin is known to us in three versions : the discrepancies between them, in Mr. Nutt's hands, prove very instructive. But perhaps the most interesting portion of this part of the work is Mr. Nutt's applica- tion of the " higher criticism " to that splendid romance the Tochmarc Etdine. In the previous volume this tale proved of value to Mr. Nutt : for perhaps the most glowing account of the pagan Irish happy other-
l The_author of the work above noticed intimates that he hopes before long to sub- mit his views on the cryptical theory to the Society.
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 77
world is contained in 'the song of Midir — a song that, despite its many corruptions and interpolations, and despite the appalling profundity of the bathos in the last couplet, is one of the sweetest little poems in the Irish language. The extraordinary tale of the Two Swineherds ; the Con- cobar birth-legend ; the gruesome story of Conall Cernach's birth ; the transformations of Tuan (admirably edited by Professor Meyer as an appendix) ; the story of Aed Slaine; and finally the Welsh tale of Taliessin in turn occupy Mr. Nutt's attention. Singularly happy is his •comparison of Taliessin's song, in which that legendary bard relates his metamorphoses, with the wild rosg ascribed to Amergin —
" Am gaethi muir . . . "
— preserved for us in the Book of Ballymote.
The possibility of Christian doctrine having influenced these tales must be considered ; Mr. Nutt does not neglect to do so, and on sufficient grounds to reject it. A very interesting digression follows on the Irish heretic Erigena, whose system of pantheism at first sight seems inspired by Celtic beliefs such as that under discussion. Mr. Nutt, however, succeeds in disproving any direct connexion between the two, and clearly shows that Erigena's inspiration was drawn entirely from Greek Pythagorean and Neo-Pythagorean sources. This investigation supplies the connexion between Greek and Celtic beliefs necessary to warrant a thorough examination of their relative characteristics. The comparison thus instituted practically occupies the remainder of the book, .and we cannot spare the space to follow it at length. It ranges (on the Irish side of the subject) from the human sacrifices on Mag Slecht— the versified account of which also is edited by Professor Meyer in an appendix — to the Tuatha De Danann, and from them to the fairy belief of the modern peasant. This last portion of the book is perhaps the least satisfactory — not from any lapse in Mr. Nutt's learning, but because the material available for scientific treatment is still meagre. Some of the tales of the peasantry have been overmuch " edited," and others are forgeries of the peasantry themselves. I know of at least one man who openly boasts of having " humbugged " a well-known folklorist.
A cavilling critic could find material to carp at in this as in any other book — such as the little slip of calling Etain " a Tuatha de Danann"1 on p. 55. This reads as oddly as. " Queen Wilhelrnina is a Dutch." But he could not thereby upset the arguments which Mr. Nutt handles so deftly, or disprove the result of the author's inves- tigations.
1 It would, perhaps be better to spell the middle word in the name of this people with a capital— not only to avoid the appearance of a French particle, but also because De is an important word.
78 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
• Whether native scholars like it or not, the time has gone by when Keating and the annalists of pre-Christian Ireland could be placed as historians on the level of, say, Thucydides or Sallust. Nothing, indeed, lias ever been advanced that need shake our faith in the historical eostence of Medb, Finn, Cu Chulaind, or the other actors in the weird drama of early Irish myth. This Mr. Nutt admits, and probably to accept their human existence as an actual fact is the most reasonable way of accounting for their existence as the centres of legendary tales. But their sayings and doings must for the most part be handed over,, with the early books of Livy, to the comparative mythologist.
Perhaps we are not the losers. A history, fiowever ancient, that i& almost wholly taken up with tribal squabbles is but a poor past to look back upon. Yet that alone remains when supernatural incidents that could never have taken place are eliminated. But a rich and varied mythology such as ours, in which the supernatural assumes its proper place, is a heritage of which the greatest nation on earth might be proud. Keating and his fellow- workers are not hurled, as mere dupes or deceivers, from the historian's seat ; they are raised to a higher sphere where, though they wrote in prose, they associate with Hesiod and Homer himself. We no longer regard them as dry-as-dust chroniclers of human passions and .the doings of men's bodies ; they record for us the imaginings and reasonings of men's minds. In the hands of investigators like Mr. Nutt they gain tenfold more interest than they would have possessed had they been but the recorders of historic events.
E. A. S. M.
*A Child's History of Ireland. By P. W. Joyce, LL.D. (Longmans, Green & Co., London ; and M. H. Gill & Co., Dublin.)
AMONG the writers on Irish history and antiquities of the present century there have been many who treated these subjects in a popular manner, and not a few who have brought to bear on them much research and thought.
Dr. Joyce's books have the rare but happy gift of combining both these qualities ; his deeper books are full of interest, and this little volume, though destined for children, has much to attract older students- and to originate interesting reflections.
It is illustrated and bound in a very tasteful manner ; the coloured frontispiece, from the Book of Macl)urnan, A.D. 850, being a page of con- siderable beauty and merit. It gives a valuable map so divided that each oblong represents four sheets of the Ordnance Survey map of 1 inch to the mile ; to these spaces the place names in the index are also referred, a very useful innovation.
NOTICES OF BOOKS. T9
A book of this description is of great value to all classes of the com- munity. It plants an interest in the historic events and places of our country among the young, and starts them in life with a solid foundation for their deeper reading. Many will now be in training from their childhood who might otherwise have gone through school and college, and perhaps to middle age, poorly instructed in the rudiments of the- sciences to which they will devote themselves in later years.
By such a work our clever peasantry might in many cases be trained into a valuable band of pioneers, overseers of our "finds," and con- servators of our ancient structures. Many of our future clergy, too, of all denominations might be led by such early instruction to a source of interest and happiness in no degree incompatible with their higher duties.
In the moderation and fairness of his statements, Dr. Joyce appears- as a valuable helper of that object of our Society, so often accomplished on our excursions, the bringing together, on neutral grounds, of men of great divergence of opinion, to the softening of many prejudices. So in these days, when so many violent opinions are in print, we hail this charming little book as by no means the least valuable of Dr. Joyce's- works on things Irish.
T. J. W.
* Pedigree of the Magennis ( Guinness) Family of New Zealand, and of Dublin, Ireland. Compiled by Richard Linn, Fellow of the Eoyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. (Christchurch, New Zealand : Printed and published by Caygill & Maclaren, Cathedral-square. 1897.)
MR. LINN has put together a number of interesting notes on the Magennis family, formerly rulers of the territory of Iveagh, in the- county of Down, and has added many particulars of the family of Guinness, several of whom are now settled in New Zealand. No con- nexion, however, is shown between the two families beyond the mere- statement of a descent without dates, or any suggestion of proof. The head of the Magennis sept was raised to the peerage, as Yiscount Iveaghr in the reign of James I., a title forfeited by the attainder of the fifth Yiscount, in consequence of his adherence to James II. If there were any reasonable grounds for supposing the pedigree here set out to be- correct, the title of Viscount Iveagh would now, but for the attainder, be vested in the senior male heir of the Guinness family, and the Crown would not, in that case, have readily conferred the title of Iveagh upon the youngest son of a junior branch. Genuine claimants for the title existed down to the end of the last century, the name 'of " El Conde Iveagh" appearing in the Spanish Army List in 1768, which is quoted by Mr. Linn.
80 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The compiler of the pedigree, as he points out, has not had the advantage of consulting authorities, and has heen obliged to depend upon notes taken years ago. With the exception of his failure to connect the two families, he has performed his work well, and his effort to awaken an interest in investigations of a like kind in the distant colony deserves to he crowned with success. The book contains illus- trations of the mins of the Castles of Dundrum and Narrowater, seats of the Magennis family, and portraits of members of the New Zealand branch of the Guinnesses, and of the present Lord Iveagh.
"Beauties and Antiquities of Ireland.'11 The following letter was received too late for insertion in the last issue : —
" DEAR SIK,
"Please permit me to make a few remarks on, and to point out a few misstate - ments in, a review of my book, Beauties and Antiquities of Ireland, that appeared in the last issue of your Journal. I will confine myself almost altogether to the disprov- ing of a few of the principal statements your reviewer has made.
" 1. He says that Dr. Bernard did not find the Grianan of Aileach levelled to the ground. 2. -He implies that 1 said that the ' Book of Kells ' was taken by the Danes. 3. He says that I stated, at p. 105 of my book, that only three ruins stand at Clon- macnois. 4. He implies that I was wrong in stating that not a single inscription, in the Irish language, is visible to the passers-by at Clonmacnois.
Every one of these statements and implications is absolutely wrong I might use a still stronger word, and would be perfectly justified in doing so. I will now take his statements and implications seriatim.
"1. Dr. Bernard did find the Grianan of Aileach levelled to the ground when he undertook its restoration. I was there twice in 1872. There was then hardly any- thing but the foundation stones left. The wall was levelled, in some places, to within a few inches of the ground. 2. I did not say that the ' Book of Kells ' was taken by the Danes. I said it is believed that it was taken by them, and its golden cover torn off (see p. 278), and such is believed by many. 3. I did not say that only three ruins stand at Cionmacnois. What I said was that ' there are the ruins of but three churches existing at Clonmacnois ' (see p. 99). I used the word ' ruins ' in its ordinary accepta- tation, and as it is generally understood. There may be the tracks of other churches extant, but such tracks cannot be called ruins. The ruins of the nunnery are not, properly speaking, in Clonmacnois, they were about a quarter of a mile from the reilig where the other ruins are. 4. There are not any inscriptions in the Irish language visible in Clonmacnois, so far as can be seen by the passer-by. I spent over an hour looking for them when I was there last, in 1896, and could not find any. I was told that the stones with Irish inscriptions on them were locked up in a vault, in order to keep them safe. So far you have refutation of the principal erroneous state- ments made by your reviewer.
"I can hardly see how it can be called an error to say that the 'Colloquy* is a converse between St. Patrick and Finn, and others belonging to the same cycle. It is true that Finn was supposed to be dead at the time of the converse, but he is quoted so often in the tract, and his remarks are given such a prominence in it, that he becomes as one of the dramatis personce. If I was technically wrong in making it appear that Finn was a living speaker in the ' Colloquy,' your reviewer is absolutely wrong in making it appear that it was only Caoilte that conversed with St. Patrick in the ' Colloquy,' whereas many others, besides Caoilte, held converse with him.
" 1 was wrong in saying that the ' Circuit ' was published by the Royal Irish Academy, but it was published by a kindred society, that may be said to have grown out of the Royal Irish Academy, namely, the Irish Archaeological Society.
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 8l
Dr. Bernard's real name may be Bernard, but I saw it spelled ' Barnard.' It may not have been Dr. Graves, Bishop of Limerick, but another gentleman of the name of Graves, that supervised the excavations round the Nun's Church, near Clonmacnois, but I saw it stated in print that it was the Bishop of Limerick. What possible harm could trifles such as these be to such a book as mine, which is not intended as a work on technical matters ? and what reviewers but a man whose mind was all bitterness would think of pointing them out? I fear his bitterness has carried him too far. Instead of confining himself to 'the merest statement of fact,' as he said he would, he has stated most glaring untruths. He has shown such animus against the book, that he has done it good, when, perhaps, he meant to do it harm.
"As to what your reviewer says about the 'feelings of dismay ' with which he read what I said about the antiquity of Tara (p. 13), I beg to challenge him to dis- prove a single statement contained in the paragraph in which the passage he quotes occurred. He has evidently no faith at all in the ancient records of the country of whose antiquities he professes to be a student, and is evidently wholly unacquainted with the language in which those records are written. This is very sad, for the preservation to the present day of so many names of places, and of persons mentioned in the very oldest records of Ireland, is a most uurious and interesting fact connected with the archaeology of Ireland, beyond that of all other European countries. So far as I know, I am the first who has pointed out the extraordinary facts of the preserva- tion of the place-name Tailltean, and of Lugnasa, the Irish name for the month of August, down to the present day (see Beauties and Antiquities of Ireland, p. 274).
"Your reviewer implies that the views contained in my book, that have been copied from old engravings, are inaccurate. This is another wrong statement, for I chose for reproduction only the views of places and things that I had seen myself, and that I knew to be good representations of them.
" I am very sorry that the inaccuracy and animus of your reviewer have com- pelled me to write this letter. Of all publications in Ireland, your Journal should be the first to praise, instead of to malign, such a book as the one I have written. That it contains some inaccuracies I do not seek to deny. No book of its kind is free from them. That they are not of a nature to injure its popularity is proved by the fact that few, if any, books of its kind, have ever been so well received by the public.
"Respectfully yours,
"T. 0. RUSSELL. " November 29th, 1897."
[This letter is given with pleasure, and without comment, so far as it is an explanation. The author of the book, however, has seen fit to single out four from the many remarks of the notice, and asserts them to be misstatements. These are very briefly noticed.
1. The author asserts that Dr. Bernard did find the Grianan of Aileach levelled to the ground.
The author is referred to Dr Bernard's Paper in the Proc. R.I. A. (vol. i., Ser. 2, p. 415) where he states that the wall was some feet in height. Mr. Russell on his visit probably did not notice that this lower part of the wall still standing was enveloped in the debris of the fallen upper part.
2. Mr. Russell says that he did not say that the "Book of Kells" was taken by the Danes.
The passage in his book is : —
" It was taken by the Danes, it is believed, and the golden cover torn off it it was found, buried in the ground, some time after. This is recorded to have happened in 1006."
3. This, from the qualification which Mr. Eussell adds, is in reality an explanation by him, not a charge of misstatement.
JOUR. K. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. I., 5TH SER. G
82 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
4. This, too, is an explanation by Mr. Russell. That a passer-by may see no inscription in Irish at Clonmacnoise we do not question. But that a visitor with a guide-book should be in no better position, naturally called for comment. Clonmacnoige possesses, necessarily protected from the passer-by, but available to an interested visitor, the largest collection of Irish inscriptions on stone in Ireland. The Irish inscription on its high cross, which is in view even of the passer-by, is of particular interest, as it led Petrie to the date both of cross and cathedral.
It is not necessary to authorise the writer of the notice to accept Mr. Russell's challenge as to the age of Tara. There is no statement in the paragraph to which he refers which is debateable, except on the assumption of the historical authority of the fanciful chronology of pre- historic times, adopted by the bardic writers of our own as of other lands ; the unreliable character of such chronology Mr. Russell admits in the next paragraph of his book.
There is really only one point in Mr. Russell's letter which is neces- sary to refute. His entirely unwarranted assertion that the notice was actuated by animus. The writer of the notice, an experienced Irish antiquary, never heard of Mr. Russell until he took up his book, and he commenced it with a decided prepossession in its favour. His animus is that which should animate all real students, and which is one of the highest purposes of our Society, the desire to promote in the study of our history and antiquities a healthier and more critical tone, such as should most particularly be expected in a book which purports to be " An Archaeologist's Manual."]
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Society was held (by permission) in the Royal Dublin Society's House, Kildare- street, Dublin, on Tuesday, the llth of January, 1898, at 4 o'clock, p.m. In the absence of the PKESIDENT,
COLONEL PHILIP D. YIGOES, Vice-President for Leinster, took the Chair.
The following took part in the Proceedings : —
Fellows. — Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, M.R.I. A., Vice- President; W. Frazer, F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I. A., Vice -President; the Rev. J. F. M. ffrench, M.R.I. A., Vice- President ; S. F. Milligan, M.R.I. A., Vice- President; Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer ; G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I. A. ; P.M. Egan ; John R. Garstin, M.A., B.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A. ; G. A. P. Kelly, M.A. ; James Mills, M.U.I. A, ; William R. J. Molloy, M.R.I.A. ; M. M. Murphy, M.R.I.A.; Andrew Robinson, C.E. ; the Rev. Canon Stoney, D.D. ; W. F. Wakeman, Hon. Fellow; W. W. Wilson, M.R.I.A.; Robert Lloyd Woollcombe, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A. ; E. Perceval Wright, M.A., M.D., M.R.I.A.
Members. — The Rev. Arthur W. Ardagh, M.A. ; H. F. Berry, M.A. ; James Brenan, R.H.A. ; the Rev. R. A. Burnett, M.A. ; M. Edward Conway ; Henry A. Cosgrave, M.A. ; E. R. M'C. Dix; Thomas Greene, LL.B. ; Mrs. Greene ; H. Hitchins ; Miss H. Hughes ; Bryan J. Jones ; Dr. Thomas Laffan; E. W. Lovegrove, M.A., M.R.I.A. ; the Rev. Dr. Lucas ; the Rev. Thomas Lyle ; the Rev. A. W. Bradshaw Mack, M.A. ; the Rev. J. E. M'Kenna ; the Rev. Joseph Meehan; J. W. Montgomery; the Rev. L. H. O'Brien, M.A. ; J. E. Palmer; Thomas Plunkett, M.K.I. A. ; the Rev. Canon Rooke, M.A. ; Mrs. J. F. Shackleton ; V. E. Smyth ; W. C. Stubbs, M.A.
The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and signed.
The following Candidates, recommended by the Council, were declared duly elected : —
FELLOWS.
Bellingham, Sir Henry, Bart., Bellingham Castle, Castle Bellingham : proposed_ by
Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, Vice- President. Deane, Sir Thomas Newenham, R.H.A. , Dorset Lodge, Killiney : proposed by R.
Cochrane, F.S.A., Hon. General Secretary. Gregg, Huband George, J.P., Oldtown, Edgeworthstown : proposed by the Right
Hon. 0' Conor Don, President. Keating, Miss Geraldine, Cannon Mills Cottage, Chesham, Bucks : proposed by G. D.
Burtchaell, M.A., Fellow. Manning, Percy, M.A., F.S.A., 6, St. Aldates, Oxford : proposed by Robert Cochrane,
F.S.A., Hon. General Secretary. O'Reilly, Patrick J., 7, North Earl-street, Dublin (Member, 1894) : proposed by
R. Cochrane, F.S.A., Hon. General Secretary.
84 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND,
MEMBERS. Callaghan, Alfred J., LL.D., ]1, Northumberland-road, Dublin: proposed by John
Cooke, M.A., Fellow.
Clements, Miss, Marlborough-road, Dublin : proposed by John Cooke, M.A., Fellow. Coleman, Rev. Ambrose, O.P., St. Catherine's, Newry : proposed by the Rev.
Dr. Stokes. Crookshank, Richard R. G., 8, Tivoli-terrace, South, Kingstown : proposed by the
Rev. W. W. Campbell, M.A. Doran, George Augustus, J.P., University -road, Belfast : proposed by S. F. Milligan,
M.B.I. A., Vice- President. Fielding, Captain Joshua, J.P., late 4th (R.I.) Dragoon Guards, Adjutant, Royal
Hospital, Kilmainham : proposed by "W. W. Wilson, M.R.I. A., Fellow. Fitz Patrick, S. A. 0., Glenpool, Terenure : proposed by John Cooke, M.A., Fellow. Glover, Edward, M. INST. C.E., 19, Prince Patrick-terrace, N. C. R., Dublin : proposed
by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., Hon. General Secretary.
Kelly, Dr. Joseph Dillon, J.P., Earl-street, Mullingar : proposed by James Tuite, M.P. Kennedy, Rev. Thomas "Waring, Ardamine Glebe, Gorey : proposed by W. C. Stubbs,
M.A. Kerrigan, Dr. Owen P., 35, Greville^street, Mullingar, and Castletown Geoghegan, Co.
Westmeath : proposed by James Tuite, M.P.
Lowry, Henry, 71, Great George's- street, Belfast : proposed by W. T. Clements. Magill, Charles, Whitehouse, Belfast: proposed by J. P. M'Knight. Martin, Rev. Richard D'Olier, M.A., All Saints' Vicarage, via, Waterford : proposed by
Colonel P. D. Vigors, Vice- President. Matthews, George E., 49, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin : proposed by T. J. Mellon,
Architect, Fellow.
O'Connell, Michael, Listowel : proposed by John Cooke, M.A., Fellow. O'Sullivan, Michael, 56, Josephine-avenue, Brixton Hill, London, S.W. : proposed
by R. A. Stewart Macalister, M.A.
Peyton, Henry Reynolds, M.D., Monaghan : proposed by Dr. S. A. D'Arcy. Redington, Miss Matilda, Kilcornan, Oranmore : proposed by Edward Martyn, D.L.,
Vice-President.
Shaw, Thomas J., J.P., Mullingar : proposed by James Tuite, M.P. Sherwin, Rev. James P., St. Michael's Hospital, Kingstown : proposed by the Rev.
Dr. Lucas. Strype, William George, M.INST. C.E., 115, Grafton-street, Dublin: proposed by
R. Cochrane, F.S.A., Hon. General Secretary. Webster, William, Solicitor, 35A, Church-street, St. Helens: proposed by S. K.
Kirker, Fellow.
The Report of the Council for the year 1897 was adopted as follows : —
During the year 1897 the deaths of six Fellows and twenty-eight Members were reported, the resignations of eight Fellows and seventy-five Members were accepted, and thirty-two names were removed from the Roll for non-payment of Subscriptions. Thirteen Fellows and ninety-four Members were elected during the year. There are upon the Roll for 1897 the names of 194 Fellows and 1137 Members, making 1331 names in all.
The Fellows who died were : — R. W. Cochran- Patrick, LL.D. ; the Earl of Dartrey, K.P. ; the Rev. John Hammond, D.D., LL.D.; Deputy Surgeon-General King, M.B., M.A. ; the Most Rev. Lord Plunket, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin ; and the Very Rev. Andrew F. Smyly, M.A., Dean of Derry.
The Council have to deplore the loss of their Colleague, Deputy Surgeon- General
PROCEEDINGS. 85
King. He became a Member of the Society in 1883 and a Fellow in 1886. In 1889 he was elected a Member of the Council and, with the exception of the year 1896, when he retired by rotation, continued a Member of that body until a few weeks before his death, when failing health compelled him to resign his seat. For the past year he gave valuable assistance in editing the Journal, and his place cannot easily be filled.
Of the Fellows and Members deceased, the Earl of Dartrey, K.P., was a Vice- President of the Society for the years 1886, 1887, and 1888 ; the Very Rev. A. F. Smyly was Hon. Local Secretary for the county of Londonderry ; and Mr. William Augustus Mahony (the oldest Member whose death is reported) was elected in 18f 5, and was for some time Hon. Local Secretary at Enniscorthy.
Accounts of the Quarterly Meetings and Excursions have been from time to time published in the Journal. All were most successfully carried out with the aid of the Hon. Local Secretaries. The June Meeting \vas held at Lismore, and, in connexion with it, a sea-trip round the Coast of Ireland was arranged and carried out in a manner which left nothing to be desired.
The Vice-Presidents who retire by rotation are : — Lord "Walter Fitz Gerald ; the Rev. Dr. Buick ; the Right Rev. Dr. Graves, Bishop ot Limerick ; and the Most Rev. Dr. Healy, Bishop of Clonfert.
The three Senior Members of Council who retire are — The Rev. Dr. Healy, Mr. Langrishe, and Mr. Cofiey.
During the year the Council met eleven times, and the Members attended as follows:— Dr. LaTouche, 9; Dr. Wright, 8; Mr. Cooke, 7; Mr. Moore, 7; Dr. Stokes, 7 ; Mr. Molloy, 7 ; Mr. Coffey, 7 ; the late Dr. King, 5 ; Mr. Kelly, 5 ; Mr. Langrishe, 4 ; Dr. Joyce, 4 ; Rev. Dr. Healy, 2 ; Mr. Cochrane (Hon. Secretary), 11. Mr. Mills was co-opted on 28th October, in place of Dr. King, and attended two Meetings.
As there was some doubt as to the power of the Council to arrange the holding of evening Meetings in Dublin during the winter months, it is proposed to alter the Rule to enable such Meetings to be held. The evening Meetings already held have b(. en largely attended by the Members and their friends, and are much appreciated.
Early in the year a circular letter was sent out more clearly defining the duties of Hon. Local Secretaries under Rule 18, and only those Members who expressed a willingness to act in accordance therewith were nominated by the Council.
An increased number have furnished some interesting reports on matter connected with local antiquities for publication in the Journal, but there are still many from whom no reports have been received.
The principal Provincial Meeting for the year 1898 will be held, according to rotation, in Connaught. The Council have decided, on this occasion, to recommend that no Honorary President be elected, as the Right Hon. 0' Conor Don holds the office of President of the Society, and they would, under other circumstances, have submitted his name as Honorary President for the year.
The following nominations have been received in accordance with Rules 16 and 17:—
As VICE-PRESIDENTS :
For Leinster, . EDWARD PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., M.R.I.A., Member
and Fellow, 1887 ; Member of Council, 1880-1895, and
1896-1898. For Ulster, . . ROBERT M. YOUNG, B.A., M.R.I.A., Member and Fellow,
1891 ; Hon. Local Secretary for Belfast. For Munster, . JAMES FROST, M.R.I. A., Member, 1871 ; Fellow, 1897 ;
Hon. Local Secretary for South Clare. For Connaught, . J. J. DIGGE&LA TOUCHE, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I. A., Fellow,
1889 ; Member of Council, 1890-1896, and 1897-1898.
86 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
As MEMBKBS OF COUNCIL :
THE REV. EDMUND BARRY, P.P., M.R.I. A., Member, 1882 ; Fellow, 1888 ; Hon.
Local Secretary for East Cork.
COUNT PLUNK.ETT, M.R.I. A., Fellow, 1888 ; Member of Council, 1890-1891. LORD WALTER FITZ GERALD, M.R.I. A., Fellow, 1888 ; Member of Council,
1892-1895; Vice-president, 1895-1898; Hon. Local Secretary for South
Kildare. LAVENS M. EWART, M.R.I. A., Fellow, 1891 ; Vice- President, 1892-1897.
As Mr. Ewart has intimated that he would be unable to devote sufficient time to act on the Council, his name is not submitted for election ; it therefore became unnecessary to issue Balloting Papers, as there is only one valid nomination for each vacancy.
The Finances of the Society are in a satisfactory condition. The Auditors' Report on the Treasurer's Accounts will, as usual, be brought before the next General Meeting of the Society.
At the General Meeting held in Omagh on the 8th of June, 1896, it was unani- mously resolved that the action of the Council in recommending to the Society to sanction, upon certain conditions [i.e. that the specimens were never to be removed from Dublin; that they be properly housed and cared for; and that, whenever feasible, such specimens shall be marked as from the Museum of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Kilkenny], the transfer of the Museum of Antiquities in Kilkenny, to the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, be approved of. In pursuance of this Resolution, the Council proceeded to make the transfer, and received from the Director of the Science and Art Department the following reply : —
"DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART,
" KlLDARE-STREET, DUBLIN,
" 30th November, 1896. " DEAR SIR,
" I visited the Museum of your Society at Kilkenny on November 24th, as arranged. There are many objects of interest which would be a valuable addition to the National Collections in the Dublin Museum, whilst there are a considerable number which are more fitted for a local collection, and several articles which possess a local interest only.
" Should the Society offer this Collection to the public, I have no doubt but that the Department will gladly accept a large proportion of the objects in your Museum, and they would then be safely housed, and always available for examination and study.
" I am, dear Sir, your obedient servaut,
" G. T. PLUNKETT,
" Director. " THE HON. SECRETARY,
" ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND."
Early in 1897 further steps were taken by the Council to facilitate the transfer, and a letter was written on the 24th March, 1897, urging that the transaction should be brought to a conclusion, to which the following answer was received: —
' ' Science and Art Museum, "No. 41/274/97.
"DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART,
" KILDARE- STREET, DUBLIN,
"2nd April, 1897. "DEAR SIR,
" I have referred to the Department your letter of March 24th, stating that the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland wish to transfer to this Museum the
PROCEEDINGS. 87
collection now at Kilkenny, and am directed to state that My Lords highly appreciate the public spirit and liberality shown by the Council and Members of the Society.
There are, however, at the present time under consideration, important questions in connexion with the superintendence cf the collection of Irish Antiquities in this Museum, and My Lords are obliged, therefore, to postpone, for a short time, their reply to the courteous proposal which you were good enough to convey to me.
" I am, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
" G. T. PLUNKETT.
" R. COCHRANE, Esq.,
" ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, "7, ST. STEPHEN' S-GREEN, DUBLIN."
On the 26th of May Colonel Plunkett was again written to, to know whether he was yet in a position to reply to the letter of 24th of March, and the following letter was received from him : —
"Science and Art Museum.
"DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART,
" KlLD ARE-STREET, DUBLIN,
" 28th May, 1897. " SIR,
" With reference to your letter of March 24th, intimating the wish of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland to transfer their collections to the Science and Art Museum in Dublin, I am directed to inform you that My Lords highly appreciate the motives which have actuated the Council and Members of the Society in this matter, but having received a Memorial signed by many of the principal inhabitants of Kilkenny, representing that there is a strong local feeling against the removal from that town of a collection which has been kept there for so many years, My Lords have decided that it is impossible for them to avail themselves of this generous offer.
" I much regret that, through an oversight, the reply has not been sent to you sooner.
' ' I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
G. T. PLUNKETT,
« ' Director. " R. COCHRANE, Esq., HON. SECRETARY,
" ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND, "7, ST. STEPHEN'S-GUEEN, DUBLIN."
The Council having thus been unable to carry out the Resolution of 8th June, 1896, would remind the Members that the charge and custody of the Museum remains as in 1895.
The Extra Volume for 1896-1897, " The Register of the Diocese of Dublin in the times of Archbishops Tregury and Walton, 1467-1483," from a MS. in Trinity College, Dublin, edited by Mr. Henry F. Berry, M.A., has been printed, and will shortly be in the hands of the Fellows.
The General Index to the Journal, 1849-1889, has been completed, and will be published during the year, forming Volume 20 of the consecutive series of the Journal.
The Council regret to have to record the deaths of the following Fellows and Members during the year (34 in number) : —
FELLOWS (6).— R. W. Cochran- Patrick, LL.D., 1889; The Earl of Dartrey, K.P., 1873, Vice- President, 1886-88 ; Rev. John Hammond, D.D., LL.D., 1896 ; Deputy Surgeon- General King, M.B., M.A., M.R.I.A., Member, 1883 ; Fellow, 1886 ; Most Rev. Lord Plunket, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, Member, 1886 ; Fellow, 1888 ; Very Rev. A. F. Smyly, M.A., Dean of Derry, 1888.
88 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
MEMBERS (28).— J. A. Allen, 1891 ; John Cornwall Brady, J.P., 1888 ; Miss Edith Brown, 1891; Very Rev. Dean Byrne, M.A., 1868 ; Rev. W. Crook, D.IX, 1889; Rev. J. Crowe, 1889; E. M Dillon, LL.D., 1890; John Dillon, 1880; Very Rev. Canon Dunne, P.P., 1895; William Gilmour, 1892; Samuel Guilbride, 1886; Alfred Henshaw, J.P., 1888; R J. Hewitt, M.D., 1890; Francis McGlade, J.P., 1890; William A. Mahony, 1865; Rev. D. B. Mulcahy, M.R.I. A., 1870; Rev. Joseph Murphy, P.P., 1896; Thomas F. O'Connell, 1893 ; Thomas O'Hanlon, 1895 ; Very Rev. Thomas O'Meara, P.P., 1895; The Earl of Roden, 1893 ; Edmund F. Ryan, J.P., 1870 ; F. W. Smith, 1892 ; William Spillane, J.P., i> L., 1889 ; Rev. J. W. Stubbs, D.D., S.P.T.C.D., 1890; W. J. Trelford, 1892; P. J. Tuohy, 1890; Miss Wade, 1895.
The following Fellows and Members, on the Roll for 1895, 1896, and 1897, have intimated their desire to retire : —
FELLOWS (8).— J. G. Wandesford Butler, Member, 1888 ; Fellow, 1894 ; Ramsay Colles, M.R.I. A., 1896; W. Mac Neile Dixon, n. LIT., 1S89; Major E. C. Hamilton, J.P., 1890 ; J. W. Slattery, M.A., LL.D., 1891 ; John Stevenson, 1893; Right Rev. W. P. Walsh, D.D., Member, 1879; Fellow, 1888; Vice- President, 1889-1897; R. E. Ward, J.P., D.L., 1892.
MEMBERS (75). — Thomas Arnold, M.A., 1894; Rev. James Adams, 1891; Lieut, -Colonel C. M. Alexander, J.P., 1896 ; The Earl Annesley, J.P., D.L., 1893 ; Rev. J. H. Bibby, 1895; Rev. D. Bolger, 1896; Rev. 0. Brighton, M.A., 1892; Mrs. Wnldegrave Brodie, 1897 ; Samuel Burke, 1891; W. H. Caldwell, M.D., 1390; F. Carter, 1894; R. R. Cherry, LL.D., Q.C., 1891; C. G. F. Chute, M.A., 1888; Rev. S. E. Cooney, M.A., 1891 ; Ven. Archdeacon Daly, M.A., 1893; H. T. Daunt, J.P , 1892 ; Rev. M. Day, M.A., 1891 ; Rev J. G. Digges, M.A., 1891 ; R. R. Dudgeon, 1894 ; John Duncan, 1896; Rev. R. Eubank, B.D., 1890; Rev. J. A. Fanning, D.D., 1890 ; Mrs. Frazer, 1891 ; Rev. R.McC. Gilmour, 1895 ; Mrs. James Godley, 1892 ; R. A. Gray, M. INST. C.E., 1858 ; Rev. J. Gribbon, 1893 ; J. W. Gunnis, C.E., 1892 ; Walter Hare, 1893 ; R. M. Hill, B.A., 1892 ; Rev. James Kenny, c.c., 1896 ; J. G, Keogh, 1877 ; Miss King, 1892 ; Miss Leecb, 1895 ; T. E. Lloyd, 1895; Rev. J. F. Lynch, B.A., 1897 ; N. C. Macnamara, 1893; Rev. J. D. Madden, 1893; Rev. H. Magee, D.D., 1891 ; W. I. Mahaffy, 1895 ; Rev. P. F. Mahon, 1894 ; L. Mathewson, 1891 ; Rev. C. W. O'H. Mease, M.A., 1894 ; Rev. F. Meredyth, M.A., 1889 ; G. Metcalfe, 1895; Very Rev. Dean Monahan, D.T>., 1890; G. M. Moore, 1890; Rev. Canon Morris, M.A., 1891 ; W. J. Morrison, 1892 ; Rev. R. F. Mullins, 1889 ; Ven. Archdeacon Nugent, M.A., 1893; G. L. O'Connor, 1895; Major P. O'Leary, J.P., 1896 ; Miss Payne-Townshend, 1890 ; Joseph Pigott, 1877 ; Miss Gertrude Pirn, 1895; R. L. Praeger, M.R.I. A., 1891 ; G. O'C. Redmond, M.D., 1884; J. Ringwood, M.D., J.P., 1893; J. W. Robb, 1894; L. Roberts, 1895; Mrs. Ryder, 1895; A. E. Sceales, 1889; Mrs. Scale, 1890; J. F. Smithwick, J.P., 1889; Mrs. Stone, 1890; R. J. Sullivan, 1896; G. B. M. Swifte, J.P., D.L., 1891; M. Tobias, 1892; J. Todhunter, M.D., 1889; Rev. I. Warren, M.A., 1895 ; Rev. P. S. Weldon, 1895 ; Mrs. Wheeler, 1894 ; R. C. Wilson, 1895; Ven. Archdeacon Wynne, D.D., 1890.
The following Fellows and Members, on the Eoll for 1897, are now in arrears two years and upwards, and will not receive the Journal for 1898 until their Subscriptions are paid : —
FELLOW (1).
Elected £ s. d.
1892 Upton, W. H., .. .. .. .. 1896-1897 .,300
PROCEEDINGS.
89
MEMBERS (16).
£ «. d.
Elected
1891 Anderson, Very Rev. J. A., O.S.A.,
1892 Fitz Gerald, W. J., 1887 Hanna, J. A.,
1894 Hannay, Rev. J. 0... M.A.,
1892 Hinkson, Henry A., M.A., ..
1892 Irwin, William,
1894 Jefferson, W. G., M.A.,
1893 Lavell, Rev. Edward, c.c., ..
1890 Molloy, Joseph, J.P.,
1895 Moorhead, Rev. Joseph, B.A.,
1891 O'Neill, W. P., M.R.I.A., 1895 Stokes, Michael B.,
1892 Wakely, John, M.A., 1895 Walker, Charles F.,
1895 Warren, Sir A. R., Bart., ..
1889 Whitty, Rev. T. J.,
The following Fellows and Members (32) owing, at the commence- ment of the year 1897, upwards of two years arrears, which have not since heen paid, have been taken off the Roll for 1897. They may become eligible for re-election on discharging the amounts due : —
|
1896-1897 .. |
1 |
0 |
0 |
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1896-1897 .. |
1 |
0 |
0 |
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1 |
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1 |
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0 |
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1 |
0 |
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1896-1897 .. |
1 |
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1 |
0 |
0 |
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1 |
0 |
0 |
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1896-1897 .. |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Elected
1890 Atkinson, Henry J., Michigan, U.S.A.,
1894 Clancy, John, T.C., Dublin, .. .. ..
1894 DeCourcy, William, J.P., Urlingford,
1894 Egan, Rev. S., c.c., Rush,
1891 Gallagher, P. M., Donegal,
1893 Goldon, J. W., M.D., Parsonstown, ..
1893 Hamilton, Captain J. D., Lagos, West Africa,
1890 Harris, John, Galway,
1893 Johnston, Miss Anna, Belfast,
1893 Johnston, Robert, Belfast,
1890 Lynch, Rev. P. J., c.c., Monaghan,
1893 Mac Dermot, C. E., B. A., Dublin,
1892 M'Cartan, M., M.P., Ulster Buildings, Belfast,
1895 M'Girr, Rev. P., Adm., Westport, ..
1893 M'Grath, Rev. T., P.P., Clogheen, ..
1892 Mercer, Rev. W. Wilson, Stradbally, Queen's Co. ,
1889 Nash, Ralph, Limerick,
1890 Nolan, Rev. C. P., Dublin,
1883 O'Carroll, F. J., B.A., Hazelhatch, ..
1893 O'Mahony, John, Dublin, ..
1884 Orr, Cecil, Blackrock,
1892 Purcell, M., Solicitor, 41, Lr. Sackville-st, Dublin,
1892 Roe, W. E., Moutrath,
1891 Sealy, J. H., J.P., Kilbrittain, 1890 Shanley, Michael, M.D., Attilone,
1893 Smith, Rev. Charles, M.A.,
1892 Smyth, T. J., LL.B., Barrister, 28, Goldsmith-
street, Dublin, . . . . . ,
1893 Sullivan, Herbert, B.A., i. p., Charleville,
1890 Sutherland, P. F., Municipal Buildings, Cork Hill, Dublin,
1889 Taylor, Rev G. B., LL.B., Clontarf, .. 1892 Ward, F. E., Belfast,
1890 Whayman, Horace W., Bellevue, Newport, Ken-
tucky, U.S.A. (Fellow),
JOUR. R. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. I., 5TH 8ER.
£ *. d.
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10 0 |
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0 0 |
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0 0 |
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H |
90 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
It was resolved — " That as it would be inconvenient to celebrate the Jubilee of the Society in Kilkenny, the Second Quarterly Meeting for 1898 be held in Dublin." •
The motion, of which notice was given at the previous General Meeting, was adopted as follows : —
To add to Rule 24 the words : —
" Evening Meetings for reading and discussing Papers, and making exhibits, may be held at such times as shall be arranged by the Council."
The following were declared elected as Vice- Presidents :—
For-Leinster, . • EDWARD PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., M.R.I.A.
For Ulster, . ROBERT M. YOUNG, J. P., B.A., M.R.I.A.
fbr'Mwister, . JAMES FROST, J.P., M.R.I.A.
For Connauffht, . J. J. DIGGES LATOTJCHE, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A.
The following were declared elected as Members of Council : —
THE REV. EDMUND BARRY, P.P., M.R.I.A.
COUNT PLUNKETT, B.L., M.R.I.A.
THE LORD WALTER FITZ GERALD, M.R.I.A.
The Auditors were declared re-elected.
A Brass Pot was sent for exhibition, found in the townland of Laughtmairida, not far from Lisdoonvarna, county Clare. It was found in May, 1897, by James Donohoe, in bog, at a depth of six or seven feet from the surface. The vessel measured 18 inches in height, and 1 1 inches in diameter, and is of the late Elizabethan period.
The following Publications were received during the year 1897 : —
American Antiquarian Journal, vol. xi., New Ser. ; 2. Member's list, &c. ; Proc. April, 1897. Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. xxvi., Nos. 2, 3, 4 ; xxvii., 1, 2. L'Anthropologie, tome vii., No. 6 ; tome viii., Nos. 1-6. Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society of Chester and North Wales, Journal, vol. vi., 1. Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, Report, vol. iv., Series 2, Part 4 (1896-97). Bristol and Gloucester . Archaeological Society, Programmes, Transactions, vol. xix., Part 2 ; xx.-, Part 1. British Archaeological Association, vol. ii., Part 4 ; vol. iii., New Ser., 1, 3, 4. Cambrian Archaeological Associatibn, Archseologia Cambrensis, Series v., Nos. 54, 55, 56. Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 8vo publications, xxix. ; Proceedings, vol. ix., No. 2 ; Member's list. Cork His- torical and Archaeological Society, Journal for the year 1897. Hon. Society of Cymmrodorion, vol. xii., 1897. Geological Survey of Canada, Annual Report, New Series, vol. viii. and maps. -Geological Department, U.S.A., 16th and 17th Reports (1894-96). Glasgow Archaeological Society, vol. iii., New Series, Parts 1 and 2. Historical State Society of Wisconsin, Proceedings (1896). Historical Society of Lancashire, and Cheshire, vol. xlvii.,.New Series ; vol. xi., 7, 8. Institute of Civil Engineers of Ireland, vol. xxv. Nova Scotian- Institute of Science, Proceedings and Transactions, vol. ix., 2. Numismatic Society, Journal, vol. xvii. (1897), Parts 2 and 3. Revue Celtique, vol. xvii., No. 4 ; xviii., Nos. 1-4. Royal Archaeological
PROCEEDINGS. 91
Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (Archaeological Journal), vol. liii., No. 212 ; liv., 214, 215. Royal Dublin Society, Transactions vol. v., 13; vi., 2-13 ; Proceed- ings, vol. viii., 5. Royal Institute of British Architects, Calendar, 1897-98, vol. iv., Series 3, Nos. 1-20; vol. v., 1—3. Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings, vol. iv., Series 3, Nos. 1-4. Sheffield Naturalists' Club. Smithsonian Institution, Smith- sonian Reports, 1894, 1895 ; 14th and 15th Annual Report on Ethnology, 1892-93 ; Societe Archeologique Create, Viesnik hrvatskoga Arheoloskoga drustva, New Ser., vol. ii., 1896-1897. Societe Archeologie de Bruxelles, tomes viii., xi. Societe Roy ale des Antiquaires du Nord, Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, ii., R. 126. Foreningen til Nordisk Fortidsmindersmerkers.Bevaring. Society of Anti- quaries of London, Proceedings, vol. xvi., Nos. 3-5. Society of Antiquaries of New- castle-upon-Tyne, Register of Parish of Dinsdale, Durham; Proceedings, vol. vii., No. 35; vol. viii., Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13; Index, xiii.-xxi. : Programmes; Archseologia Aeliana, vol. xix., 1, 2. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Proceed- ing, vol. xxx. Society of Architects, vol. iv., Nos. 1—12; vol. v, 1-3; List of Members. Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. xviii., Part 8 : vol. xix., Parts 1-8. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Proceedings, vol. xlii. (1896). Surrey Arch ecological Society, Collections, vol. xiii., Part 2. "Wiltshire Archaeological Society, vol. xxix., Nos. Ixxxvi.-lxxxviii. ; Inquisitions, iv. v. 11 cognomine di Jacopo Sannazaro, Estratto dal Giornale Araldico Genealogico, 1897, Lorenzo Salazar (Author). The Ghost Dance Religion and Sioux Outbreak, 1890 (J. W. Powell). The Menomini Indians, Walter J. Hoffman (Author). Prehistoric Problems, Dr. Robert Munro (Author). Cumulative Index to Periodicals, vol. ii., No. 4, Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio. The Genealogical Magazine, No. 1, May, 1897. Annual Report to Library Syndicate. The Antiquary for the year 1897. The Irish Builder for the year 1897, The Reliquary for the year 1897. The Humani- tarian, vol. x., No. 3. The Practical Photographer, vol. viii., No. 86. Bulletin of Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania, No. 1.
. The Meeting then adjourned to 8 o'clock, p.m.;./; 1
EVENING MEETING.
The Society again met at 8 o'clock, p.m, in the Lecture Theatre of the Eoyal Dublin Society ; • , ;»
THE EIGHT HON. O'CoNos, DON, LL.D., M.E.I.A., President, in the Chair.
The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council :— -
" The Antiquity of Iron as used in the manufacture of certain Weapons, Implements^ and Ornaments found in Ireland" (Part I.), by W. F. Wakeman, Hon. fellow.
" Kil-ma-Huddrick, near Clondalkin, Co. Dublin," by E. R. M'C. Dix.
In the absence of any recommendation from the Council, in their Annual Eeport, as to place of meeting in Summer, 1898, it was resolved : —
" That the decision of the question as to the place of the Summer Meeting be referred back to the Council."
The meeting adjourned to Tuesday, 22nd February, at 8 o'clock.
92 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
TUESDAY, February 22nd, 1898.
The Society met in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Dublin Society at 8 o'clock, p.m. ;
E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., M.R.I.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following Paper was read, and referred to the Council.
" Pictorial History of Ancient and Mediaeval Dublin" (illustrated, by limelight, from Engravings and Photographs), by E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave, M.D.
The Society then adjourned to Tuesday, the 29th of March, 1898.
TUESDAY, March 29th, 1898.
'' The Society met in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Dublin Society at 8 o'clock, p.m. ;
E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., M.R.I.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council : —
" The Termon of D arrow " (with lantern-slide illustrations), by the Rev. S. de Courcy
"Williams, M.A. " The Instruments of the Passion" (with lantern-slide illustrations), by Mr. G. D.
Burtchaell, for Miss Stokes, Hon. Fellow.
The remaining Papers were taken as read, and referred to the Council, viz. : — "The Inauguration Chair of the O'Neills of Clandeboye," by William Frazer,
F.R. C.S.I., M.K.I.A., Fellow.
" Walter Reagh Fitz Gerald, a noted Outlaw of the Sixteenth Century," by Lord
Walter Fitz Gerald, M.R.I. A., Fellow. 4 ' Notes on the Diary of a Dublin Lady of the Eighteenth Century" (Part II.), by
Henry F. Berry, M.A. "Presbyterian Marriages from Records of Armagh Congregation, by W. Frazer,
F.R.C.S.I., M.U.I. A., Fellow. " Irish Bells in Brittany," by James Coleman.
" The Gates of Glory, Dingle, Co. Kerry," by R. A. S. Macalister, M.A. " The Site of Raymond's Fort, Dundunolf," by Goddard H. Orpen, M.A.
The Society then adjourned.
[To face page 93.
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND, FOR THE YEAR 1898.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART II. SECOND QUARTER, 1898,
KNOCKMANY.
BY GEORGE COFFEY, A.I.B., M.R.I.A., FELLOW. [Read FEBRUARY 24, 1897.]
, the Hill of Baine, is situated in the demesne of Cecil, the residence of Mr. F. P. Gervais, about two miles and a half north of the town of Clogher, the seat of the Bishopric of that name, in the county of Tyrone. The adjoining village of Augher, on the Clogher Valley Tramway, lies half a mile nearer Cecil, and is the most convenient place from which to visit Knockmany.
The hill forms an outlying eminence of a range of mountainous hills overlooking the river Blackwater. It is beautifully wooded to within a few feet of the top. On the summit are the remains of the rude stone grave and tumulus, the subject of this Paper.
Knockmany attains an altitude of 779 feet above the sea-level, The ground at Cecil is marked 274 feet on the Ordnance Map ; so that the hill rises, in round numbers, 500 feet above the plain.
From the summit the eye sweeps an almost uninterrupted horizon. At the spectator's feet is extended the ancient plain of Clossach, through which the Blackwater finds its way towards Lough Neagh.
Knockmany was first identified with Cnoc-Baine, the burial-place of Baine, mother of Feidhlimidh Reachtmhar, by the Very Rev. Canon O'Connor, Parish Priest of Newtown-Butler, county Fermanagh, in an .article contributed to the People's Advocate, Monaghan, 24th Feb., 1877.
JOUR. R.8.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. II., 5TH SKR. I
94 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
At my request Canon O'Connor kindly furnished me with a more extended statement of the evidence, which I have much pleasure in incorporating in the present Paper, adding a few references, which access to books in Dublin has enabled me to supply.
Under the year A.D. Ill the following entry occurs in the " Annals of the Four Masters " : —
" The Age of Christ, 111. The first year of the reign of Feidhlimidh Reachtmhar, son of Tuathal Teachtmhar, as King over Ireland. Baine, daughter of Seal,1 was the mother of this Feidhlimidh. It was from her Cnoc-Baine, in Oirghialla, for it was there she was interred. It was by her also Rath-mor, of Magh Leamhna, in Ulster, was erected."2
O'Donovan does not appear to have identified Cnoc-Baine. In a note to this passage he writes : —
" Cnoc-Baine : i.e. Baine's Hill. This was the name of a hill situated in the plain of Magh-Leamhna, otherwise called Clossach, in Tyrone ; but it is now obsolete."
In a note on Magh-Leamhna, under A.M. 3727, he states its situation thus : — " This plain was well known, and otherwise called Clossach, in the time of Colgan, who describes it as ' Regio campestris TironaB Dio- cesis Clocharensis vulgo Mag-Lemna aliis Clossach dicta.'3 It is shown on an old map of Ulster, preserved in the State Papers Office, London, as * the countrie of Cormac MacBarone ' [O'Neill]. The fort of Augher and the village of Bally gawley are represented as in this district, the town of Clogher being on its western and the Church of Errigal-Keeroge on its northern boundary, and the river Blackwater flowing through it."
Canon O'Connor adds that Ath Earghail, the ford where occurred the interesting conversation between St. Patrick and his disciple, St. MacCartin (O'Curry's ''Lectures, MS. Materials of Ancient Irish His- tory," p. 325), "was situated on the river Launy, the modern Black- water, and lay within this territory, at or near the village of Augher. Taking its rise in the heights beyond Ferdross, the little river Launy (the source of the Avonmore, or Blackwater) for many centuries preserved the ancient name of Magh-Leamna [pronounced Moy-Leney] long after that district became merged in the more extensive territory called Oriel."
The map mentioned by O'Donovan is probably one of the maps of the Escheated Counties in Ireland, 1609, facsimiles of which were published by order of the Lords of the Treasury in 1861. In the map of Tyrone the district of "Clossogh" is described as " Cormock M'Barone his countrie."
On the northern boundary of this district a prominent hill is marked " Knocknemane." In the general map of Ulster (Map 1) the district
1 O'Flaherty (" Ogygia," part iii., c. 56) calls him Seal Balbh, and says he was King of Finland.
2 Rathmore here mentioned is not to be confounded with Rathmore of Moylinny, county Antrim.
3 "Trias Thaumaturga," p. 184, n. 11.
KNOCKMANY. 95
name is written u Closoh," and the hill referred to is marked " Kno : Managh." In a map of the barony of Clogher (Map 18) the name of the same hill is written " Knocknemanny." These appear to be corrupted forms of Knockmany.1
In M'Crea'smap, dated 1802, attached to the statistical survey of the county of Tyrone, drawn up in the years 1801-1802, under the direction of the Dublin Society, by John M'Evoy, the spelling is Knockmany. This is likewise the form adopted by the Ordnance Survey, 1834. Caiieton, a native of the parish of Clogher, who spoke Irish, and was intimately acquainted with the traditions of the locality, also uses this form, as in his " Legend of Knockmany," 1846.
It has been desirable to show that " Knockmany," the present local form, was the recognised name of the hill at a time when tradition maybe presumed to have been still unbroken, as the spelling " Knockne- manne," on one of the escheated counties maps, would suggest a different solution of the name to that given by the Four Masters.
As we shall see, there is authority for the form Knockmany (Cnoc mBane) as far back as the fourteenth century.
The statement in the " Annals of the Four Masters " is found also in the Leabhar Gabhala, or Book of Invasions, revised by Friar Michael O'Clery in 1631:—
" Eo gabh tra Feidlimid reachthmar mac Tuathail teach tmair an Righe fri remheas naoi mbliadan co nerbhailt. Baine inghean Scail mathair Fedlimid. As uaithe ainmnighthear Cnoc mBaine la hAirgiallaibh, ar as ann ro hadhnachtt, 7 as le ro clasadh Rath mor Muighe Leamna in Ultaibh i comhfogus an cnuic ceadna." — (MS. in the handwriting of Cucoigry O'Clery, p. 146, Lib. R.I.A.).
"Feidlimid Reachtmar, moreover, the son of Tuathal Teachtmhar, assumed the kingdom during a reign of nine years, till he died. Baine, daughter of Seal, was the mother of Fedlimid. It is from her that Cnoc mBaine, in Airgiulla, is named, for it was there she was buried ; and it was by her Rath-mor, of Magh-Leamna, in Ulster, was dug near the same hill."
It will be observed that in this passage there is an important addition to that in the Four Masters — namely, the statement that Rathmor was near Knockmany, a point to which we shall return presently.
The Leabhar Gabhala was revised by Brother Michael O'Clery, the chief member of the Four Masters, at the convent of Lisgoole, in the diocese of Clogher, in the year 1631. In the preface O'Clery tells us that he " undertook, with the permission of his superiors, to purify and compile this book, and to collect for it, from other books, all that was wanting to it in history and in other learning — as much as we could, according to the space of time which we had to write it. The chroniclers
1 In Speed's Map, 1610, the spelling is Knomanagh. 12
$6 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
: who were with us for this purpose, and for purifying the book, were :^— Fearfeasa O'Mulconry, from the county of Roscommon ; Cucoigry O'Clery, from Bally Clery, in the county of Donegall ; Cucoigry O'Duigenan, from Bally CoilltifogJiair, in the county of Leitrim ; : and Giollapatrick O'Luinin, from Ard Ui Luinin, in the county of Ferma- nagh." The last-mentioned was chief chronicler of BrienRoe Maguire, Lord .of Enniskillen. ?o
The Books of Invasions which they had by them at the writing of the work, O'Clery further tells us, were : — The Book of Bally Mulconry, transcribed out of the Leabhar-na-h'Uidhre ; the Book of the O'Duige- nans, which is called the Book of Glenn-da-locha ; and the Leabhal' na h'Uaccongmhala, "together with other Books of Invasions and History beside them."1
Of the books mentioned, the Leabhar-na-h'Uidhre is alone known to exist with certainty. It contains in its present state but a fragment of the Book of Invasions. Copies of the tract are, however, preserved in the Book of Leinster (c. 1150), the Book of Ballymote (c. 1390), and the Book of Lecan (1416).
The passage concerning Baine occurs in the copies in the Books of Leinster and Ballymote. I have not been able to trace it in the Book of Lecan. The following is the text and translation of the Book of Leinster (Facsimile, p. 24) : —
"Feidlimid rechtaid mac Tuathail techtmair ocus mac Bane ingine Scail, diata Cnocc Bane la Airgialla, .i. Is and ro adnacht. Is leis roclass rath Maige Lemna for Ultu."
"Feidlimid Rechtaidh, son of Tuathal Techtmhar, and son of Bane, daughter of Seal, from whom is [called] Cnoc Bane in Airgiulla, for it is there she is buried. It was by him the Rath of Magh Lemna, in Ulster, was dug."
The text in the Book of Ballymote is the same as that in the Book of Leinster, with some differences of spelling. The B in Cnoc Bane is eclipsed by M, and is written Cnoc mBane. The latter form, is that used by the Four Masters (Cnoc mBaine), as also in Leabhar Gabhala of O'Clery. In the Book of Ballymote, "lea" replaces "leis," making the passage read, " it was by her " (Baine") the Rath of Magh Lemna was dug. This reading is followed by the Four Masters and O'Clery in the Leabhar Gabhala.
In the Leabhar Gabhala the rath is called Rathmor, and we have the additional statement that Rathmor was near Knockmany. "We can fix the situation of Rathmor independently, and thus make it evidence for the identification of Knockmany. Colgan in his life of S. Fanchea) states that she was born at Rathmor, near Clogher (Acta Sanctorum, page 1). In a note he amplifies this statement: " Rathmoria juxta
1 O'Curry's " MS. Materials," pp. 168-171.
KNOCKMANY. r97
clochariam, c. 1, est vicus in di'cecesi ClochSrensi juxta ip:sum oppidum Clochariam, olimque erat Celebris arx, & sedes Principium Orgiellise ; in eaque natum esse S. Endeum [brother of S. Fanchea] recitatur supple- mentum vitse eius " (page 3, note 3). We have it here stated that Rathmor was near the town of Clogher, and that in former times it had been a famous stronghold and seat of the Princes of Orgiella (Oriel).
Rathmor is not now known as a townland or other place-name in the neighbourhood of Clogher. But Canon O'Connor is no doubt right in identifying Rathmor with the great rath in the palace grounds at Clogher. It is the most important rath in the district, and is in fact the only one deserving the name of Rathmor. Its situation at Clogher seems to place its identification beyond question. The rath is thus described by Canon O'Connor: —
" This rath is very strongly fortified, being surrounded by three deep fosses, whilst the inner tiss is protected by a strong earthen breastwork. The enclosed space within the rath is much more extensive than any I have elsewhere seen, affording ample room for a princely or royal resi- dence— for such it was. On the southern declivity of the hill, on which it is situated, may be witnessed, at intervals down the hillside, smaller- circumvalations or fosses, which on the occasion of an invasion could easily be flooded from an adjoining lake, thus contributing to the defences of the royal residence. Of the lake no trace remains — though a little to the west of the rath evidences of an ancient lake are apparent. Much credence is locally attached to a tradition which states, that at the time of the Reformation, the guardian of the * Bell of St. M'Cartin' for greater safety cast the venerated relic into this latter lake, which then wholly disappeared. It need not be added that the bell has not since been recovered. Moss Monachan is the name by which the lake bed is now familiarly known, and it may have borrowed its name from the fact that here by the margin of this lake the Clogher monks had their moss plot of turf or turbary."
A few secondary points in support of the identification of Cnoc-Baine are mentioned by Canon O'Connor, and are of interest. The name Baine is preserved in the townland denomination Mullaghbamey, a hill not far from Knockmany. Also the townland of Knockabainey. some eight miles east of Clogher, in the parish of Imagh, appears to perpetuate her name. Horse races were held at Knockmany until comparatively recent times. The road at the foot of the hill is still known as the race-road. Possibly .they were a survival of ancient games of Knockmany.
We may now consider the archaBological evidence. The difficulty, as we shall see, is to reconcile the date of the tomb on archaeological grounds with that required by tradition. The monument was first described by the Rev. GK Sidney Smith, in a Paper read before the Royal Irish Academy, in 1841.1 The Paper is illustrated by a plan of the " moats"
1 Proc. R.LA.tw\. ii., p; 190.
98 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
and chamber, and figures of some of the inscribed markings on the stones. The plan shows what are described as " two moats," one inside the other, which I take to be an imaginative rendering of the broken ground of the mound. The figures of the markings are deficient and inaccurate.
0
^
Fig. 1. — Plan of Cairn.
J. B. Doyle briefly describes the cairn of Knockmany, in his " Tour in Ulster," published in 1854. The description is illustrated by a small wood- cut from a sketch by the author. He states that two cinerary urns were discovered within the sepulchral mound, one large and the other compara- tively small. He adds that they were preserved for some time at Cecil, the seat of Mr. Gervais, owner of the property.1 These urns are still at Cecil. They are of the bowl-shaped type, one larger than usual. Mr. Gervais informed me that they were not found in the cairn, but at some distance from the hill. An old man named Torley, who recollected the finding of the urns confirmed this, and stated that they were found at a place called the Flush -house, not far from Cecil House . A sketch of one
1 " Tour in Ulster," p. 166.
KNOCKMANY.
99
of the Knocktnany inscribed stones is given incidentally in a communi- cation by Sir William Wilde, in the Proceedings of the R.I.A., for 1846.1 It is probably from a sketch by Doyle, as the markings shown agree with those which may be made out in the small sketch published in his tour.
The next notice of Knock in any was by Mr. W. F. Wakeman, in the Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, 1876.2 Mr. Wakeman gives an excel- lent sketch of the chamber, but does not give a plan. He figures the in- scribed stones A and c. It requires much patience, and favourable con- ditions of light to make out the mark- ings on such stones. In fact several visits are necessary in order that the stones may be seen under different angles of the light. This no doubt explains how it was that Mr. Wake- man omitted markings in his drawing of stone A, which I subsequently dis- covered. The Rev. Mr. Smith men- tions and figures a few markings on three of the stones on the left side of the grave. I was not able to satisfy myself as to the existence of these markings, but, in any case, they would not appear to be important.
Sir Samuel Ferguson, in " Ogham Inscriptions in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, 1887," briefly mentions Knockmany. He describes it as "a great sepulchral tumulus of several chambers, still partly covered by the remains of their cairn, but for the most part still open to the sky. The stones of one of these chambers only remain."3 I am unable to confirm the statement regarding " several chambers." Indications of more than one chamber were not apparent when I visited the cairn.
On the occasion of the meeting of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, at Omagh, in June, 1896, Knockmany was included among the places of interest visited. In the course of the inspection of the monu- ment, some of the members suggested that the under side of one of the fallen stones was probably carved with cup and other markings. At one corner where it was possible to pass the hand under the stone, it was thought that cup hollows were felt.
At the end of August of that year, Mr. F. P. Gervais very
1 Proe. R.I.A., vol. iii., p. 2G1. 2 4th Ser., vol. iv., p. 95.
3 " Ogham Inscriptions," p. 62.
Fig. 2.— Plan of Chamber.
100 ROYAL SOCIETY QF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
kindly extended the hospitality of Cecil to me, for the purpose of further investigating the cairn. During the space of a week I made a careful study of the monument. Under the direction of Mr. Ger- vais' stewart, Mr. Johnston, who displayed great ingenuity in the management of the necessary levers and tackle, the stone referred to was raised, and placed in a suitable position for .examination. It proved to be richly carved with archaic markings. The under side of, the other fallen stone was examined, but as it did not show indications of carving, it was not raised.
The accompanying plan of the cairn and chamber is from my measure- ments. The centre line of the chamber bears almost due north and south.. The inscribed stones are lettered A, B, c, and D : figs. 3 and 4. Stone A; is split, and shows as two stones on plan : it stands about 4 feet 6 inches above ground. Stone D is 6 feet 6 inches in height, and was originally imbedded about 18 inches in the ground.
Figure 3 represents the stone already illustrated by Mr. Wakeman, It will be observed that my drawing shows several markings not included by Mr. "Wakeman. The materials ^from which the drawing was made, were the following : in the first instance I made a careful rubbing of the stone. On studying the rubbing within doors several markings were brought to light which had escaped notice on the stone itself. I then re-compared the rubbing with the stone, making such notes and supple- mental rubbings as were necessary. When the rubbings had been secured, I made a squeeze with fine paper, blotting paper and paste, of the entire surface of the stone. The drawing was laid down from the rubbings and squeeze to a scale of one-fourth ; the figure here given has been reduced by photography from the drawing. A similar process was; adopted for stone D. The squeezes were subsequently deposited in the Dublin Museum, and casts in plaster taken from them, which may be seen in the Museum. The process of casting necessitated the destruction of the paper squeezes or moulds. The casts, from the nature of the moulds, are not so sharp as the original impressions, but the markings are sufficiently distinct to verify the drawings. I should mention that in taking the rubbings and squeezes, I obtained much assistance from Mr. and Mrs. Gervais, and their little daughter, and from Mr. M'Neill, who, was staying at Cecil at the time.
The markings on stone c have been figured by Mr. Wakeman, and need not be re-figured. The straight lines across the stone are deeper, and more strongly marked, than appears in the drawing, which otherwise leaves nothing to be desired : the surface of the stone is much weathered.
Stone B is not figured. It has no markings, with the exception of a curious deep score or groove, 18 inches long, and about H inches wide.. It is on the centre of the face of the stone, looking into the grave, and the direction coincides approximately with the diagonal of the stone from the left upper to the right lower corner.
[To face page 101,
KNOCKMANY — STONE A Photographed by R. Welch.
Fig. 3.— Stone A. (Scale, ith linear.)
102 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The majority of the stones of the chamber are of mill-stone grit ; the stone lately raised is a red sandstone. Mill-stone grit and red sandstone crop out at Knockmany, so that the stones may be presumed to be local. In form the chamber resembles those known as " giants' graves." It was originally covered by a large cairn, the remains of which still surround the chamber. The cairn has been dug in, or possibly stones have been drawn from it from time to time, leaving the surface irregular in places. Some small pits thus formed may have led Sir Samuel Ferguson to sup- pose that other chambers had existed. It is not probable that there were other chambers. The monument conforms to the general type of such structures. The chamber is not placed in the centre of the cairn, but at the margin overlooking the plain of Clossach. Though not a passage tomb, it conforms in this respect to the position of the chamber in large cairns to which access was preserved. It is worthy of note that none of the roofing stones remain. In this case they were possibly removed for building purposes, the roofing flags being more readily removed than the side stones, which are partly sunk in the ground. At the same time it is a curious fact that in the case of the majority of the smaller cairns at Loughcrew no trace of roofing stones remain. Mr. Thomas Plunkett, M.K.I.A., recently excavated a chambered cairn of cruciform plan on Belmore Mountain, county Fermanagh, in which, with the exception of one side chamber, no roofing flags were found : the passage and remaining chambers were filled in with the stones of the cairn. In this case the cairn was intact, and did not appear to have been previously disturbed.
The general features of the cairn and chamber of Knockmany refer the tomb to the Bronze Age. It is not possible at present to explain, except in very general terms, the meanings which probably underlie the figures inscribed on the stones. It is possible, however, from a compara- tive study of their forms to infer, I think, the approximate date of the monument.
It will be necessary first to describe in some detail the figures on the stones. On the upper part of stone A is a group of concentric circles with cup-hollow centre. The diameter of the outer circle is 12 to 13 inches. At the right side there is what at first sight appears to be a radial groove ; it shows strongly in some lights ; but as the groove does not enter the cup and does not cut the outer circle, and there is some indication of a flaw at this part of the stone, I am in doubt if it is an intentional groove of radial groove type.
At the left side of this group of circles is a well cut zigzag of three angles. In Mr. Wakeman's illustration of this stone a smaller ring-and- cup marking is indicated at the right side. Possibly there is some marking at that place, but it is so faint that I have not ventured to include it in my drawing. In the middle, at the left side, is a curious cutting of four triangular figures in a sort of Maltese cross arrangement. At the
KNOCKMANY. 103
centre of the stone are three small cup-marks. Some lines round these give the whole the appearance of a face. I do not think, however, that it is a face. It is not a primitive face type. It is, perhaps, a modification or elaboration of the markings to the right. Below is a small meander or zig-zag with rounded turns. Below this is a set of concentric circles. To the left of the latter is a strongly marked zig-zag with rounded turns. Springing from the circles, to the right, are a number of concentric curves which stand on a curious figure, with a sort of rectangular grid at the middle. Above is a remarkable fan -shaped figure, the motive of which suggests metal work ; but this suggestion of feeling may be acci- dental. The whole resembles somewhat a helmet, with an elaborate crest. At the bottom, right side, is an imperfect spiral of two turns. This is the only spiral on the stone.
Stone D shows several new forms, some of which have not been found on stones of this class before. The cup-hollows are in several instances unusually deeply cut (about 1 J inches) in proportion to the diameter of the hole. They have been drilled, and, owing to the absence of weathering, show strongly on the surface of the stone. The majority of the figures do not require special reference. The most striking is the remarkable figure in the centre of the stone. Unfortunately the left- hand upper corner of the stone has flaked off, destroying portion of a large cup and ring figure, also part of the straight groove which proceeds from the central figure, so that we cannot say whether this groove con- nected with other figures or not.1 To the left is a large rude zig-zag or snake-like figure. Towards the bottom of the stone is a similar but smaller figure. Below the central figure, at the right side, is a large cutting of ; cup-and-rings, partly passing round the edge of the stone. To the left is a remarkable, and, as regards sepulchral stones, unique figure. It consists of a double circle, in the centre of which is a sort of cruciform figure formed by four sets of triangles meeting at the centre. To the left are two sets of rings, developed till they touch like a figure of 8. The lower one of these consists of unclosed rings, leaving a ridge or path to the centre. This figure tends to confirm the radial groove in the circles on stone A. In my Paper on " The Origins of Prehistoric Ornament in Ireland," I have argued the late appearance of this type from its absence on sepulchral monuments. If these examples at Knockmany are estab- lished, that monument forms the sole exception, and would indicate that it was erected towards the close of the series. On the other hand, there is a piece out of the stone in the group of circles under consideration, at the left side. It will be noticed that the manner in which the rings are stopped
short at each side of this gap is unusual, and somewhat suggestive of the
i
1 This upper left-hand corner has been exposed for some time before the stone sunk down on its face. It is partially weathered, and some initial letters have been cut on it. The marking on the other portions of the stone are quite sharp and unweathered, and have nothing indefinite about them.
Fig. 4.— Stone D. (Scale, -A-th linear.)
KNOCKMANY. 105
treatment of some forms of Bronze Age ornament at the close of the later Bronze Age. In this connexion I desire to direct attention to the examples among the remaining markings, in which curved lines are looped at the end, and returned in a concentric curve. An instance occurs immediately below the figure last described, another to the left of this, and the same form is found among the curves at the upper right hand side of the stone, and in the large central figure.
To the left of the lower zigzag is an important C-shaped figure, consisting of a curved line, both ends of which are turned in on them- selves. To the right is a group of concentric half-circles, a form rare outside the Loughcrew series. A large cup-hollow, to the left of the double group of circles, is deserving of notice. It differs from the other cups in that the cutting is shallow and the bottom of the cup quite flat.
We have now to see whether the devices on these stones throw any light on the date of the monument. In the chronological series I have sought to establish for the New Grange, Dowth, and Loughcrew monu- ments, I have relied on the fact that the finer forms of the spiral, chevron, triangle, and lozenge ornaments, found at New Grange, what I have called the severe tradition of earlier Bronze Age ornament, give place at Dowth and at Loughcrew to debased forms, and that accompanying this debasement appear new forms, the cross in circle, the wheel, and rayed circles. The debasement of the spiral and appearance of the new forms mentioned is closely parallel to the change in ornament at the transition from the earlier to the later Bronze Ages of Scandinavia, and the approximate chronology thus obtained is based on the Scandinavian chronology for the Bronze Ages. The study of the Knockmany forms carries, I believe, the argument a step farther.
The spiral has practically gone out. Plain, concentric circles, the debased spiral, are rare, and the tendency of concentric circles to absorb the cup-mark and take the normal cup-and-ring form is marked. The exceptional crest or fan- shaped figure on stone A, though not neces- sarily copied from a bronze vessel, seems to fall into place with such a pattern as fig. 5,1 a not uncommon form of ornament -pig. 5.
on bronze vessels of the later Scandinavian
Bronze Age. Whatever significance may have attached to the devices on this stone, it is, I think, certain that this figure is ornamental in treatment, and, as it is not a sculptural treatment of stone, it is important to note that it cannot have been developed in the process of stone carv- ing, or carried on stone as a tradition (which latter might be the case
1 " Manadsblad," 1881, p. 24.
106
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
with a specialised symbol), but of necessity has been transferred to stone from some other material.
I now pass to the consideration of the C-shaped figure. The accom- panying sketches of discs of a well-known form of Scandinavian fibula of
Fig. 6.
the later Bronze Age, from examples in the Stockholm Museum, show -us a similarly shaped ornament on the centre of the discs. It will be noticed that we have here also the looped curves to which attention has been directed on stone D. This C-form of ornament seems naturally developed in the decorative treatment of these fibulae. Eut it was early isolated, and appears frequently as an independent ornament, and was continued as such into the Iron Period. Worsaae regards the C-form as a moon symbol.
The example on the Knockmany stone is an isolated one, and it may be thought that too much importance has been attached to its resem- blance to the Scandinavian forms. But the argument gains force when we consider that Worsaae (whether we accept his interpretation of its symbolism or not) isolated this form, and regarded it as a definite symbol, pertaining to the later Bronze Age of Scandi- navia. Figure 7 reproduces the examples he gives to illustrate the form.1
In connexion with the last figure may be con- sidered the looped curves already referred to. This treatment of curves is found frequently on the fibulae. It will be noticed that in the central figure on stone D, we have a striking example of this form, and that it reproduces the feature of the central line within the loop of the second example, fig. 6. Now the looped curve is not found at all in the earlier Bronze Age, it comes into use in the later Bronze Age, and is one of the changes in ornament which marks the transition to the later Bronze Age.
The only other marking that seems to require special mention is that of the circle with cruciform centre of triangles. It presents some analogy to the cruciform markings on the bottom of some of the British and Irish
" Industrial Arts of Old Denmark," fig. 54.
KNOCKMANY.
107
urns, also to forms of cross in circle from the Swiss lake dwellings and the north of Europe, and closely resembles a form found on Mycenae
Fig. 8.
pottery. But it does not appear at present to be possible to draw any positive inference from this marking at Knockmany.
In the later period of bronze, various modifications of the wave pattern appear. Fig. 8, from a bronze vessel,1 illustrates one of the applications of the pattern. This example suggests to me to take into view the inscribed mark- ings on the stones in the grave at Clover Hill, county Sligo ; some of the markings on which have points of relation to the central figure on stone D at Knockmany. Figs. 9, 10, and 11 of the Clover Hill stones are drawn from rub- bings and notes made in 1895. The stones are much weathered with the exception of that repre- sented by fig. 11. They were
figured by Mr. Wakeman in 1 879, Kg> ^ (gcale> ^ }{ne^}
who gives a plan of the grave.2 At the time Mr. "Wakeman drew the stones, no systematic attempt had
1 Worsaae, 1. c., fig. 136. 2 Journal R.H.A.A.I., 4th Ser., vol. v., p. 552.
108
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
been made to classify the Irish markings ; it was, moreover, generally held by archaeologists that the inscribed spirals, such, as at New Grange, were the immediate precursors of the Late Celtic spirals, and that the latter had been developed from the former. It is not, therefore, sur- prising, as the markings at Clover Hill depart from the simple spiral forms, that Mr. Wakeman should (although he refers the markings to the Bronze Age) have completed some of the less distinct portions in a manner that suggests Late Celtic ornament.
Fig. 10. (Scale, |th linear.)
Fig. 11. (Scale, |th linear.)
A comparison of the drawings here given with those by Mr. Wakeman will show the points of difference, fortunately not of very material importance to the argument. After I had completed these drawings, I compared them with drawings of the same stones made independently by Mr. Elcock, of Belfast. My drawings agreed closely with Mr. Elcock' s, so that we may take it that the incised markings shown in the accompanying figures are all that can be set down with certainty. Some of them are incomplete, but nothing is gained by attempted restorations.
The forms in fig. 11 may be compared with fig. 12, the top of a
KNOCKMANY. 109
bronze stud of the later Scandinavian Bronze Age.1 They are not -exactly similar, but, I think, it may be claimed there is sufficient resem- blance in style to suggest that they belong to the same period of ornament.
Fig. 9 is the most interesting from the present point of view. The markings on this stone are those which in Mr. Wakeman's drawing bear the .nearest resemblance to Late Celtic forms. But even in Mr. Wakeman's drawing it will be ob- served that the basis of the form is not Late Celtic. Moreover, an insuperable objection to associating markings such as those at Clover Hill, with Late 'Celtic ornament, lies in the fact that at present • there is no evidence that monuments of this class can be placed so late as the Late Celtic period. If, however, we regard the marking on this stone as a remote rendering of the wave pattern (compare pjg ^
fig. 8), the difficulty of the exceptional character of the Clover Hill markings is removed. Mr. Wakeman shows a beak-like curve projecting from the end of the loop in fig. 9. This marking appeared to me too uncertain to set it down. If it is there, I should be inclined to identify it with the zoomorphic endings frequently given to the crests of the Scandinavian wave patterns, often, simplified to a simple beak-like projection.
If the suggestion be accepted that the looped forms at Clover Hill and Knockmany are to be associated with the looped forms and the wave-pattern of the later Scandinavian Bronze Age, we see that the Clover Hill and Knockmany stones fall at once into place at the end of the New Grange and Loughcrew series. In this argument it should be borne in mind that the series must be taken as a whole. It appears to me impossible that it should be merely a coincidence that the series of changes which takes place in the New Grange and Loughcrew series, and which we now see is carried a step farther by the Knockmany and Clover Hill examples, should be so closely parallel to the change in forms from the earlier to the later Bronze Ages of ^Scandinavia. And although the forms in the Irish and Scandinavian areas are not in all cases similar, there are, I think, a sufficient number of examples in which the general argument from the debasement and ultimate disap- pearance of the earlier spiral forms is rendered particular, by the close resemblance of the substituted forms, to justify the inference of influence. Or, if we consider the entire area in which the changes take place as one, we may regard the local succession of forms as to some extent analogous to the phases which mark the periods of Gothic architecture,
1 Worsaae, I.e., fig. 119.
JOUR. U.S. A.I. , VOL. VIII., PT. II., 5lH SER. K
110 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
•in which the individuality of the local series is preserved, but, within narrow limits of time, the local succession of each period is marked by corresponding changes in forms affecting the art as a whole.
The question of date now arises. If Knockmany is related to the later Bronze Age of Scandinavia, it does not appear possible (adopting the most recent chronology) to date the erection of the tomb later than 500 B.C. Some archa3ologists would, no doubt, put it earlier. How then is the evidence of archeology to be reconciled with tradition ? The following possible explanations appear to be open for consideration : —
1. That Baine was buried at Knockmany, but either in a separate grave or, as a secondary interment, in the already existing tumulus, and that the present name of the hill dates from that time, and not from the erection of the original tomb.
2. That the name Knockmany embodies the tradition of an earlier Baine, subsequently confounded with the Baine of the second century. The Four Masters mention an earlier Baine, under the year 10 A.D. One of three queens, Baine, Cruife, and Aine, who fled out of Ireland after the massacre of the Milesian nobility at Magh-cro.
3. That Baine is to be identified with one of the mythological Aines of the Tuatha-de-Danann race, such as Aine of Cnoc Aine, in Limerick, and perhaps Legananny, Legdn Aine, Aine's Dell, in the county of Down. This is the view held by Mr. Borlase in " The Dolmens of Ireland." It is to be noted in this connexion that the local legends- associate Knockmany with a fairy or witch named Aine, or Aynia. The tomb on the top of the hill is called " Aine's (or Aynia's) Cove," a» I have myself heard from one of the old men of the place.1 Unfortunately Knockmany is not included in the Dindsenchus. "We do not, therefore, know whether or not an alternative folk-lore explanation of the nam'e existed side-by-side with the historical explanation given in the "Book of Leinster." Alternative explanations of place-names, of a fabulous character, appear to be more common in the later copies of the Dindsenchus, as in the Books of Ballymote and Lecan (also in the Agallamh-na- senorach in the Book of Lismore), than in the Dindsenchus of the Book of Leinster, and possibly represent the local folk-lore traditions as distin- guished from the Bardic tradition. The subject seems worthy of critical examination as to how far this is so. In later times, all sorts of extra- vagant legends concerning the ancient heroes appear to have become current ; and, at the present day, Finn and Cuchualin are only known to the peasantry as giants, performers of grotesque and marvellous feats. It may be asked, is the witch, Aine of Knockmany, an extension of one of these later legends submerging an older and historical tradition? It will be recollected that the revision of the Leabhar Gabhala, by O'Clery and the chroniclers associated with him, took place at Clogher,,
1 See also "Wakeman, Journal E.H. A.A.I., 4th Ser., vol. iv., p. 96.
KNOCKMANY' 111
and that one of the chroniclers, Cucoigry O'Duigenan, of Fermanagh, may be presumed to have been acquainted with the legends of Tyrone. The fact that these chroniclers accept without comment the reference of Kno-ckmany to Baine (concerning whom a definite tradition is implied by the statement that " it was she who built Rathmor ") is at least negative evidence that the Aine legend was not then very prominent.1
4. There is yet another way of looking at the problem, which should be mentioned in deference to those who would urge that tradition should be given greater weight than archaeological evidence. It is probable that the Early Iron culture reached Ireland as early as 500-400 B.C., and that by 300-200 B.C. it was more or less generally established. In speaking of the Early Iron culture, we must distinguish between the introduction of the new forms of the Iron Period and the general use of iron. Iron remained, no doubt, for a long time a rare metal, the new forms ap- pearing chiefly in bronze which still continued in general use. Side-by- side with the new forms the older bronze forms would still be produced, and in some districts the Bronze Age may have lasted much later than in others. It may be argued, therefore, that A.D. Ill is not too late a date for the tomb on Knockmany. It is conceivable that this might be so. But the second century brings us well into what is known in Britain and Ireland as the Late Celtic Period, and we have no evidence that rude stone monuments, such as that of Knockmany, were erected in that period. On the contrary, the interments in the Late Celtic Period point to the abandonment of megalithic chambers. While, therefore, a considerable period of over-lap may be admitted in the transition of bronze to iron, it is not possible, without positive archaeological evidence, to accept so late a date for the erection of the Knockmany tomb.
To sum up then. There is no doubt that Knockmany is the hill described in the Book of Leinster as the burial-place of Baine ; but an archasological examination precludes us, in the present state of our knowledge, from accepting the tomb on its summit as the grave of Queen Baine.
1 It would be a point in this argument to ascertain how far these chroniclers " purified " the Leabhar Gabhala, in the sense of critical revision.
K2
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK: ITS PLAN AND GROWTH.
BY THOMAS J. WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I. A., FELLOW. 'T .
(Continued from page 48.) ,
THE CATHEDRAL IN 1680.
HPHE rude and conventional representations of the Cathedral in the maps of Limerick of Elizabethan and early Stuart times do not help us to form any clear idea of its fabric. The earliest detailed drawing and description is that of Thomas Dyneley, circa 1680 r1 he, however, confines himself to some general statements, and an account of the tombs. " St. Mary's, the Mothers (ate) Church, is the fairest, with a large, . high, square steeple, containing six tuneable bells, founded lately by one Mr. Perdue. The chiefest contributer towards the charge of them was Mr, William York, anno 1677." He noted in the pave- ment to the right of the altar " almost underneath the ballasters and neer the Earle of Thomond's monument," the slab of Dean Andrew Creagh (now in the Jebb Chapel). Beside the last, but within the rail, lay a tomb, with a floriated calvary cross between two shields ; to the right, for O'Brien, three lions passant ; to the left, for Arthur, three " Irish brogues" (so he quaintly misdescribes the "clarions"), adding a learned Scriptural note on taking off the shoe, and noting the similar Arthur arms on the east buttress. Near the altar, between it and the bishop's seat, lay the recumbent figure, robed and mitred, of Bishop Cornelius O'Dea; it is now unfortunately lost, though the (1621) base of it remains. Above this effigy, set in the wall, was (and is) the tablet of Bishop Barnard Adams.
In the Chapter House was the slab of Geoffrey Arture, now removed to the opposite transept, and probably near it was the little mural monument of Elizabeth Hartstongue, wife of the Recorder of Limerick, dated 1663 : it has, like the former, been removed to the north transept. Outside of the right (south) aisle, going up to the altar, to which had lately been affixed a staircase leading "to the gallery and organs, was obscured a very ancient monument adjoining the wall, ' Lumnia qua? lector'" — the Galwey and Bultingfort monument. At the back of the dean's seat lay the tomb of William Purdue, the bell founder, now lost, and below it an epitaph, which our London barrister sneers at as "a parcell of Irish witt and learning," forgetting that his own island was
1 Our Journal, 1864-1866, pp. 433, 438.
ST. MA}RY*S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 113
even richer than Ireland in similar, or even greater, monumental absurdities : —
" John Stretche, Aldermane, third sone to Bartholomews, This monumente made in Februarye most true, "Where hee and his heyres males resignt theyre mortalle bons Till Chryste do come too judge all mans atte ons."
Lastly, at the entrance of the choir, near its eastern pillar, on the right hand, lay a small inscribed slab, the pathos of which no doggerel could destroy : —
" Fifteene years a mayd, one year a wife, Two months a mother, then I left this life. Three months after me mine offspring did remain, Now, earth to earth, we are returned again."
THE CATHEDRAL IN 1897.
Let us now examine the venerable building as it stands in our time. Externally the effect would be clumsy and monotonous, only for the absence of any attempt at uniformity in the details. Every chapel seems to have been built without any intention to conform the level or shape of its windows to those of the adjoining fabric ; and the groups of chapels on both sides project beyond the faces of the transepts.
The west fa9ade is also very plain, though imposing, from the unbroken height of the turreted belfry. Between two large buttresses appears a triplet window of unusually narrow and lofty proportion, while below it is all that modern "improvement" has left of the Romanesque west door. It consisted of four recessed orders, the third and fourth having one keystone in common. The clumsy round pillars had defaced capitals, with conventional foliage similar to that in the nave. The innermost order and the hood alone remain ; it is reached by a flight of steps. The south side of the building is shown, though not very correctly, in Dyneley's view, and also in the very accurate but ugly view of 1739 in Harris1 " Ware's Bishops," from which the present state differs only in a slight change in the stepped battlements of the south wall, which are now monotonously uniform.
THE NAVE.
Entering the nave .we find the original building nearly intact (1172-94). It has to each side four plain pointed arches, resting on massive piers, with circular corner shafts and capitals of the Norman transition,1 ornamented with bold flutings and occasional scrolls, fleurs- de-lys, and stiff foliage. Above these arcades, "monks' walks" with lintelled passages run through a plain clerestory of circular headed opes
1 See Journal, supra, p. 36.
114 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
and- lights, the latter adorned on the outside with a slight reveal rand chamfer. There are several of these windows on each side, including those stopped by the piers of the belfry arch. The triforia are 29 feet above the pavement, and the passages through them are about 1 foot 9 inches wide, and 6 feet high . Both t ' walks ' ' (the north reached through the west window by 16 steps) have spiral stairs at the east end, once lead- ing to the roof, as was found in. 1861, but these flights are closed. The south has a small slit window looking into the transept, 21 steps remain- ing. The north shows 15 steps, both flights having newels. The only other feature of much interest in the nave are the black oak "mise- reres" which have been fully illustrated and described in our Journal for 1892,1 and have served as choir stalls for four centuries. They probably date from Bishop Folan's restoration circa 1480.
THE BELFRY.
The belfry rests partly on the west gable and side walls of the nave, partly on a high pointed arch built against the first piers of the arcades. To ascend it we pass up a spiral staircase, set in the west wall, and a projecting buttress south of the Romanesque door. Thirty-six steps, having a circular newel, and three rude later steps, bring us to the " monk's walk." The bell-ringer's room is reached by a long narrow stairway of 32 steps over the eastern arch. Prom it wooden stairs and ladders lead us up to the roof. We pass through the bell-chamber, noting the bells given in 1678 by the munificent "William Yorke, Mayor of the city in 1673, and finally stand on the summit. At each corner rises a small battlemented turret, resting on the angles, and on skew arches; the two western turrets have stairs of 18 steps each, and command a view of much beauty and historic interest.
Below us the city lies almost like an embossed map, with long reaches of the Shannon and Abbey River, and views of their four bridges. Beyond, we see the many-coloured hills of Clare and Ara — from Cratloe, where Crimthan, king of Erin, died of poison, about 370 (for whose "eric" the Dalcassians conquered Thomond), to "Kimalta" — the great dome of the Keeper Hill — and the Silvermines, where Sarsfield blew up the English artillery, and preserved the city to King James for another year. Over the southern plains rises " Knockdrumanasail,"2 or Tory Hill, named, says an old legend, from the brother of that Firbolg prince who built the vast Dun Enghus on the cliffs of Aran. Beyond it show the Galtees, the border hills of county Cork and Knockfierna, famed in the fairy legends as the palace of the king, Donn firinne. Nearer rises the turret crown of the rock of Carrigogunnell, and Singland, where stood
1 1892, Plate facing p. 74.
2 The legend of Asal, son of Hnamore, and his house on Drum A sail, will be found in the " Look of Leinster," clxxviii., p. 53.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 115
the old Dalcassian palace. There St. Patrick baptized Cairthin fionn and his infant son, Eochy Baillderg, the first Christian princes of the district ; there Mahon, and his brother, Brian Boro, inspected their Danish captives after the victory of Sulchoid; there the Bruces halted to defy the city in 1315; and there, in the sieges of the city, stood the English batteries. Behind it rise the gabled walls of Newcastle, where King William is said to have dwelt during the siege of 1690, and below we see the castle of King John and the mediaeval buildings near the cathedral. Every period of Irish history, from fabulous times to the present day, is recalled by the scene.
NORTH AISLE AND CHAPELS.
Descending, and going up the north aisle, we find three chapels1 of little interest. The FIRST CHAPEL was the burial place of the Creagh family, and is now used as a baptistery ; it has a late round-headed sedile. In the wall to the east are three plain, late, oblong openings, the central having two lights. The SECOND CHAPEL contains the Napier windows and monument. Here was buried " Murrogh the burner," the cruel Earl of Inchiquin, only marked by an "I" cut in the pavement. Tradition says his body was removed and cast into the Shannon by some of his enemies. An empty coffin found here some twenty years since, and a very emphatic passage in his will, 1673,2 have done much to sup- port the tradition. In this chapel is a late round-headed piscina in the west wall. The THIRD CHAPEL is now called after Bishop Jebb, whose seated statue adorns its centre. It is the old Arthur chapel, or " tran- sept," and probably " St. Nicholas' Chapel within the Cathedral," where Thomas Fitz Dominick Arthur desired to be buried in 1634. It is the receptacle of many ancient tombs. The most noteworthy are those of
1 The following are some notes on the chapels from wills: — 1403. Thomas Bal- beyne— "My chapel, which 1 built in the southern part of the church of St. Mary, by permission of the Keverend Father in Christ, Kichard (sic) Wall, Bishop of Limerick . . . dedicated to St. James." 1445. Galfridus Galwey — "My body is to be buried in the chapel of St. James, in the cathedral church of Limerick ... I leave 100 shillings for the repair of this chapel." 1587. Johane, daughter of Nicholas Strech— " To be buried in St. An's chapel." 1614. John, son of Bartholomew Strich— "To be buried in St. James' chapel." 1622. Nicholas Stackpole— « « To be buried in St. George's chapel." 1634. Thomas, son of Dominick Arthur— " To be buried in St. Nicholas' chapell." 1717. Edmund Pery, of Stacpole's Court, Co. Clare — " To be buried in the Sexten chapel." All the above notices, from 1587, add " within the cathedral." There seems to be a confusion in the first extract between Stephen de Valle, Dean of Limerick, 1357, Bishop, 1360, and Eichard de Valle, of the diocese of Cork, appointed Treasurer of the diocese of Limerick, 1363. — " Calendar of Papal Petitions" under dates, pp. 304, 317, 468.
2 "Prerogative Wills, Dublin." September llth, 1673: — "Forasmuch as my eldest son is now beyond the seas, my will and desire therefore is, that it God shall please to call me out ot this world before his (William O'Brien's) coming home, those of my friends that will be by me at the time of my death, shall immediately, after my death, bury and enterr my corps privately." He previously desires " to be buried in Limerick Cathedral ... a handsome monument shall be erected over my body." As William Lord Inchiquin died abroad, the latter request was not carried out.
116 KOYALr SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
1. King Donaldmore O'Brien, the founder of the cathedral, 1194, a Celtic cross between four fantastic lions. 2. Dean Andrew Creagh, 1519. 3. A floriated cross; besides several tombs of the Arthur and Bice families, from that of Piers Arthur, 1649. It has also the slab of the high altar, a massive block of dark marble, 12 feet 4 inches by 2 feet 8 inches, with incised crosses and 17th century mouldings: it rests on
• 1172-1107.
I"."' FOUNDATION* 11
Hill 1369-iUOO.
m m i6 -11,50
11*89-1526- i:..j DOUBTFUL-
tXURlOR ifcO LONG.
,. Ill,' WIDt •
NAVE 1014' ION& 2fc'8"*iat CHOIR, 36' „ i, ,, AliltJ 77 .. I0'<n" it
PLAN OF LIMERICK CATHEDRAL.
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND OLDER TOMBS.
a Altar Slab.
b Piscinae, with Shelves.
c Credence Table.
d Stoups.
e Sedilia.
/Misereres.
g Stoups.
^Miagh(?)Arms.
i Arthur Arms.
j Closed Door. k Corbels, 1172. / St. Michael and Satan. m Lord Inchiquin, 1673. n King Donald, 1194 '•> Dean
Andrew Creagh, 1520, &c. o Arthur, 1640, &c. p Geffry Arture, 1519. q John ffox, 1519.
r Bishop O'Brien, 1207.
s Earl of Thomond, 1624.
/ Bishop O'Dea, 1421.
u Bultingfort, Galwey, andBud-
ston, 1369-1449. v Stacpoole and Roche. w William Yorke, 1679. y Dragon and Pelican.
"WINDOWS AND MODERN MONUMENTS.
A Dean Kirwan. B Preston.
0 General Napier, 1859. D Matilda Napier, 1840. E A large Five-light Window, over 3 smaller Windows.
F Samuel Caswell, 1874.
G Augustus O'Brien Stafford.
H Charles Maunsell, 1858; over
it Robert O'Brien, 1870. K Thomas T. Westropp, 1838. L Sir Matthew Barrington, 1858.
M Viscount Glentworth, 1844. N Rev. A. Edwards, 1849. "_ ?"^ O Sir M. Barrington ; belo'w it
the ancient Romanesque
Doorway.
the finials of a late Gothic tomb, fragments of whose canopy and buttresses also lie behind the south porch. A large base, with well cut foliage of early Tudor times, lies beneath the altar. This chapel has been built against the west side of the transept, their joint walls making a very clumsy pier. The only other noteworthy feature is a corbelling in the north-west corner. "We may here note that in both aisles the original
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK.
117
roof corbels, with Norman flutings like the capitals, remain not only in the arcade, but even in several cases replaced at their old level in the chapel piers. The north clerestory had its original third and fourth lights replaced by two-light windows in late mediaeval times. This was probably done when the " Jebb chapel" was built, for the older lights are preserved under its roof, and are now open.
c NORTH TRANSEPT.
The north transept retains very few old features^ or monuments; the most noteworthy are a restored triple arched recess, containing the inte- resting slab of Geoffrey (" Arterue ") Arture in curious black letter :
" Hie jacet in tumuli fundo — Sublatus a mundo Galfridus Art'ue — Thesaurarius quondam istius ecclesie XVI luce Maya — requievit in pace perpetua Anno crucifixi Domini 1519 Tu transiens cave — quod hie dices pater et ave."
Sedilia, North Transept.
It was first read correctly by Mr. Maurice Lenihan, and so published in our Journal, 1864, p. 114, and his " Limerick," p. 578. Dyneley could only decipher the name " Galfrid Art," and the date, 1519. His
118
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
successors were less prudent, so Fitzgerald1 and Macgfegor enriched archaeology with the wonderful reading of the last lines : " Tu tubis sic; octavum cane Qui hie dice octo2 precum Eanse." They then give the rendering of some local bard, with the complacent comment, that it has " more literal exactness than poetic fire " : —
" Do thou excite the solemn train, and with the doleful trumps proclaim Eight times this mournful story ;
Then to Eana oblation make, of eight prayers, for the sake Of his soul in purgatory."
A pretty incised cross, with no other ornament or inscription, is inserted as the bottom slab of this sedile.
In a shallow circular headed recess (or perhaps closed sedile) appears the defaced slab of John fCox, of the same period as the last ; and to the other side the tomb of Eliza- beth Hartstongue and the tablet of the Harolds, 1529, removed hither from the chancel. The organ-loft and all the build- ings east of this transept are hopelessly modernised.
THE CHANCEL.
The choir, having undergone four or five sweeping restorations, retains no undoubted trace of the original structure. The quaint little tablet with an escutcheon bearing a chevron between three lions and with the name "DONOH "3 is probably commemorative of the building of the chancel by Bishop Donat O'Brien, before 1204 ; despite some later-looking foliage, the main carving is probably ancient. The pretentious monu- ment of Donough, "the great Earl of Tho- mond," is of debased classic design, with great shelves on which are laid the broken effigies of the older tomb. It is crowned with obelisks and a helmet and coloured coat of arms, and fits into a large Gothic arch of fair design. The latter cuts into one of the late fifteenth-century windows of badly ex- ecuted decorated Gothic — two in each side wall — which mark an addition of about 20 feet to the original length
1 " History of Limerick," by Fitz Gerald and Mac Gregor, vol. ii., p. 551.
2 The « s ' of ' transient ' and ' dices ' being mistaken for ' 8, ' and read ' octavum ' #nd « octo.'
3 See our Journal, 1892, Plate at p. 70, fig. 4.
Incised Slab, bottom of Sedile, North Transept.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 119
made probably in 1420. The exterior buttresses, as < noted in most previous descriptions, bear the arms of John Artur to the south, and a chevron between three scallops to the north. In the south wall we may note the well -moulded arch over the credence table and the epitaphs of Bishops O'Dea and Adams. A very poorly designed ogee-headed door occurs in each side ; the northern leads to the organ-loft, the southern to the choir-room.
The choir room represents the conjoined chapels of St. Mary Magda- lene and St. James, circa 1370, their plain Gothic arches remain closed in its western wall, the only sign of the original work in the apartment. A later triple window in the south wall, and a fifteenth-century window of two shafts interlacing, remain in the east wall. These probably belong to Bishop Folan's restoration.
SotiTH TRANSEPT.
The south transept is mainly ancient. The arch corbels date from 1420, and the west pier is built against the old arcade. The east wall is mainly occupied by the beautiful modern monument of the Westropps, 1 838-66. l It is much more suitable for a reredos in the bald and gloomy chancel than for its present position. The south window, so far as the stonework goes, reproduces its ancient predecessor, but it is filled with badly designed and absurdly small figures, though it is better than the others, which, except the west window and the fine Caswell window, are very tasteless and gaudy. Below are the piscina, the Bultingford and Gal wey monument, and the Budstone sedilia, already fully described.2
This transept, with the chapels along the south aisle, was extensively repaired by the Galweys, Sextens, and others about 1489, and restored, the former by the Westropps, the latter by the Barringtons, about 1866.3
SOUTH AISLE AND CHAPELS.
The south aisle, and the " Sexten chapel"4 are divided, by seven
1 The date 1830, on the brass, ought to be 1838.
2 See our Journal, supra, pp. 41-43.
3 The principal repairs, &c., since the siege of 1651, may be here enumerated — noting that in December, 1688, the "Titular" Bishop, John O'Molony (Brady's "Episcopal Succession," vol. ii., p. 48), reports " Ecclesia Cathedralis, B. M. V. dicata, antiquse structure, nulla indiget reparatione." William Yorke gave the peal of bells, 1678. King "William III. gave a forfeited mortgage of £1000 for repairs after the siege, 1691. The chapels east of the south transept are said to have, been then injured. 1759. Extensive restorations at a cost of £1300 are recorded on the old candelabra of the nave. 1831. Extensive restorations under Mr. James Payne. 1860. The Dean and Chapter re-edified the building ; works under Mr. Slator. 1866. The south transept restored by direction of Anna "Westropp, widow of Thomas Westropp, of Ross, Co. Clare (Sheriff of Limerick, 1807-10), in memory ot their son, Thomas Johnson Westropp. 1869. North transept and chapels and south porch restored under direction of Mr. Fuller. 1893-95. South aisle and chapels re-roofed ; west porch removed. At this time the old houses, including " Galwey's Castle," or 41 Ireton's House," \vere demolished, and gardens laid out upon their sites.
4 The Sextens were "Priors" of the cathedral by a grant from Henry VIII. to their ancestor, Edmund Sexten, of St. Mary's Priory, 1538. This Edmund compiled a cartulary, now preserved in the British Museum, which unfortunately is un- published, and thus little available to our local writers.
120 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
arches meeting in two central piers, into a series of simple, but picturesque vistas. The first bay has a late aumbry and piscina with one shelf and a pointed arch. The second bay has a round-headed sedile, and, set in the central pillar, the curious carvings of St. Michael and Satan, the Cruci- fixion and Christ and Satan, figured in our Journal? These two bays once formed the Consistorial Court. They contained the Stretch tomb, in 1 680, and possibly represented the chapel of St. Anne, in which that family had burial rights. The eastern bay has a stiff though rather ornate perpendicular window ; the other bays have plain windows, with interlacing shafts. The western bay has a stoup near the south door and a porch in which is a pretty pointed recess, with nail-head ornament and bold mouldings, once containing a second stoup. The basin, I hear, was given to a neighbouring chapel. The porch was rebuilt in 1 680, and again about 18662; it was formerly much more lofty as shown by Dyneley's sketch and the mark of the old roof ridge on the wall. It must have originally dated at least from the early sixteenth century, as shown by the foliage on the base stones of the door, but it is mainly modern.
The fourth bay is now walled at the east end and forms the "Pery Chapel." This also contains the tomb of the families of Stacpole and Eoche and is the " Stacpole Chapel," or " St. George's Chapel."3 It has- two stoups or piscinaB, one with a trefoil and one with a rpund head. In the western wall at the corner of the ancient aisle a spiral stair lead& to an upper room. In the graveyard the only noteworthy mediaeval remain is the slab in the Sexten vault with its carvings of the seven- headed dragon and the pelican.4
There is room for a more elaborate history,5 and fuller account than is suited to the limits of this Paper. If the latter has cleared the ground and set out in chronological order the unusually clear record of the growth of this venerable church, it shall have fulfilled its writer's intention : if it leads more competent writers to complete the work in more perfect form, it shall more than repay the work of many interesting days spent within those quiet walls. In any case recent experience has again shown how essential it is to secure accurate records of the features of our ancient
1 1892, Plate at p. 70, fig. 2.
3 Ferrar's ''Limerick," p. 543, and Dyneley's sketch.
3 Fitz Gerald's "Limerick," vol. ii., p. 550; also will of Nicholas Stackpole, 1022. The name "George" has been very prevalent in the family for 200 years. The first Pery buried recorded is that of William, son of "William Pery of Exeter, October, 1633 (Funeral Entry, Ulster's Office), attested by his nephew, Edmund Pery, ancestor of the Earls of Limerick. See also our Journal, 1890, p. 76, and 18!) 2, p. 73, for origin of these families.
4 Figured in our Journal, 1892. p. 70, fig. 3.
5 Some notices of this cathedral are — Dyneley's "Tour," 1680, published in our Journal, 1864, p. 433. Harris' "Ware's Bishops." "Histories of Limerick," by P'errar, 1767, Fitz Gerald, 1827, and Lenihan, 1866. Kev. Canon Meredyth's excellent little "Guide" (three editions), 1883-1887. " Geoffry Arture's Tomb," by Maurice Lenihan, in our Journal, 1864, p. 114. "Carvings in St. Mary's," by T. J. Westropp, ibid., 1893, p. 70. " Ireton's House," by J. A. Barry, ibid., 1894, pp. 386, 387; 1895, p. 378. "Limerick Cathedral Restored," in The Ecclesiologist, 1862. "The Cathedral Churches of Ireland," by T. M. Fallow, p. 60.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 121
churches still used for worship. Even yet a legacy, donation, or success- ful collection is able at any time to inaugurate such extensive " improve- ments " and " restorations " as may in a few months replace many valu- able relics of ancient work by the inanities of some ambitious modern architect : " vanitas vanitatum, omnia vanitas."
APPENDIX.
ABSTRACT OF WILLS. 1. BlCHAHD BULTINGFORT.
The inventory of Eichard Bultingfort is preserved in an enrolment (No. 245 Patent Rolls Anno I. Elizabeths) with his will (No. 247), both being in Latin, from which I make the following extracts and abstract : — " Inventory of the goods of Richard Bultyngford at Lymerick the day after the feast of St. Senanus, Bishop and Confessor, Anno 1405," men- tions a horse and household goods, e.g. "habet patenam haream," l " habet aliam patenam in manu Tliomse Balby in pignore," &c.
" In the name of God, Amen. I, the aforesaid Richard, being sound in mind but (' hat') sick in body," make this will. "I leave my soul to God and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and to All Saints, and my body to be buried in the church of Blessed Mary of Limerick. Item. I leave to the fabric of the said church for forgotten tithes 20s." Item. He leaves to the vicars of the said church an annual charge on a certain messuage at the little laneway (venellam) near the cemetery of Blessed Mary, for a service twice a-year. Then follow legacies "to the Friars Preachers for the repair of their chapel ; to the Friars Minors ; for the repair of Holy Trinity Church"; Friar Henry ; Ann et Walsh ; Richard Flemyng, his servant, a horse ; Laurence O'Daffy, his servant ; Nicholas O'Murghy and Margaret Bultingfort, his daughter. The last was bequeathed the messuage in Cork city, held as the gift of John Pollard, and he gives various directions to his wife Katherine Roche and "John, son of Maurice Bultingf." about his goods in Limerick and Cork. If Margaret dies without heirs the lands are entailed on John Bultingford.
He leaves David Caudebeke the tenement in Cork held as a gift of Symon Miehagh. To Katherine Roche he leaves his lands, &c., in Limerick and its suburbs, with the bridge and the holdings near the Church of the Holy Cross, for her life. After Katherine's death these tenements and lands are to revert to John Bultingfort and his children [membra/ne 12 begins hereJ] Should John die without issue he leaves the tenement near the Tholsel to Nicholas Walsh. Then follow elaborate
1 This curious aspiration occurs in other places in these wills — 'haream,' 'hat,' * huuteni.'
122 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
trusts relating to various tenements., That held by gift from Philip nnd Patrick Gammer, that let to Thomas Comyn ; the one let to Richard Troy (called "Alhall") tne tenements of Patrick Cojnyn (opposite the chapel) and Laurence FitzSimon. He leaves William Marshall's tene- ment to John Spofforde and Mariota Dewinys. His wife is to sell the messuage held from Patrick L'Enfaunt and other plots for the benefit of the testator's soul. He appoints as executors Katherine Roche, John Bullingfort (sic), Nicholas Walsh, and John Nangel.
The will was proved by the said Katherine before Cornelius (O'Dea),. Bishop of Limerick, in the cathedral, the Sunday before the feast of St. Peter, which is called "ad vincula," 1406.
2. PHILIP RUSSELL.
The inventory and will of " Philip Russell, of the parish of St. Nicholas Within the walls, Dublin, made the Friday next before the feast of St. Patrick the Bishop, 1442," are enrolled in the Plea Rolls (28 Henrici Sexti, No. 434). I only abstract the parts relating to hia property in Limerick.1
To his daughter Janet two goblets, two boxes, a silver-gilt girdle,, two rings, &c. Should she die, these shall revert to the executors,, along with the household goods at Limerick. He leaves his lands at Kilmallock, for the benefit of his soul and the souls of his wives. " To Thomas Cofyn, of Lymerick, my house in which he dwells.'* Patrick Lange, of Limerick, my house in which John Fyn lived. To William Mancel, my servant, the better of my two houses in Grey-friars- lane, Limerick. To my daughter rents, lands, gardens, &c., in Limerick (except as above devised), but if she dies he leaves them for pious uses — and appoints as executors Stephen Botyller, currier, of Dublin, and W. Mauncell.
3. GEOFFREY GALWEY.
The inventory and will of Geoffrey Galwey, of Limerick, are enrolled in the Patent Rolls of Ireland, Anno I. Eliz. Roll 1, membrane 14.
The inventory of Galfridus Gallwey, at Limerick, 5th January, 1445, mentions goods in the hands of Edmund Gallwey, two breastplates worth £4, a helmet worth 4s., a pipe of honey, &c.
"In the name of God, Amem I, Galfridus Galwey, sound in mind, but sick in body, make my will in this manner : I leave my soul to God Almighty, the Blessed Yirgin Mary, and All: Saints, and my body to be buried in the chapel of St. James, in the Cathedral Church of Limerick," 6s, 8d. for the canons, 100 shillings for the repair of said chapel. "Item. I leave a chaplain £20 to celebrate masses in the said chapel of St. James for my soul and the souls of my parents."
Then follpw legacies of 6s. B#.~to each of the vicars of the Cathedral,
1 Mr. Henry Berry, of the Record Office, supplied me with the abstract of this will.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK.
to William White, W. Appulgard, arid John Fox, to the^Friars'Minors ,and the churches of St. Munchin, St. Nicholas, the Holy Cross, St. John and St. Michael in Limerick. Separate legacies for the repair of the chancel and of the body of Kilmahullok Church, and to the friars of that town, to each house of friars in Youghall ; to the churches of St. aPeter, Holy Trinity, St. Katherine, and St. Nicholas in Cork, and >Mthe Friars Minors and Preachers and Augustinian Hermits of that city, and also to- the Leper's house.
Costumes of Mayors of Dublin, "Waterford, Cork, and Limerick, circa 1380.
A legacy of £4 to the church, £3 to the friars, and £1 to the poor of Kinsale ; 5/- each to the priests of Cork and Kinsale ; 40 pence each to the churches of Binroan, Bingorran, Kilmahannok, and Leyon. To the friars of Tymlaggy, and to an anchorite, 13/4 each ; and legacies of 6/8 to each order of friars in Waterford, and to the hermits of St. Augustine of Athdar, for the purchase of an iron mortar.
He left his children robes and money. To Patrick, "my scarlet gown, edged with martin, my black hood, and a large pot/' To Edmund, ''my blue gown edged with greyn." To Walter, another
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ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
blue gown. .To Edmund fitz Harry, " a green gown." To my daughter Margaret, for her marriage portion £6 13s. 4d. To my son Patrick, rents at Kinsall [membrane 16 begin*]. The lands acquired from Nicholas Walsh1 and John Nangle, in the city and suburbs of Limerick, and at the Bridge, to his wife Margaret, for life, unless she marries, and, after her death, to their son Walter, and his heirs male in failure to William. The western part of the lands at the Bridge to his son Edmund, with other lands in the city and suburbs. He appoints his executor John Kenwork, a Chaplain and Canon of Limerick Cathedral.
It was proved before John, Bishop of Limerick, and administration granted to said executor, and Margaret White, January 12th, 1445.
Costume in Munster, circa 1380.
MUNSTER COSTUME IN 1380.
To illustrate the dress of Munster citizens, I have copied eight figures from the Corporation Roll of Waterford, as traced for our Society by George Du Noyer. The first group shows the mayors of Dublin, Water- ford, Cork, and Limerick in the reign of Richard II. The first three are habited in sufficiently grave and imposing dress ; the upper figures in red robes with a blue overcape or gown. The mayors of Waterford and Limerick wear large belts adorned with gilt plates, but the latter magistrate is in other respects suggestive of being insufficiently clothed,
1 See Bultingfort's Will, ante, p. 123.
ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL, LIMERICK. 125
and of being painfully aware of the fact. He wears red hose and shoes and a dark blue tunic and cap.
In the second group we have four figures, collected from various parts of the same roll, two burgesses, and between them a gentleman of rank and a bishop; they all wear beards closely trimmed. The only dress calling for much comment is that of the gentleman. It is of a dark sage green material, embroidered with white lilies, red sprigs and gold scrolls. Some such dress was in Chaucer's mind as he described the gay young squire : —
" Embroidered was he as it were a mead, All full of freshe flowres white and rede."
Mr. Thomas Longfield thinks from the pattern and colours that this rich robe may have come from Southern France. The hood is vermilion, held on the right shoulder by a large plated clasp. He idly plays with it and his gold-studded belt. The others are sober, wealthy burgesses, grave men of business, with a sense of their own importance and weighty opinions. Of such the Leinster satirist sings seventy years earlier : —
" Hail he ye marchands with your gret packes Of drapery, avoirdepeise, and your wol sackes, Gold, silver, stones, riche markes, and ek pundes, But little ye give thereof to the wrech pouer."1
But rather let us hope, from our records, that the Limerick citizens "followed after charity " according to their lights.
Coinciding in time and place with the men who enlarged and restored St. Mary's Cathedral, these quaint old pictures give us a most vivid impression of these Bultingforts, Arthurs, and Galweys, a sketch of whose active life and work we have striven to rescue from the scattered records of a medieval city.
1 "Facsimiles of National MSS., Ireland," No. v., part in. (Satirical poem, circa 1308.)
JOUR. R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. II., OTH SER.
126 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
A NOTICE OF SOME COUNTY WEXFORD AND OTHER CHALICES.
BY THE REV. J. F. M. FFRENCH, M.R.I. A., FELLOW, AND VICE-PRESIDENT. [Read SEPTEMBER 28, 1896.]
rPnE history, the form, the material, and the workmanship displayed on the vessels used in the services of the Christian Church must always interest a large number of people, and serve to illustrate the education, the culture, and the art- workmanship of the period during which they were constructed. At the same time we must remember that the Church, in the days of her infancy, her weakness, her poverty, and her persecu- tion, had to be satisfied with objects made of such poor material and of such rude art- workmanship as the exigencies of her position enabled her to provide. When she would have built her churches of marble, and adorned them with the richest carving that the skilled hand of the sculptor could have provided, she often had to rest content with an erection of wattles plastered with clay mortar. When she would have made the vessels used in the services of the Church of the most precious metals, she had to rest satisfied with the very humblest materials, such as earthen- ware, stone, wood, glass, copper, brass, bronze, pewter, &c. The prin- cipal knowledge we have of the former existence of chalices made of these rude materials is derived from the ordinances of ecclesiastical councils prohibiting their further use ; but in some instances specimens have remained down to our own time, such as the earthenware chalice of St. Jerome, consisting of an earthen bowl standing on a copper foot, which is to be found in the Church of St. Anastacia at Rome ; and the stone ehalice figured in Wilde's " Catalogue," which is to be found in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy. Of wooden chalices I believe that no specimen which can be really identified as a church cup is now to be found in Ireland ; yet such vessels must have remained long in use, as they were prohibited as late as the year 787. Glass1 seems to have been the earliest material out of which Irish chalices were constructed, and to have been in use at the time of our great missionary bishop, St. Patrick. In the tripartite life we are told: — u St. Patrick, having crossed the Shannon on his way to Connaught, arrived at a place called Duma-graidh (either in Leitrim or Roscominon), where he ordained one Ailbe a priest. As there was a deficiency of sacred utensils for celebrating Mass, the Saint pointed out
1 "Platina asserts that Zephyrinus, A.D. 197-217, ordered that wine should be consecrated, not as heretofore in a wooden, but in a glass vessel." See Smith's "Dictionary of Christian Antiquity." Mr. Soames, the Editor of " Mosheim," gives the date of Pope Zephyrinus' accession as 201, and his death A.D. 218.
COUNTY WEXFOKD AND OTHER CHALICES. 127
to him a subterraneous stone grotto, where he would find an altar of nice workmanship and four chalices of glass."
In our own times a chalice of glass was found not far from Dublin by the workmen who were engaged in pulling down a portion of the walls of the old church at Tallaght ; while a celebrated cup of that material is preserved in the family of Musgrave, near Penrith, and is known as the " Luck of Edenhall." Chalices of brass, bronze, or copper have been especially identified with the use of the early Celtic Church, although at one time they probably were much more widely known, and I think we can fairly infer that they were introduced into Ireland by St. Patrick himself in order to supersede the easily broken glass vessels. Ireland, being a centre of bronze workmanship, would be a place where we might expect to find chalices of that substance. The following passage occurs in the "Tripartite": — "The holy Bishop Assicus was Patrick's copper- smith, and he made altars, and quadrangular patens, and quadrangular book- covers in honour of Patrick."1 Now, what could be more natural than that the artificer who constructed one of the sacramental vessels of copper or bronze should construct the other of a like material? And in accord with this supposition we find that when the celebrated Celtic ecclesiastic St. Gall, the founder of the Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland, was offered a silver cup for the service of the altar he, with true Celtic •conservativeness, declined to take it, saying that2 his master, Columbanus, was wont to offer the Sacrifice of Salvation in brazen vessels, because Our Saviour is said to have been affixed to the Cross with nails of brass. I do not know of a pure copper or bronze chalice in any of our collections, although a copper paten has been found in the grave of St. Tigernan at Errew, a promontory in Lough Con, which has been dated as far back as the close of the fifth century.3 But although we have not a chalice made wholly of either copper, bronze, or brass, we have a cup in which all these materials occupy a prominent place — that noble specimen of early Celtic art-workmanship, the Ardagh chalice, is constructed of bronze, brass, copper, lead, gold, and silver, and is beautifully decorated with enamels of three kinds, also with crystals and with amber. Of this cup Miss Stokes, with truth, says that nothing so lovely has been found in Celtic, or perhaps in any Continental art, at so early a period as the eleventh century.4 This beautiful two-handled cup may be said to fix
1 Rev. T. Olden's translation. See his Paper in the Proceedings R.I.^i. 3 See Lanigan, and Smith's " Dictionary of Christian Antiquities/'
3 Sir W. Wilde, in vol. xxi., Transactions R.I.A.
4 "Many examples of two-handled chalices exist on the Continent, such as the chalice of the Bishop of Toul, A.D. 922-962, and another preserved in the Ahhey of Wilten, in the Tyrol. Among the many ancient chalices preserved in the Tesoro di San Marco, in Venice, are several which resemble the chalice of Ardagh in form, and, in many instances, the figures, or the names of the twelve Apostles, are engraved on the cup, and, in addition, the inscription, which at once fixes the sacred purpose of the vessel, ' Drink ye all of this, for this is My Blood.' "— Petrie's " Christian Inscrip- tions in the Irish Language," edited hy Miss M. Stokes.
L2
128 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the shape and dimensions of the finer chalices during the Celtic period. It is 7 inches in height, 9£ inches in diameter ; the depth of the bowl is 4 inches. A two-handled chalice of this type is mentioned at a very early period by St. Adamnan [who lived between 624 and 704], and to the present day the Greek Church retains the use of the large double-handled chalice. The use of copper chalices were forbidden at an early date, but this prohibition would hardly extend to such beautiful and costly objects as the Ardagh chalice or the Tassilo chalice, which is preserved near Wels, in Lower Austria. This last-mentioned cup shows the influence which Irish ecclesiastical art exercised on the Continent in the days of Charlemagne. It is made of red copper, overlaid with silver work on a gold ground, and ornamented with red and black enamel, and takes the form of a large cup with a stem wide at the bottom. It is ornamented with representations of the four Evangelists, in the style of the Irish illuminated books of the seventh century. The inscription, which is in uncial Roman letters of the eighth or ninth century, fixes its date as having been made in the reign of Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria, who was dethroned by Charlemagne, a monarch who cultivated most friendly relations with Irish ecclesiastics, particularly with the Senior Lecturer of the School of Clonmacnoise, who was the recipient of no incon- siderable gifts at his hands. Pewter chalices were expressly permitted in Ireland by the canons passed at the Provincial Synod held in Christ Church, Dublin, in 1186, and continued in use almost down to our own time. Specimens of these chalices of various dates, from the old Celtic shape down to the more modern forms, may be seen in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. An ivory chalice was exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Society of Antiquaries not long since.
But at all times gold and silver must have supplied the favourite materials. Although chalices of gold are recorded, such as the chalice of gold presented by the Princess Dearvorgil, wife of O'Ruairc, at the consecration of Mellifont Abbey, in Louth, A.D. 1157,1 yet neither a chalice of silver nor gold has come down to us from pre-Norman times. The devastations of the plundering Norsemen must account for the scarcity of these objects. It should be remembered that the war that they waged against Ireland was a religious war, and that the vessels for the celebration of Divine Service were quite as much the objects of their enmity and cupidity as the invaluable manuscripts which disappeared either in the flames or beneath the waters. Yet enough remains to prove that Ireland at that time contained a school of workers in the precious metals who produced objects which for gracefulness of outline, refine- ment of feeling, and artistic skill displayed in their construction, have never been surpassed, and of which we are justly proud.
Perhaps the great perfection to which the art-workmanship of the
1 See " Annals of the Four Masters."
COUNTY WEXFORD AND OTHER CHALICES. 129
Celtic period attained was due to hereditary training. The artistic craftsmen were not merely the occasional apprentices picked up, as it were, promiscuously from various sources, but they were the members of a tribe, of a caste, who from their earliest childhood were surrounded by art-workers in the same craft, and who were called the Cerdraighe. O' Curry locates this family or tribe somewhere in the neighbourhood of the bog of Cullen, in the parish of Cullen, in the county of Tipperary, and on the borders of Limerick. This small bog has supplied most remarkable and extensive gold-finds.1 After the coming of the Normans Irish art began to pine and die. The hard-headed, heavy-handed soldiers, who gradually acquired dominion over the country, had little time to devote to the finer arts, and the sacred vessels used in their services would naturally bear the impress of the Norman, and not of the Celt. Irish art lingered on in those places where the Celt still held dominion, but it was no longer a bright light — it was only the shadow of its old self, a flicker- ing in the socket. Yet the Norman ecclesiastics were not deficient in their efforts for the decent celebration of the Divine Service; for we find among the canons passed at the Provincial Synod, held in the Church of the Holy Trinity, otherwise Christ Church, Dublin, in the year 1186, one directing that " in monasteries and rich churches chalices be provided of gold and silver, but in poorer churches, where such cannot be afforded, that then pewter chalices may serve the purpose, which must be always kept whole and clean." Chalices of gold must have been known in the British Islands at- a very early period ; for, at the translation of the remains of St. Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham in 687, which took place at the end of the eleventh century, a chalice, the upper part of which was of gold and the lower part of onyx, was found resting on the saint's breast. If the Normans brought over chalices with them, they must have been lost in the course of time, for none have remained to our day.
Indeed, from that time onward to the sixteenth century few vessels of ecclesiastical art-workmanship have survived to our own times. A sketch of a chalice which is in private hands, and which professes to date from the year 1494, has lately been exhibited in the Kildare-street Museum. An interesting specimen of a sixteenth- century chalice will
1 O'Curry tells us that among these finds were bars of pure gold, a disc of pure gold, two chased cups (possibly chalices), bosses, pieces of tube plates and ribbons (some of the former chased), gold wire, ferrules, pommels of swords, the point of a scabbard, pieces of gold with the links of a chain attached, small clippings of gold amounting to about six pounds ; also small bronze crucibles, with the gold arrested in the very process of smelting. O'Halloran tells us that a gold crown was found in this bog in 1731, which, he says, was like the close crown of the Eastern princes. (Quan- tities also of bronze objects were found.) One of the bars of pure gold, which O'Curry himself saw turned up out of this bog, was 5 inches in length, l£ inches in breadth, and more than \ an inch in thickness. This seems to have been about the size of the bars, or ingots, supplied to the Cerds and the Umhaidhe, or bronze- workers. There is an ingot of red bronze in my collection which I procured in the county Galway, of almost the same dimensions. It is about 5 inches long, and l£th inches in breadth, and about \ an inch ia thickness.
130 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
be found figured on page 213, vol. i., of the "Journal of the Association for the Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead." It bears the date 1596, and has engraved on one side the figure of the Saviour as if hanging on an invisible cross, with drops of blood falling from his hands. There is a covering thrown over the middle of the body and the letters INRI above the head ; its height is 8 inches, and the diameter of the cilp 3 inches. It weighs 12 ozs. There is a paten which fits the cup, and like it is of silver. This chalice is the property of the parish of Manor- hamilton, or Cloon Clare,1 in the county Leitrim. Bound the upper edge of the cup there is the following inscription : —
^ " ECCLESL33 CLONCLARIENSI D. D. NATHANIEL COME DE LEITRIM ANNO DOMINI MDCCCXXXIX."
The inscription round the base of the chalice is —
" IACOBVS FILIVS DORINI MAC DOMHNAILL ME FIERI FECIT ANNO DNI. 1596."
Below this inscription there is an ornamented band.
At the Art Loan Exhibition, held at Kildare-place, in May, 1886r a large collection of ecclesiastical plate was brought together. Among other objects exhibited was a chalice standing on an hexagonal base, which belonged to the parish of Templeport, in the diocese of Kilmore. We were told in the catalogue that it "is believed to be the only specimen of pre-Beformation plate extant in Ireland."
I think that there can be little doubt that this chalice was remodelled after the Bef ormation, and a new cup added to the stem of a very decided seventeenth-century shape, and quite unlike the small bowl-shaped cups that were in use before the Beformation, a beautiful specimen of which is engraved in Cripps' " Old English Plate" as the chalice of Nettle- combe, in Somerset, which bears the date 1459. An equally beautiful specimen, with ornamental band around the bowl, and richly adorned knob, is to be found illustrating Cripps' s Paper on " Old Church Plate, and how to describe it," in the "Transactions" of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, and is described as part of the plate of Clifford Chambers, bearing date 1494.
Strange to say, amid all the turmoil and confusion of the seventeenth century a remarkable revival of ecclesiastical art workmanship seems to have taken place, and many graceful and artistic chalices, dating from
1 In the Ulster Journal of Archeology for January, 1898, will be found an engraving of a very beautiful little Irish silver chalice, which is at present preserved in the church of Ferny halgh, near Preston. The cup is of the same graceful sixteenth -century bowl- shaped as that of the Cloon Clare chalice. The stem is divided in the middle by a large, richly-chased knob, resembling in shape the knob of the Kilmore chalice, and
terminating in a base of fan-shaped spaces, and beneath all a six-pointed flanged foot. It bears, around the base, the inscription — " Conosus Maguire rex Ferma:
Fermanse me fi. fe. MCCCCCXXIX."
COUNTY WEXFORD AND OTHER CHALICES. 131
that period, have been brought under the notice of the Society, such as the chalice of the abbey of Donegal, which may be dated about the year 1641 ; the chalice of Duiske, or Graignamanagh, " finely and curiously carved," dated 1653 ; the chalice of Holy Cross Abbey, dated 1620 ; the chalice of the abbey of Kilmallock, bearing the date 1639, and several others, of which short notices are to be found in our Journal. To these I would now add a group of chalices at present located in the parish of Kilmore, which is situated on the coast line of the barony of Bargy, in the county of Wexford. The first of these to which I will refer was used in the services of the church of St. Patrick, Kil- more, which is now represented by the remains of the old, grey, weather- worn, tempest-beaten, ruined walls, rendered all the more sad and mournful by the ceaseless sound of the cold waves washing over the dangerous reef of rocks called St. Patrick's bridge, which stretches out to the Saltee Islands. This church is remarkable for containing within its walls one of the few monuments which have survived to the present day of the Norman families who at one time held sway in Wexford. The family of Whittey, that it commemorates,1 were among the earliest Norman settlers who obtained lands in that part of u Obarthi sur la mere," which had formerly been the territory of the tribe or clan of Deegin, or Duggan, and is said to have built the castle of Bally teigue, which is situated not far from the old church. Taking the date on this monument, 1647, and the date on the chalice, 1648, together, I think we will not be far astray if we say that our chalice was the gift of the family of Whittey to their parish church of Kilmore.
This silver chalice, of which I show an illustration, measures 6£ inches in height, and rests upon an hexagonal stem ; live of the fan-shaped compartments of which are plain and undecorated, and one is engraved with a plain Latin cross, having over it the letters INEI on an oblong label. The cross stands on a mound, on which a skull is depicted. The cup is of the seventeenth century, tulip-shaped; the knob, or "knot," of the chalice, which is the most remarkable part of it, is a flattened globe decorated with six quadrangular bosses, placed diamond-wise, each of which was adorned with a jewel (these jewels have all fallen out) ; between the bosses there are six raised elongated quadrangular bosses, each pierced with three holes, and adorned with fine cross hatching.
1 The tomb bears the Whittey arms and the following inscription: — " Hie jacet Walterus Whittey de Balleteigue, &c. Armiger, qui obijt 9 Novembris Anno Doi 1630, et Helena uxor eius Filia Hamundi Stafforde de Ballyconnoure Generosi quee obijt 27th Aprilis Anno Doi 1646, et Catharina Prima Uxor Ricardi Whittey, Armigeri, Filia Phillipi Devereux de Balmagir Armigeri quse obijt 18 AugustiAnno 1646 quorum gratia idem Ricardus primo genitus pcdicti Walteri et Helehse cum uxore sua secunda Catharina Eustace filia Olyveri Eustace de Ballynunry Armigeri ; me fieri fecit 29th January, A. D. 1647. Tee Christian friends in passing by, your prayers wee humbly crave that heere interred expecting Christ a Restinge place may have. And as for them that went before, prayers you may surely yielde the licke of those that are to come expects when you have neede."
132 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The base of the chalice measures 3£ inches across. The stem is hexa- gonal. The cup measures 2£ inches in diameter, 8£ inches in circum- ference, and is 2£ inches deep. Its weight is 5f ozs. and 1£ dwts. It has no hall-mark or maker's mark of any kind. The following inscrip- tion which, owing to the part of the edge which contained the donor's name being broken off, is imperfect, runs around four sides of the base : — " Is qui me renouari fecit in honore S.P. pro parochia de Kilmore A.D. 1648." It is a long cry from the Ardagh chalice of Celtic times to the Kilmore chalice of the seventeenth century, yet there is a link of connexion between them ; for Mr. Johnston, of Grafton-street, who has himself done so much to revive and restore our ancient school of Irish art workmanship, and who has had both cups in his possession, tells me that they are made of the same silver, viz. an alloy of silver, copper, and tin. Could it be that an old Celtic chalice of the " Deegans" had remained hidden away in this remote corner of the county Wexford, and was re-made by the Whitteys into a chalice more suitable for the require- ments of their times, and thus the Celt and the Norman joined hands across the centuries ? This chalice is now in the custody of the Rev. Canon Alexander, rector of Mulrankin.1
The next chalice that I have to describe is connected with another old Norman county Wexford family, the " Maylers.'' I will, therefore, trail it the Mayler chalice.2
The cup of the Mayler chalice measures 2-iV inches in diameter, Til- inches in circumference, and 1-J-f inches deep. The base of the chalice measures 3-^- inches across. The stem and base are hexagonal. It measures nearly 6 inches in height, and bears neither hall nor maker's mark, or inscription. The rim which will be noticed on the cup is a modern addition. The knob of the chalice bears some resemblance to the knob of the Kilmallock chalice ; both are elongated and pear-shaped ; both knobs are ornamented with bosses, on each of which there is a head with renaissance floreation. With this difference, that while the heads on the Kilmallock chalice are believed to be cherubs, the heads on the Mayler chalice seem to be those of some animal conventionalized,
1 To whom I am indebted for permission to have it photographed, and for a description of the ruins of the church of Kilmore, which, owing to the length of this Paper, I am unable to insert.
2 Not so very far from this neighbourhood, in the parish of Fethard, there is a very curious chalice preserved, which was, at one time, used in the neighbouring parish of Templetown. The cup of this chalice shows that the bowl-shaped form was sometimes in use in the seventeenth century, as it bears the date 1639, and the inscription, « Ex dono Nicholai Loftus de Kicloggan Armigeri Anno Salutis 1639 Calix parochialis Ecclesise Beatse Marise Virginis de Templetown in Comitatu Wexfordise." This chalice is 8| inches in height, and has a base the diameter of which is only 3f inches. The foot on which it stands is formed of a succession of small silver shells, and the knob is of a very unusual shape. It bears the arms of Nicholas Loftus, of Fethard, second son of Sir Dudley Loftus. An engraving of it will be found on p. 564, vol. 2, of the * ' Journal of the Association for the Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead."
[To face page 133.
Fig. 1.
tCLOONCLARE OR MANOKHAMILTON CHALICE.
Fig. 2. KILMORE CHALICE.
Fig. 3. MAYLER CHALICE.
Fig. 4. ADARE CHALICE.
COUNTY WEXFORD AND OTHER CHALICES.
133
possibly a leopard's head ; and if so, this might point to the chalice as having been made in London. The family of Mayler, with which this chalice and its memories have been for such a length of time associated, have resided in South Wexford for centuries. They are descended from the Lord Meyler Fitz Henry, one of the heroes of the Conquest, and held the manor of Duncormuck of the king in capite until the time of Colonel Nicholas Meyler, who was taken prisoner in battle by the Crom- wellians and executed. His relative, the Rev. Nicholas Mayler, P.P., of Tomhaggard and Kilmore, fared no better, for he also lost his life at the hands of the Cromwellian soldiers, but not before he had intrusted this chalice to the care of a Mrs. Lambert, one of his congregation, who returned it to the Mayler family, in whose possession it remained for 236 years, at the expiration of which time it was restored to the little chapel of Tomhaggard by the Vener- able Archdeacon Meyler. This family suffered many things at the hands of the Cromwellians, and only pre- served a portion of their property by assigning it to a Protestant Church clergyman, who honestly reconveyed it back to them when times got better.
The third chalice (figure 5) I will call the Kilkenny chalice. It is the property of the Rev. Paul F. Kt'hoe, of Tomhaggard and Kil- more. It has a tulip-shaped cup, slightly engraved at the base with a decoration of half circles, which may be intended to represent the petals of a rose. The stem and foot of the chalice are hexagonal, with plain fan- shaped facets, ex- cept two, on one of which is engraved a figure of the Crucifixion, with the letters INRI on a label over the cross, and on the other the name " O'Beirne." Underneath the foot or base of the chalice the following inscription is distributed on five " squares " : — " P'icius Fitz Geraldinus Pastr Ecclesiae St. Patrici, Kilkenise 1621." There is no hall or maker's mark of any kind. "The chalice stands 6f inches in height, the base measures 3f inches across, the cup measures 2-f- inches in diameter, 8£ inches in circumference, and 2^- inches deep." This chalice has a melon-shaped knob or knot. I have to thank Mr. O'Cullen for kind assistance in collecting information about this and the Mayler chalice.
Fig. 5.— The Kilkenny Chalice.
134 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The question will arise, is the remarkable revival of Ecclesiastical Art workmanship which we observe in the 17th century chalices caused by the superior skill and culture displayed by home workmen, or is the improvement only apparent, and are these chalices really importations from foreign sources. In favour of the foreign origin of the work would be, as a general rule, the absence of hall marks. A Charter establishing the Dublin Assay Office was granted by King Charles I. on the 22nd December, 1638, but the harp, and subsequently the crowned harp, was used as the mark of silver assayed in Dublin long before that. Again, it may be said that the knob of the Kilmore chalice shows a decidedly foreign impress ; and it might be contended that if the revival in art workmanship was a home revival, how is it that 18th century chalices are often such poor tilings? "Why was not the revival sustained ? On the other hand, it might be contended that the absence of the Dublin hall mark does not prove much, as there were doubtless at all times minor centres of silver work in Ireland where such articles might have been made,1 and that in these minor centres the use of assay or hall marks only gradually came in ; while as to the work bearing a foreign impress, a demand for artistic chalices would quickly draw over foreign workmen to assist in their construction, particularly at a time when there was much going to and fro between Ireland and the Continent, so that we might as reasonably expect to find a foreign impress on work made in Ireland as to find a Celtic impress on a cup made in Bavaria in the time of Charlemagne ; and certainly there is a cup of apparently the same school, and probably from the same workshop as the Kilmore chalice in the Science and Art Museum in Kildare-street.
The chief argument in favour of these cups being of foreign origin seems to be the poverty in design displayed in the 18th century chalices, which immediately follow. However, wars and tumults may account for this, as it doubtless does for the scarcity of ancient ecclesiastical plate in Ireland.2
"When the monastic establishments were despoiled, and in some instances this happened twice over, both at the time of their legal sup- pression and at the time of their actual destruction, an immense quantity of Church plate was lost. Take, for instance, a notable instance of this mentioned by John O'Donovan in the Preface to the "Four Masters." He tells us that on the 2nd of August, 1601, the Donegal friars fled from their monastery into the fastnesses of the country, carrying with them,
1 Mr. Robert Bay, r.s.A., states that, in the early part of the seventeenth century, even such a notable centre of silver manufacture as Cork (city), had no goldsmiths' guild, and consequently no hall-, or guild-marks, were impressed on the silver manu- factured there.—" The Altar Plate of the Franciscan Church," by R. Day, r.s.A.
~ In the great English county of Gloucestershire, rich in church buildings and possessions, only two specimens of pre-Rt-furmation chalices were known to exist in the year 1894, one in private hands, and the other in the possession of the parish of Clifford Chambers, where it is still in use. — "Transactions" of the Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society.
COUNTY WEXFORD AND OTHER CHALICES. 135
among other things, sixteen silver chalices, which were probably deposited with them for safe keeping from all the country around. He further tells us that these chalices afterwards fell into the hands of Oliver Lambert, governor of Connaught, who converted them to profane uses. Multiply instances such as this almost indefinitely, and you will then find it easy to account for the scarcity of Church plate in this country. In fact, Irish ecclesiastical edifices have been wrecked so often, that the wonder is that any specimens of flotsam or jetsam from the wrecks remains to be brought under your notice.
Three other seventeenth-century chalices that still exist in the county Wexford, have been brought under my notice : —
The St. Leonard's Chalice (near Fethard) is of silver ; heightr 8£ inches ; diameter of cup, 3£ inches ; diameter of base, 3|- inches. The knob is unusually large, and elaborately embossed. The base is divided into six panels, every alternate one being vacant. The first engraved panel has a representation of the Crucifixion on it, with spear, sponge, and ladder. The second engraved panel has depicted on it a heart, pierced by three nails, surrounded by lilies ; over it the letter* M A R and a crown. On the third panel there is a figure holding a cross in his left hand, and a lamb under his right arm. The lamb holds a standard. This chalice bears the inscription — " OKA PRO . GVLIEL . DANIEL . ET . vxoRE . Eivs JVAN . 1637." Then follows in later letter- ing " OBIT . H^C 18 JVLY 1668 ILLE . VERO . 31 MAE . ANNO DN 1673."
The Esmonde Chalice, which is in the private chapel at Ballyna- stragh, near Gorey. This chalice is of silver, with a tulip-shaped cup, and a hexagonal base. It stands 8 inches high. Each of the hexagonal panels is divided from the adjoining one by a scroll. The panels run up the stem half way, and terminate in a circular knob, ornamented with four square bosses. On one panel of the base there is an engraving of the Crucifixion, with the instruments of the Passion on either side of the cross (the ladder, the spear, the hammer, the scourge). The feet of our blessed Saviour rests on a skull, which is placed immediately under the cross. A. moulding of pierced work runs around the base, and immediately above it there is the following inscription : — " ORATE PRO
ANIMA MORIARTI HEU ERIN SACERDOTIS QUI ME FIERI FECIT ANNO DONE
1636."
The New Ross Franciscan Convent Chalice. — This chalice is preserved at the chapel of Bally fad, near Gorey, and is of silver. In shape and measurement it resembles the Ballynastragh chalice. Around the base there is the inscription — " TO THE FRANCISCAN CONVENT, NEW ROSS." The base rests on a foot, composed of ten semicircular leaves (shells ?), like the Templetown chalice. On these leaves there is the following inscrip- tion (a word on each leaf): — "THE GIFT OF RICHARD BUTLER AND AN. BUTLER HIS WIFE." This probably is the Butler whose name occurs in
136 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the " Depositions " in Trinity College, Dublin, concerning the 1641 period. The knob of this chalice resembles the Kilmore chalice, in that it shows vacancies in six diamond-shaped bosses, that were, at one time, filled either with enamel or jewels.
ADDED IN THE PRESS.
The Quin Chalice at Adare. — The Society is indebted to Mr. George J. Hewson for a photograph of this chalice, which is preserved in the Roman Catholic Church at Adare, and also for the following measure- ments and particulars : — Total height, 9-iV inches ; interior depth of <jup, 3 inches ; diameter of cup, 3£ inches ; diameter of foot, 5^ inches ; weight exactly 15 oz. averdupoise. Beneath the foot, just inside the «dge, there is the following inscription : — " EX DONO THAIDAI QUIN
ARMIGERI DE ADARE IN PERPETUUM VSVM PAROCHLE SANCTI NICHOLAI DE
ADARE ANNO DNi 1726 ORATE PRO EG." Unfortunately there is no hall- mark to tell us where this beautiful specimen of silver plate was manufactured, but there is, Mr. Hewson tells us, a maker's mark, con- sisting of a Koman capital B. The Irish date letter for 1726 would be an old English capital F, so that all this cup can be held to prove is that fine specimens of the silversmith's work were known, even if they were not made in Ireland, in the eighteenth century.
Remarkable Chalices. — Miss M. Stokes, in " Six Months in the Apennines," p. 179, states that, in the year 1354, the wooden cup preserved in the monastery of Bobbio, out of which St. Columban drank, was enriched with a silver band, and formed into a chalice. In the year 1897 an iron chalice-shaped cup was found at Dromineer, on Lough Derg. It is 9£ inches in height, and is profusely covered with raised ornamentation, in which cross crosslets predominate.
[To face page 137.
( 137 )
THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE PASSION.
By MISS MARGARET STOKES. [Read MARCH 29th, 1898.]
^T^HE tourist in the midland counties of Ireland, if given to exploring the old churchyards he passes on his way, cannot fail to be struck by the number of mediaeval tombs to be met with on which the Instru- ments of the Passion are sculptured. This is especially the case in the counties of Kilkenny, Carlow, and in the south-west portion of Kildare. "We have noticed them in numbers in the cathedral and ruined churches of the town of Kilkenny, and seen instances of these sculptures at Callan, Inistiogue, and elsewhere ; but the most complete collection of
Instruments of the Passion on the Tomb of William Fitzgerald, Kilkea, A. D. 1623.
these symbols we know of appears on the tomb of William Fitzgerald, in the ruined church of Kilkea Castle, county Kildare. The tomb is now built into the corner of the ruin, so that only the west end and north side are visible. The Crucifixion of our Lord is carved on the west end, and the north side is divided into three round arches, the spaces beneath which are filled in with the following signs : —
1. The Cross.
2. The Crown of Thorns.
3. Pincers and the Holy Nails.
4. 5. Hammers.
6. Cup on a Pole.
7. The Lance.
8. Sponge on a Pole.
9. Candle, or Lantern.
10. The Holy Ladder.
11. Palm Branch.
12. Handkerchief of Veronica,
Veil of Veronica.
oi-
lS. Kobe without Seam, or the Holy Shroud.
14. Basin and Jug in which Pilate
washed his Hands.
15. Thirty Pieces of Silver.
16. Sword of Peter.
17. Ear which Peter cut off.
18. Hand that Smote Christ
19. Dice for Casting Lots.
20. Column and Rope.
21. Cock.
22. Knotted Cords ) for Flagel-
23. Bunches of Eeeds j lation.
138 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The only objects missing, to make the series quite complete, are — the Scroll, or Title of the Cross, written in three languages ; the Thorn ; the Three Robes, Tunic, Cassock, and Mantle ; the Belt, or Scarf, round the Loins ; Shoes; and the " Sagrocatino," or vessel, in which Christ first offered His Blood to His disciples.
St. Bernard, of Clairvaux, has been represented, in Christian icono- graphy, as pressing a number of these instruments to his breast, and holding them aloft in his arms, as if they were a bundle l of palm branches — signifying, in this manner, that, to him, they are not merely signs of mortification and suffering, but also, as he himself has said, signs worn upon his breast, the breath of whose perfumes each moment renews his
St. Bernard of Clairveaux.
courage. In this picture twelve, out of the twenty -four symbols, are grouped together — 1. The Scroll. 2. Crown of Thorns. 3. Ladder. 4. Cross. 5. Sponge. 6. Lance. 7. Column. 8. Flagellum. 9. Ham- mer. 10. Dice. 11. Reeds. 12. Nails.2
There are several pictures of the Cologne School in the Museum of Cologne representing a bishop saying Mass before an altar, on which stands our Lord showing His wounds, and surrounded by the Instru- ments of the Passion. This subject, writes Lady Eastlake, "is also frequently seen in miniatures, woodcuts, and engravings of the fifteenth
1 Fascia, fasciculus. "This fanciful play upon words," says Dr. Eales, "can hardly be translated."
2LeP. Ch. Cahier, " Caracteristiques des Saints," page 283. " Cantica Canti- corum," by St. Bernard. Sermons, translated by S. J. Eales, D.C.L., page 266.
THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE PASSION. 139
century." In a picture of the School of Mending is an illustration of the Mass of St. Gregory ; we see in the background the cross, the column, the lance, the sponge, the three nails, the hammer, the Veronica veil, the holy robe, the reed, the hand of St. Peter.
One of the strangest applications of the Instruments of the Passion is the subject called " The Arms of Christ." Here we have a selection of these instruments wrought up into the form of shield, helmet, and crest, with our Lord and the Virgin as supporters. It seems to have been of German origin, and to have arisen at the time when the Germans were in the habit of receiving commissions to engrave the arms and mottoes of guilds and wealthy families.1
The question now arises as to why this custom, in Ireland, of repre- senting these Instruments of the Passion, seems to be confined to the localities above specified, principally in the district of Ossory, on the Ormonde estates, and also to have prevailed at a period embracing the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. On the Continent the custom appears to have been characteristic of German and Flemish art, and it would be a curious subject for investigation to inquire as to whether the introduction of this custom in Ireland may not be traceable to some special German or Flemish influences at work in the country at this period.
In the Transactions of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, vol. i., p. 37, Mr. J. Prim describes a colony of Flemish mechanics who settled near the town of Kilkenny, " but," he adds, "it is impossible to give the exact date at which they first came over." The earliest mention found by him of this settlement is contained in a deed of the thirteenth year of Edward III. (1339), preserved in the evidence chamber of Kilkenny Castle, which refers to the town of Flemings, in Kilkenny (in Villa Flaming or urn Kilkennie). This colony was removed from the neighbourhood of the first settlement before the reign of Henry V. (1413).
Then, in the year 1541, Sir James Ware, in his " Annals of Ireland," informs us that Piers, Earl of Ormonde, and his Lady, Margaret Fitz- gerald, established Flemish workmen at Kilkenny. This was the Red Earl, Piers Roe (Petrus Rufus), eighth Earl of Ormonde. In Richard Lawless's " Ormonde Pedigree," which was probably compiled under James I., and the MS. of which is in Lord Bessborough's possession, we read the following : —
" The said Earl and Countess planted great civility in the counties of Tipperary and Kilkenny, and to give good example to the people of that country, brought out of Flanders, and other countries, divers artificers, who were daily kept at work by them in their castle at Kilkenny, where they wrought, and made diaper, tapestry, Turkey carpets,
1 " History of Our Lord inArt," vol. ii., pp. 369-371.
140 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
cushions, and other like works, whereof some do remain as yet with the Earl of Ormonde."
Again we read, in Carte's " Ormonde," that, in 1667, the great Duke of Ormonde brought over from Flanders a number of Walloon weavers.
I may not seem rash to suggest that carvers and sculptors, as well as proficients in other arts of design, may have been included in this band of Flemish artificers who settled in Ireland at this period, and to whom we may attribute the introduction of these curious symbols, which formed the background of representations of the Mass in Flemish art, but were used as sepulchral symbols in those parts of Ireland bordering on the Flemish settlements.
It is to be regretted that very little information can be added as to the history of the monument here illustrated. William Fitzgerald, to whose memory it is inscribed, died about the year 1632. He lived at Castleroe, the ruins of which house are still standing, about two miles south of Kilkea Castle. His first wife was named Juane Keiling, and his second Cislie Geidons. He had a son named Gerote M'William, of Castlerowe, who was killed at the battle of Kilrush, in the county of Kildare, in the year 1641, while fighting on the side of the Confederate Catholics.
In conclusion, I beg to offer my thanks to Lord Walter Fitz Gerald for his careful rubbings of the sculptures and inscription on this monu- ment ; and to Mr. Richard Bagwell, of Clonmel, for information as to the history of the Flemish settlement in Kilkenny.
NOTES FROM THE DIARY OF A DUBLIN LADY IN THE REIGN OF GEORGE II.
BY H. F. BERRY, M.A.
[Read MARCH 29, 1898.]
AMONG many private account books and ledgers, which had long lain in offices now abolished, and which were transferred to the Record Office with the official records of those departments, is a series of nine domestic account books, kept by Mrs. Katherine Bayly, whose husband, John Bayly, held the pose of Deputy Clerk of the Pells, an appointment in the Court of Exchequer, connected with the Treasury, Dublin Castle.1 The books extend from 16th October, 1721 (probably the date of their marriage, as Mrs. Bayly notes a gift of 10 guineas from her husband on that day, "to begin, as he said, my private purse") to 1774, when she died, but the first vol. (1721-1744) contains little of interest. Mr. Bayly died in 1753, so the accounts practically deal with the period of Mrs. Bayly's widowhood.
With such scrupulous accuracy and particularity are the accounts kept, and so full of comments and explanations are they, that the series forms a perfect diary or narrative of events from day to day, and the writer appears to have been a woman of more than ordinary business capacity. An analysis of the diary may interest the members present at this evening meeting, as its pages paint a vivid picture of the daily life and surroundings of a family of position in the city 150 years ago, giving some idea of their occupations and amusements, the books they read, the people they met, and the conditions of life generally in Dublin during the reign of the second George.
The family resided in Peter-street, which at the time was the place of abode of many members of the legal profession, in both its branches ; they were members of the congregation of St. Bride's, where they had a pew, and in whose vaults was their burial place. In 1754, a sum of 5*. 4d. was paid for paving the front of the Peter-street house, 28 yards, pursuant to a summons from the Lord Mayor, and there is a note to the effect that almost every front in the street was paved at the same time. Hearth money was regularly paid for the house, and in July, 1754, seven hearths, at 2s. each, were settled for, Mrs. Bayly making a note that the back-kitchen chimney had been stopped. The house was furnished with a wine cellar, and in 1756 is found a memorandum of the manner in
1 The clerk of the Pells entered all the Tellers' bills in a parchment roll, called pellis receptorum — hence the official title.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. II., OTH SER. M
142 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
which the wine was laid down, which gives some idea of what was in general use at the period. In the left hand hin, the oldest claret, 18 quarts ; white wine in pints to the front, red, black, and green seals; bottled ale next ; and Mr. Hartley's clarets at the back, in pints and quarts. Middle bin : in the corner, Mr. Tew's claret, 3 dozen quarts and 4 dozen pints ; hock, white wine, meath, currant wine, and on the floor cider, and four bottles of "my son's champagne." Mr. Gustavus Brooke was paid 18s. per dozen for mountain Malaga, an entry which proves the firm of that name to have been a very old established one here.
Apropos of the mention of wine, Mrs. Bayly on one occasion made her daughter-in-law (who had been a Miss Tew) a present of some china, which cost £2 5.9. 6^., in return for hock sent her when ill of the jaun- dice. From the Memoirs of Tate Wilkinson, the actor, published in 1791, it appears that during his first visit to Dublin in the winter of 1757-8, he had a fever, which lasted three weeks. He says, "Mr. Chaigneau often used to joke and say what an expensive guest I was to him, in old' hock ; the quantity I drank in whey, by his account, was incredible." So that hock at this time must have been used as a remedy.
For some years before Mr. Bayly's death, the family had a country residence at Milltown, and in 1745, a number of articles were purchased for its furnishing. While there, they attended Divine Service at Donny- brook church.
Harold's Cross was frequently ordered for change of air by Dublin physicians of the day, and before his death, Mr. Bayly was sent there. On his death, in April, 1753, the family pew was draped in mourning, at a cost of £1 Is. In 1754, the family went again to Harold's Cross, and the entry in reference to this visit is interesting : " Coach hire, when all the girls and I went to look at lodgings at Harold's Cross, and to take the air at Templeogue, 2|- hours, 2*. 4%d. Have this day agreed with Mrs. Middleton, for two middle rooms, the street closet, use of the parlour and kitchen, with a bed for my man servant, the dairy and leave to walk when we please in the garden, at the rate of 15s. a week, and gave her earnest 2s. 8^." On this occasion they went in coaches each Sunday to different churches, viz. St. Peter's, Rathfarnham, and Donny- brook, and one day paid Is. Id. for going with Mrs. Middleton to a Quaker's wedding — possibly, their landlady was a member of the Society of Friends.
The Baylys did not seem to leave home very often, but in 1761, Mrs. Bayly and her daughter went with some friends to the Co. Wicklow. They travelled in a post-chaise to Tinnehinch, breakfasted, dined, and had tea at Bray ; they also saw Powerscourt, the house, and the Dargle glen; which little "outing" cost £2 Os. 9d. On another occasion they went to Stacumney ; and when one of the daughters of the house married Mr. Fish, of Castle Fish, Co. Kildare, they occasionally went down in a post-chaise, with a servant behind, staying en route at Naas.
DIARV OP A DUBLIN LADY IN REIGN OF GEORGE II. 143
In these days of High Schools, Intermediate Examinations, and Ladies' Colleges, some of the entries concerning the education of the Misses Bayly read ludicrously. The " Parents' Weekly Present" was procured for "Miss Grace Bayly at a cost of 10$., and one Mr. Haskins charged £1 2s. 9$. entrance for teaching tlie five girls to write. To this entry is appended a memorandum: "I am to give a guinea a quarter for the three biggest girls, and what I please for the other two, say — a crown a quarter more for them." In May, 1754, Miss Elizabeth Bayly ended a course of writing and ciphering with Mr. Matthew Haskins, being (as her mother testifies in the diary) ' * perfect as far as ye rule of subtrac- tion." A little later on, accomplishments were attended to, and the young ladies had dancing lessons; £1 2s. 9$. was paid Mr. Murphy for teaching Elizabeth and Nancy to sing and play on the spinnet ; a spinnet was purchased for £2 15s, at an auction, tuned at Mr. Goteer's, and Mr. Murphy supplied a music book.
While the young people's heads were not burdened with overmuch study, their amusements were not neglected, as the following entries show: "For the children and servants seeing the little woman, Mrs. Katherine Herbert, alias Hume, Is. 7±d." "Mr. Bayly, I and all the children, seeing the show of the Prospectives, 2s." (As to the nature of this show, I can offer no suggestion.) "For seeing ledgerdemain tricks at Milltown, 3s. 4$." Possibly, also for the children was provided " a second-hand pack of cards, 6$."
Among the books mentioned in this diary are Young's Night Thoughts, Harvey's Meditations, which cost 2s. 8$., and Bisse's Beauty of Holiness, Is. 4$. When her son, Thomas Bayly, married Miss Katherine Tew in 1749, his mother notes that she sent him home all the books she had belonging to him, namely, Shakspere, female Spectator, Cornelia, and Charlotte Summers. He took a house at Raheny, and the family frequently dined and spent days there. In 1747, Mr. George Faulkner (the proprietor of Faulkner's Journal] is set down as receiving from Mrs. Bayly portion of the subscription money for a book called a " Short History of Man, Is. 7£$. When I get the book, I am to give 13$. more." In 1751, three books were procured for the use of the servants and family : The Pious Country Parishioner, The Great Import- ance of a Religious Life, and New Weetfs Preparation. Not until 1756 does another entry of a book appear, and then Mr. Ewing is paid Is. 6d. for Tate and Brady's Version of the Psalms. The Ladies' Monitor and the King of Prussia's Confession of Faith are next procured. Miss Bayly paid Mr. Watts, in Skinners'-row, 10s. 10$. for 4 vols. of the "Belle Assem- blee," "not entered before, because I had thoughts of changing them."
The lending library was an institution of those days, as the next entry is: " One week's reading the Guinea, do. Henrietta and Frederick the Forsaken, and Charlotte Villars, two weeks in all, Is. Id. After such works, it is refreshing to come across a classic, and one is glad to find
M 2
144 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
13s. 6d. spent on three volumes of the Rambler. This high level; was not long maintained, however, for we descend to Dodd On Death, and an Address to Persons of Quality. Later on, Mrs. Bayly took a really high flight in the regions of literature. Mr. Ross, of Grafton-street, supplied her with Tales of the Genii, and a sum of 11^. was expended on eleven days' reading of Pope's Letters and Homer's Iliad. During the succeeding weeks, as an antidote, novel reading was indulged in, and 13d. was paid for perusals of Clarissa and " Celenia and Adrastus." A distinctly religious tone is sometimes observable, as there is a course of Ellis' Whole Religion of a Christian, Fordyce's Sermons to Young Women, the Bishop of Cloyne's Exhortation to the Romish Clergy, the Bishop of London's Letter to the Clergy and People of London, and the Bishop of Sodor and Man on the Sacraments. Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds, the works of Madame de Sevigne, the Marquis of Rossell, Wilkes' Letter of Advice, and the Grecian Daughter well nigh complete the list of books mentioned. The newspaper of the day was not forgotten, for as early as 1749, Mrs. Bayly advanced her newswoman 2s. 2d., amount for a quarter's news, which she paid off in papers.
With regard to the question of domestic servants, many entries tend to show that it must have been quite as burning a one then as now ; but while several maids were parted with for " saucy tongues," drink, &c., faithful service was rewarded. The Baylys had in their family for years a confidential man-servant — one Phil. Connolly by name — who died suddenly in 1756, and the notices of the occurrence show that like a true-born Irishwoman, his mistress was anxious that everything should be conducted in proper style on the occasion. "Mr. O'Burn, the surgeon, for bleeding him in both arms, when we found him dead, 2s. 2d. Cash to his wife to provide things for his wake, besides sending candles, sheets, and other necessaries, 5s. 5d. Paid Ben, Mr. Lodge's man, when he paid for a room to wake poor Phil in, and for drink he gave the men that carried the corpse, 3s. 4rf."
Fosterage appears to have been still in vogue in Ireland in these days, as there are notices of money presents to the foster-father of some of the children. Dick Walshe, Betty's foster-father, got 2s. 2d. when he brought potatoes and had a gift on another occasion (29th September, Michaelmas Day), when he appeared with a goose and bareenbrack.
Mrs. Bayly bestowed many sums of 2s. 8%d. on nurses, when she paid congratulatory visits on the arrival of " little strangers," and the black- mail levied on the occasion of the christening of her son's first child, to whom she was godmother, was decidedly heavy : two nurses were paid sums of £1 2s. 9d. each, and 11s. 4%d. was bestowed on Mr. Taaffe, the nurse-keeper !J Mr. Ralph Grattan, of the Blue-coat Hospital, baptized the infant.
We must now turn to the amusements and social life of the family, who seem to have been ardent patrons of the drama, attending the best
DIARY OF A DUBLIN LADS' IN RElON OP GEORGE II. 145
plays produced in Dublin at a period wheu the city was identified with all that was highest in the annals of the stage. At the rere of the Blind Quay, on the spot where stands the Roman Catholic church of St. Michael and St. John, the ground covered by the pit being now used as vaults, Smock-alley Theatre was for more than a hundred years the principal theatre in Ireland. It was opened about 1662 by John Ogilby, Muster of the Revels, and in 1720 its management was in the hands of Thomas Elrington, a famous actor, whose family are frequently mentioned by Mrs. Bayly in connexion with the theatre. Here Thomas Sheridan, son of Swift's friend, made his first appearance, in 1743, as Richard the 7'hird, and Spranger Barry, the great tragedian, appeared in 1744 as Othello. Immediately after its production in London, in 1757, Home's tragedy of Douglas was brought out at Smock-alley, and the popular comedian, Tate Wilkinson, was at the house in 1757-60. HenryMossop, the tragedian, undertook the management in 1760, and in 1763-4, the great attraction was Macklin, during whose engagement was produced his True-lorn Irishman, which was an immediate success.
In 1757-8, a new theatre was erected on the site of the old Crow- street Music Hall, the joint managers of which were Spranger Barry and Henry "Woodward, and the keenest competition sprang up between the rival houses. Arthur Murphy's Orphan of China, which had created a great sensation in London, was produced almost simultaneously in both, but Smock-alley had the start, and the performances there, set at enormous expense, drew immense audiences.
The Bayly family witnessed the production of all these plays, and there is frequent mention in the Diary of the names noted in this short sketch, for the particulars of which I am indebted to Sir John Gilbert's fasci- nating chapters on the Play Houses in his "History of Dublin." At this period, the theatres were lighted by tallow candles, stuck in tin circles, which hung from the middle of the stage ; on great occasions, or as a special tribute to Shakspere, when his plays were presented, the house was lighted with wax. The galleries were generally very noisy, and the company that filled the boxes went, as a rule, dressed very finely. A box ticket cost 5s. 5d., a lower gallery one 4s. 4d., and admission to the pit cost 3s. 3d.
The first play named is the Busy Body, then comes Tamerlane,1 and though there are two or three famous dramas of the name, no doubt this was the play written by Rowe, which was a great favourite with the Whigs, having been intended by its author as a satire on Louis XIV., who is supposed to be represented by Bejazet. Macbeth was produced on bth December, 1749, and Otway's tragedy of the Orphan, or the Unhappy Marriage, in 1750. Mrs. Woffington acted as Hermione in the Distressed
1 This play was performed at the Tholsel in November, 1712, on the occasion of a great entertainment.
146 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Mother, in October, 1751, and on this occasion three members of the Bayly family attended the performance. Henry the Eighth was acted in 1753, on which occasion Miss Nancy Bayly was treated to the gallery by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Forster, and her careful mother was under the necessity of recording only 6%d. for chair hire to the play-house. In 1755, a party (among them Mrs. Smith, "the Bishop of Down's lady") went to a performance of the Royal Merchant, or Beggar's Bush. This was the play in which Pepys saw female actors for the first time.
Occasionally the family attended the Philharmonic Subscription Concerts, and the Marlboro' Gardens were resorted to in the evenings on special occasions ; while Mosse's Gardens (now known as the Rotunda Gardens) appear to have been a favourite place of entertainment, especially on nights when the grounds were illuminated. Then there was a performance of the Messiah, at the Round Church, for the benefit of Mercer's Hospital, and a rehearsal of the same oratorio at the Music Hall on December 12th, 1753, the tickets for which were presented to the Misses Bayly by Mr. Kelly, their dancing master. On 13th May, 1755, Romeo and Juliet was performed for Ellington's benefit, and this summer the family often went to Mosse's Gardens, on one occasion to see the Marquis of Hartmgton, and on another, the Duke and Duchess of Bedford.
Mrs. Bayly and her daughters went the round of the fashionable drums and assemblies, when card playing in a mild form was indulged in, and such entries as the following are often met : "Lost at cards at Mrs. Lodge's drum, 2*. 2d. ; paid for the cards, 6^." "Won at Mrs. Benson's, after paying for the cards, 3s. 9^." " Lost nt Mrs. Cromie's drum, at the game of Pope Joan, Is. 4%d." The plays of Coriolanus, Comus, and Zara were witnessed in 1756, and one day, all went for two hours' drive in the Park, to take the air, and see the Camp there.
The young ladies were now grown up, and about to enter society, and Miss Nancy Bayly was to be presented at Court. What a flutter of feminine excitement there must have been when Mr. M'Dermott earned an honest 2s. 2d. for "cutting and dressing her hair the French way the day Mrs. Waite was to present her to the Duchess of Dorset !" Prior to this, the startling entry is met with: " Curling tongs, 8d., bought by Nancy in Hell." A very suggestive entry! but all acquainted with old Dublin are well aware that this name had long been given to a narrow passage near Christ Church, where there were some shops. On another occasion, a flambeau was paid for, when Miss Elizabeth Bayly went to a ball at the Castle, and Mrs. Waite took the young ladies to the Castle festivities on the occasion of the Birthday Ode. They seem to have attended the Castle frequently, and once chair hire to Mrs. Waite's (who acted as chaperone) is noted, but Mrs. Bayly remarks that her daughter came home in the Attorney-General's coach, with Miss Flood. The Right lion. Thomas Waite had been one of the Secretaries to the Lords
DIARY OF A DUBLIN LADY IN REIGN OF GEORGE II. 147
Justices, and subsequently became Under- Secretary ; his wife, Mrs. Lucy AVaite, held the post of house-keeper and wardrobe-keeper in Dublin Castle, a sinecure office, with good salary attached, held by ladies of position.
An entry which excites curiosity is this : "To my Lord Lieutenant's servant, when he brought me a cross for St. Patrick's Day, 4s. 0£d. ;" and again, "2s. 8%d. for Bessy, when my Lord Lieutenant's servant brought her a St. Andrew's cross." Vails to servants are of frequent occurrence, and wherever the family went, their amounts are carefully set down. In 1755, Mrs. Bayly was declared entitled to a pension, and that there must have been a considerable amount of talk and conjecture over her chances of succeeding in it is plain from the following: "A crown given Mrs. Waite's man, when he brought me word of my pension being granted." "To Mrs. Waite's other servant, whom I promised to remember, if I succeeded in my pension, 2s. 8^." ; and 6s. 6d. was expended on the household servants in giving them a treat on the same occasion.
The Baylys were on very intimate terms with the family of James Grattan, King's Counsel and Kecorder of Dublin, father of the illustrious Henry Grattan, who was born in 1746. The Grattans resided in Stafford- street, and the Baylys frequently dined and attended assemblies there. A tribute to Grattan's kindly feeling towards them is thus recorded : "Paid £1 11s. 6d. for a silver shape, a present to Counsellor Grattan's daughter, as he never would take anything, when applied to, on account of the children's affairs." When Mrs. Bayly dined at the Lord Chief Baron's my Lord's servants got 2s. 2^., and when she and her daughter dined at the Lord Chancellor's, they gave " Mr. Norman, the butler, 2s. 2^., and another footman of my Lord's Is. 1^." The Chief Baron and Lord Chancellor named here were one and the same person. John Bowes held the former office from 1741 to 1757, and he became Lord Bowes of Clonlyon and Lord Chancellor in 1757, holding office till 1767. Once, when Miss Nancy Bayly accompanied Mrs. Waite to a ball at the Castle, her mother and sister Elizabeth went to the gallery, and the matter-of-fact old lady sets down that she gave 2s. 8^. to the man that let them in, because they had no tickets — a flagrant instance of venality on the part of an official of Dublin Castle, even though a back- stairs one ! They also attended the Lady Mayoress' balls, and sometimes went to hear debates in the Parliament House. Another of the excite- ments was breakfasting with Mr. Hastings, a Fellow of Trinity, when they saw the " curiosities," as Mrs. Bayly puts it.
Spelling was not one of the good lady's strong points, for she records their having attended a concert of " Asses (Acis) and Galatea," with a ball after, for the benefit of the widows of vicars choral of Christ Church and St. Patrick's. A cousin was brought to see the Puppet Show,-and in 1761, Mrs. Bayly and Miss Bayly dined at Mr. Atfield's, and witnessed
148 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the fireworks in the Green on the occasion of the coronation of King George the Third. Soon after, the family went to see the Lord Lieutenant go to Parliament. In August, 1759, payment had been made for eighteen tin sockets for illuminating the windows. Illumi- nations were, no doubt, general in that year of victory.
The Misses Elizabeth and Nancy Bayly were married, the former to George Boleyn "Whitney of New Pass, Co. Westmeath, and the latter to- Robert Fish, of Castle Fish, county Kildare, High Sheriff for the county in 1754. There is a characteristic entry as to the Fish alliance, showing how careful and business like a mother Mrs. Bayly was. " For fees to ye offices of record for an enquiry about Mr. Fish's estate, ISs. 6%d." Mr. and Mrs. Whitney and Mr. and Mrs. Fish were frequently in Dublin afterwards with their families, and Mrs. Bayly spent a good deal of time with them ; she appears to have had a very commendable practice of giv- ing them " tips," of which the following is an instance : " To a guinea, given my daughter Fish, towards her entertainment of Mr Burke and Lord Milltown's family, when Mr. Jack Burke was married to Lady Mary Leeson." In 1770, when Mrs. Fish's boys were growing up, Mrs. Bayly gave their mother some money to adorn her son John for acting the part of Marcia in the play of Cato, and was then treated to a dress rehearsal at her own house; she gave a sum of £1 2s. 9d.} to be laid out in books, &c., when the two young Fishes came to see her in the dresses they wore in the characters of Marcia and Juba, and repeated their parts.
On 25th February, 1758, Tate Wilkinson's benefit play of Jane Shore and the farce, Tom Thumb, were produced, and Mr. T. P. Le Fanu, a member who has contributed to our Journal some admirable papers, has- kindly favoured me with an extract from Wilkinson's Memoirs (i. 164), telling the story of this night, when the Bayly family were present : — " I fixed on Jane Shore and Tom Thumb for my play and farce the night allotted to me, Saturday, February 25th, 1758. . . Hastings by Mr. Wilkinson : Shore, by Mr. Dexter : Jane Shore, by Miss Phillip, and Alicia by Mrs. Fitz Henry. . . . From the exertions of Mr. Chaig- neau, Lord Forbes and my long list of more than common friends, my boxes were rapidly taken, and for want of places in that circle, no less than seven rows of the pit were added and railed in at box prices, which are the same as in London ; indeed more, as every shilling goes in Ireland as thirteen pence. Mr. Chaigneau paid me forty guineas for tickets ; the whole receipt of the house (not then so large as it was made by Mossop afterwards) was £154, and an overflow from every part of the theatre : gold tickets to a considerable amount not only from my friends and some persons of distinction, but particularly from the gentlemen of the army, over whom Mr. Chaigneau' s situation as principal agent gave him great sway, and he paid visits everywhere for the purpose of serving me. . . . With the manager's consent and Mr. Dexter's approbation, I wore Mr. Dexter's grand suit, which was blue satin, richly trimmed with
DIARY OF A DUBLIN LADY IN REIGN OF GEORGE II. 149
silver, looked very elegant, and what was better, fitted me exactly.'* In the farce of Tom Thumb, Wilkinson appeared as Queen Lolalolla. and mimicked the celebrated Peg "Woflington, to the great amusement of the audience. The gold tickets mentioned by him were presents which it was customary to give to favourite actors on their benefit nights.
Next came Henry the Fifth ; and the first plays attended in the new Crow-street Theatre in 1759 were A Bold Stroke fora Wife, and. For tuna - tus; Samlet was produced on 6th December of that year. In 1761 came the Tempest, and Henry the Fourth (with the coronation), Etheredge's Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter, with the farce of the French lady never at Paris. About this period, a farce seems to have invariably been produced in addition to the play of the evening, and some of them were essentially Irish, as Sir Callaghan 0' Bralaghan, the Dargle, and Macklin's True born Irishman.
The charitable institutions of Dublin and the efforts made to support them are frequently mentioned in the account books. In 1755, Mrs. Bayly paid for tickets in Dr. Eartholomew Mosse's lottery for the hospi- tal now known as the Rotunda, which at its foundation in 1745, by that benevolent physician, had been situated in George's-lane (now South Great George' s-street). There was also a lottery for St. Nicholas' Hospi- tal in Francis-street, opened in 1753, and another on the plan of Dr. Swift's for the relief of poor industrious tradesmen. In August, 1755, the family spent £2 8s. 9d. in lotteries for the better support of the Charitable Infirmary on the Inns Quay, which had been started in 1728, Mercer's Hospital and the Hospital for Incurables. The first-named was opened in 1734, and Watson's Almanac a few years later in noticing it, says that its chief support was derived from a yearly benefit arising from a cathedral service in St. Michan's church. " The trustees have built a considerable addition on ground given by the Archdeacon of Dublin, which holds forty-six beds, with conveniency for bathing and sweating. Such persons as send old linen for dressing will do a great act of charity, and the steward has orders to pay carriage,"
In 1743, the Charitable Musical Society, Crow-street, resolved to appropriate its funds to a Hospital for Incurables, and in 1750, "Watson's Almanac states that there were 20 patients in the house (which had been taken in Fleet- street), maintained, furnished with clothes and neces- saries, * ' and when they die they get coffins, and are decently buried. Vagabonds, who will not be subject to the rules of the house, are sent to the workhouse." In 1764, the Baylys attended the Foundling Hospital chapel, when Mr. Marlay preached, and they also visited the Poor-house and Foundling Hospital, which was situated at the west end of James's- street, where they saw the children at work. A special visit also was paid to the Eanelagh Gardens, where an entertainment was given for the benefit of the Asylum for Penitents, and a guinea was sent to Lady Arabella Denny, whose name is still remembered in connexion with the
150 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
founding of the Magdalen Asylum. Performances at the theatre in aid of charities were constantly given ; and it was appropriate that one should have been held at Mossop's house (Smock-alley) in 1764, for the benefit of the orphans of one Eaton, a butcher, who with his wife was crushed to death, on an alarm of fire being raised in Crow-street Theatre, when the whole audience rushed out in terror. Gilbert notices this circumstance, and states that only two lives were sacrificed on the occasion. The play produced for this benefit was the Orphan, or the Unhappy Marriage.
Mrs. Bayly seems to have had very sufficient means, and sought to invest her money prudently. In April, 1754, she paid Mr. George Faulkner £1 Is. 8d. for advertising twice a week in the Dublin Journal, a sum of £2500 to be lent on good security, the rate for advertisements being 5s. 5d. the first sixteen appearances, and 13d. every subsequent insertion, Mrs. Bayly further notes that she paid chair hire to the Treasury (the offices of which were situated in Dublin Castle) when she invested £200 in two debentures at 5 per cent. " "Walked home, but the money was so heavy, I could not walk going."
Whenever Mrs. Bayly mentioned any tradesman, haberdasher, milliner, &c., she nearly always added the sign of the shop, and the street in which it was situated: not only this, but she jotted down the hotels, inns, and lodgings where friends from the country " set up," as she terms it. Her jottings for aid of memory as to the residences of laundresses, chimney sweeps, &c., are most amusing. Raynor had a poplin shop at the Half Moon and Seven Stars in Francis-street, and Mrs. Beasley, at the sign of the Salmon in the same street dealt in similar stuff. The Cod in High-street was a shoe shop. The Churn in Plunket-street sold bacon. Pattison at the Plough in Queen-street mended china. Armytage of the Golden Peruke, in Essex-street, sold shirts. The Cheshire Cheese, in Bride's- alley — far from any connexion with milk or butter — dealt in bellows. A milliner had her warerooms at the sign of the Teatub, in Goafs-alley, off Stephen-street. Mrs. Bayly's chimney sweep soared aloft from the Eagle and Child, in Little Butter-lane (now Drury-street, which runs between "William-street and George' s-street, parallel to both) ; while her caterer for firewood dispensed his chips from the sign of the Merry Shepherd, in Clarendon Market. The Barleys Pole, in St. Nicholas' Gate might have been expected to hang over a barber's shop, but the owner made caps. The Spread Eagle, in the Coombe, and the Hen and Chickens, Cole's-alley, Castle-street, were places of business of staymakers. Mrs. Swindle held the Old Sot's Hole, on the Bridge,1 which in the early years of the 1 8th century was a famous chop house. The following are some of the signs of inns in the city : Mr. Eiffe, of llaystown, set up at the Bull's Head, in Smithfield ; Magrane, who held Rathcoole from Mr. Bayly, at the
1 It stood in a recess between Essex Bridge and the Custom House, and was demolished after 1762 by the Commissioners for widening the passage from the Bridge to the Castle.
DIARY OF A DUBLIN LADY IN EEIGN OF GEORGE II. 151
Three Candlesticks, in King-street, Smithfield ; and the Bear in Smithfield, and Blue Leg, in High-street, are also named. The George and Dragon, Brown-street, the Red Lion, Bachelor's- walk, and the Rose Tavern, Castle- street, were also houses of entertainment. Miss Forster, a friend from Cavan, put up at the sign of St. Patrick, in King-street, near the Green. Dolly Margison, at the Brethren's, or Swaddling House, in Butter-lane (the present Bishop-street), was a professional clear starcher. The Dove and Pendant, in Castle- street sold aprons, and the Bunch of Keys, in York- street, kettles. The Three Cats, on Aston's-quay, dealt in coals, for 3 tons of which commodity and carting, £3 135. was paid at Christmas, 1745. Bradley, the King's stationer, lived at the King's Arms and Two Bibles in Dame- street. Coffee and cocoa were supplied at the Parrot, in Plunket- street, and it may be added that Bohee tea at this time fetched 5s. 6d. per pound. Stockings were sold at the Royal Leg, in Castle-street, and Benjamin Manifold was a mathematical instrument maker at the Crown and Cushion, Bachelor's-walk. In the middle of the last century, Dublin must have presented quite a brilliant appearance, when almost every house in the business quarters of the city had its gaudily-painted sign.1
In April, 1756, a sum of 8*. 6d. was paid for St. Bride's parish cess, part of which went towards the rebuilding of Essex Bridge, and in 1765, Mrs. Bayly contributed 11$. 4%d. to the fund for bestowing a gift on the parish watch, to help towards increasing their number, and to " reward their future care."
Wherever one turns in the Dublin of the last century, one is sure to meet with some reminder of the Huguenot colony that peopled so many of its quarters. In the diary, mention is made of Henry Buckley, a notary public, who lived in Stephen' s-green, "near the Frenchman's Garden." Who, in this case, was the particular Frenchman, and where exactly did his garden stand ?
1 Iu London, as early as Chaucer's time, nearly every house had its sign. These signs were used for purposes of advertisement, and from this custom of hanging out signs came the remarkable phrase "to hang out." "Where do you hang out?" meant "Where do you hang out your sign?" — that was to say, "Where do you reside?"
[APPENDIX — "Lisr OF SIGNS OF INNS AND SHOPS."
152 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
APPENDIX.
LIST OF SIGNS OF INNS AND SHOPS. (Mentioned in the Diary,}
|
SIGNS. |
LOCALITY. |
OCCUPIER. |
BUSINESS. |
|
Cock and Shuttle, . . |
Coombe. |
||
|
Adam and Eve, |
Plunket- street. |
|
|
|
Royal Peruke, |
High -street. |
Dugan. |
Shoes. |
|
Black Lion, . . |
Cornmarket. |
|
__ |
|
Blackmoor's Head, . . |
Andrews. |
Poplin. |
|
|
Half Moon and Seven |
|||
|
Stars, |
Francis-street. |
Nat. Ray nor. |
j ) |
|
Salmon, |
Mrs. Beasley. |
||
|
Green Tree, |
J» » |
Draper. |
|
|
Cock, |
High-street. |
Strong. |
Shoes. |
|
Churn, |
Plunket -street. |
|
Bacon. |
|
Plough, |
Queen-street. |
Pattison. |
Mending china. |
|
Golden Peruke, |
Essex-street. |
Armytage. |
Shirts. |
|
Coach and Horses, . . |
Henry-street. |
|
|
|
Cheshire Cheese, |
Bride's-alley. |
|
Bellows. |
|
Peacock, |
Francis-street. |
|
Poplin. |
|
Tea Tub, |
Goafs-alley (off Ste- |
— |
Milliner. |
|
phen-street). |
|||
|
Eagle and Child, . . |
Little Butter-lane. |
— |
Chimney Sweep. |
|
Merry Shepherd, |
Clarendon Market. |
— |
Firewood. |
|
Grasshopper, Barber's Pole, |
Cook-street. St. Nicholas' Gate. |
Plunket. |
Cleaning muffs. Capmaker. |
|
Spread Eagle, |
Corner of Fordham's- |
M'Guire. |
Staymaker. |
|
alley, Coombe. |
|||
|
Ram, |
Aungier-street. |
— |
— |
|
Hen and Chickens, . . |
Cole's-alley, Castle-st. |
Brazill. |
French Stay- |
|
maker. |
|||
|
Mermaid, |
Kevin's Port. |
Garry. |
— |
|
Old Sot's Hole, |
On the Bridge. |
Mrs. Swindle. |
— |
|
Sun, |
Aston 's- quay. |
— |
Coul. |
|
Cock and Punch Bowl, |
Bray. |
|
|
|
Bull's Head, |
Smithfield. |
|
Inn. |
|
Three Candlesticks, . . |
King- street, Smithfield. |
|
|
|
Blue Leg, |
High -street. |
— |
> , |
|
Bear, |
Smithfield. |
|
|
|
George and Dragon, |
Brown -street (near Wea- |
— |
» |
|
ver-square). |
|||
|
Red Lion, |
Bachelor's- walk. |
|
|
|
Fleece, |
Cole's-alley, Meath-st. |
Burke. |
Clothier. |
|
Lambeck's Head, . . |
Castle-street. |
Downs. |
Glover. |
|
Horse Shoe, |
Thomas-street. |
Bellows. |
|
|
Munster King, Shuttle, |
Aston's-quay. Stephen-street. |
Fegan. Lartigue. |
Coal. Haberdasher. |
|
Angel, |
Aungier-street. |
|
Carpenter. |
|
St. Patrick, . |
King -street (the Green). |
— |
Lodgings. |
|
Rain, |
Thomas -street. |
— |
— |
|
Black Lion, |
Island Bridge. |
— |
Garden mould. |
DIARY OF A DUBLIN LADY IN REIGN OF GEORGE II. 153
LIST OF SIGNS OP INNS AND SHOPS — continued.
|
SIGNS. |
LOCALITY. |
OCCUPIER. |
BUSINESS. |
|
Three Black Birds, . . |
Francis-street. |
Cosgrave. |
House Painter. |
|
Dial, |
Capel- street. |
Knox. |
Caps. |
|
Dove and Pendant, . . |
Castle-street. |
— |
Aprons. |
|
Bunch of Keys, |
York-street. |
Spratt. |
Kettles. |
|
Cock, |
Strand- street. |
— |
— |
|
Two Grenadiers, |
Summerhill. |
— |
— |
|
Bee Hive, |
Bride -street. |
— |
Chintz. |
|
Ship, |
Cornmarket. |
— |
Linen. |
|
Red Lion, |
Cutpurse-row. |
And. M'Gee. |
Roofing, |
|
Draper's Head, |
Chequer- lane. |
John Flinn. |
Wainseotting. |
|
Hat and Hand, |
Meeting-house Yard. |
— |
— |
|
Three Cats, .. |
Aston's-qnay. • |
— |
Coal. |
|
Red Cow, |
Stonybatter. |
— |
— |
|
King's Arms and two |
|||
|
Bibles, |
Dame-street. |
Bradley. |
Stationer. |
|
Sun, |
Upper Church-street. |
, _ • — |
Tea. |
|
Bear, |
Kevin-street. |
— |
— |
|
Red Lion, |
James's Gate. |
— |
— |
|
King's Head, |
Sir John Rogerson's- |
— |
— -. « |
|
quay. |
|||
|
Cross Keys, |
Hammond-lane. |
— |
— |
|
Cock and Punch Bowl, |
Charles-street. |
— |
— |
|
Parrot, |
Plunket- street. |
|
Coffee and Cocoa. |
|
Mash Give, |
Cuffe- street. |
Bigley. |
|
|
Windmill, |
George's-lane. |
Flour. |
|
|
Cross Keys, |
Bride- street. |
— |
, |
|
Golden Stocking, |
Castle-street. |
Anderson. |
Stockings. |
|
Tea Kettle, |
Back-lane. |
— |
— |
|
Bull, |
Thomas -street (facing |
Matty 0' Bryan |
Inn. |
|
the Watch-house). |
|||
|
Blue Boar, . . |
Francis-street. |
— |
__ |
|
Crown and Cushion, |
Bachelor' s - walk « |
Ben. Manifold. |
Mathematical In- |
|
struments. |
|||
|
Bear, .. .. .. |
Bacbelor's-walk (facing |
—, |
— |
|
Ferry-boat Slip). |
|||
|
Royal Leg, |
Castle -street. |
— |
Stockings. |
|
Thatched Cabin, |
Queen -street. |
__ |
— |
|
Rose, |
Castle -street, |
-~~ |
Tavern. |
PLAYS NOTED AS HAVING BEEN PRODUCED IN DUBLIN.
1748. Feb. 15.— The Busy Body.
,, Nov. 4. — Tamerlane, by^Rowe.
1749. Feb. 6.— Love for Love. (A Comedy, W. Congreve, 1695.) ,, Dec. 8. — Macbeth.
1750. Apl. 25. — The Orphan, or the Unhappy Marriage. (A Tragedy by Thomas
Otway, 1680.)
1751. Oct. 16.— The Distressed Mother. (Mrs. Woffington in Hermione.)
1753. May 23.— The Old Bachelor. (Comedy by Win. Congreve, 1693.) „ Dec. 8.— Henry the Eighth.
1754. May 13. — The Conscious Lovers.
1755. Apl. 2.— Richard the Third. (Mr. Neale's Benefit.)
154 EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
1755. Apl. 17. — The Royal Merchant, or Beggar's Bush. (Beggar's Bush, a Comedy
by Beaumont and Fletcher, acted in 1622. In this Pepys for the first time saw female actors.) ,, May 13. — Romeo and Juliet. (R. Elrington's Benefit.)
1756. Jan. 23. — Coriolanus. „ „ 28.— Comus.
„ Apl. 8.— Zara.
,, May 28. — Love makes a Man, or the Fop's Fortune. (Woodward in Clodio.)
1757. Jan. 19.— Othello.
„ Feb. 2.— The Beggar's Opera.
„ Dec. 7.— The Recruiting Officer. '(Geo. Farquhar, 1705.)
1758. Feb. 25.— Jane Shore. Farce, Tom Thumb. (Wilkinson's Benefit.) ,, Mar. . — Douglas.
1759. ,, 3.— Henry the Fifth. (Mr. Clements.)
5 ( A Bold Stroke for a Wife'. (At Crow-street.)
* ( Fortunatus.
„ Oct. 17.— The Beaux' Stratagem. (Geo. Farquhar, 1707.) „ Dec. 6.— Hamlet.
1760. Jan. 21.— Alexander the Great.
„ Mar. 28.— The Brothers. (Comedy by J. Shirley.)
,, May 3. — The Wrangling Lovers, or the Invisible Mistress. (Comedy by Ed. Ravenscroft, 1677.) Farce : High Life below Stairs.
1761. Jan. 6. — The Orphan of China. (Arthur Murphy.) ,, Feb. 25.— Tempest (in the old house).
„ Mar. 31.— The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter. (A Comedy by Sir Geo. Etheredge, 1676.) Farce: The French'Lady never at Paris.
,, Apl. 1.— The Earl of Essex.
,, ,, 2. — Henry the Fourth (with the coronation).
,, May 29. — Don Sebastian, King of Portugal. (Tragedy by J. Drydenj 1690.)
1762. Jan. 15.— The Roman Father.
,, Feb. 3. — The Lady's Last Stake, or Wife's Resentment. Farce: Sir Callaghan O'Bralaghan.
„ Apl. 1.— Venice Preserved. (Tragedy by Thomas Otway, 1682.) Old Play House.
,, ,, 13.— The Twin Rivals. (Geo. Farquhar, 1703.) Farce : Polly Honey- comb.
,, ,, 15.— Venice Preserved. Farce: The Honest Yorkshireman. (New House.)
1763. Jan. 21.— Sir Harry Wildair (Geo. Farquhar, L701). Farce: The Dargle.
„ Feb. 4. — The Refusal, or Lady's Philosophy. Farce : True born Irishman,
or Mrs. Dickerty.
„ ,, 21.— King Arthur. (J. Dryden, 1691.) Crow-street. „ Apl. 20.— Virginia. Farce : The Cheats of Scapin. (Thos. Otway, 1677.)
1764. „ 13.— The Orphan. (Mossop's House.)
1765. Mar. 28. — Opera of Artaxerxes. (Mossop's House.) „ Aug. 16.— The Royal Shepherd (Opera).
1766. Feb. 5. — Tancred and Sigismunda. 1769. May 15.— The English Merchant.
( 155 )
SITE OF RAYMOND'S FORT, DUNDTJISTNOLF, BAGINBUN.
BY GODDARD H. OEPEN, B.A.
[Read MARCH 29th, 1898.]
^HE data for determining this position are as follows: — (1) Gerald's description of the landing, " Applicantes itaque in rupe quadam marina, quae Dundunnolf dicitur, a Waterfordiae miliaribus quasi quat- uor, a latere Weisefordiae meridionali, tenue satis ex virgis et cespite castrum erexernnt." (Expug. Hib. i. 13.)
2. In the " Song of Dermot," the name of the place where Raymond landed and constructed his fort is given as Domdonuil(l. 1406), Dondonuil (1. 1417) and Dundounil (1. 1494): from which we may probably conclude that the Irish name was Dun Domhnaill (Dundonnell), a name found in various parts of Ireland (Joyce, " Names," i. 278), but not in the vicinity of Waterford.
3. Gerald tells us that the citizens of Waterford and O'Faelain of the Decies crossed the river Suir to attack Raymond's entrenchments.
4. That numbers of the vanquished were hurled ab altis in mare rupi- lus : aphaleises (" Song of D."). On these data the Rev. Mr. Graves is said to have identified the place with a precipitous rock now called Drumdowny, " about five or six miles north from Waterford (recte, four miles north-east), by a ford (recte, ferry) over the Barrow, and beetling over (recte, one mile above) the junction of the three rivers, the united Nore and Barrow, and the Suir." (Mr. Dimock's Glossary to " Giral- dus," R. S., v., p. 421.) "With this identification I was at one time inclined to agree (" Song of Dermot," p. 276), but further consideration has led me to reject it in favour of Baginbun promontory, for the following reasons: (1) The name Drumdowney is an old Irish name, Drum Domhnaigh, compounded of druim (dorsum) a back or hill-ridge and domhnach (dominica) a church, and is quite distinct from Dun Domhnaill. (2) Though the tide flows above this point, it is eight miles above the mouth of the harbour at Creadan head, and it is decidedly a stretch of langu- age to call it a rupes marina, and to say of it ab altis in mare rupibus praecipitati sunt infiniti. These words point to a sea-cliff and the open sea, not to a rock overhanging a tidal river ; (3) Drumdowney is not a latere Weisefordiae meridionali; (4) Drumdowney is not in Dermot's territory, but in Ossory, the territory of Dermot's foe, Mac Gillapatrick, and therefore an unlikely place for Raymond to select for his fortress. The " Song of Dermot " says that Raymond constructed his fort by Dermot's permission (par le otrei li riche rets Dermod], using the same phrase as had just been
156 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF. IRELAND.
used with regard to Fitz Stephen's fortress at Carrick, and clearly imply- ing that Dundonnell as well as Carrick was in Dermot's territory.
Turning now to Baginbun, we note in the first place that the Irish name has been lost, but an inspection of the promontory shows the re- mains of what appear to have been a Celtic dun of the type known, in south "Wales at any rate, as a cliff -castle.
The whole headland is in shape a rough oblong with indented out- line, presenting precipitous cliffs towards the sea, and joined to the main- land by a relatively narrow neck. From the south-eastern corner of this oblong a narrow arm, called Baginbun Point, stretches out towards the east. On this arm are traces of earthworks, and it is cut off from the rest of the headland by a trench quite in the manner of a Celtic dun, when constructed on a sea cliff. Across the neck leading from the mainland is a much more formidable double trench and rampart of apparently later construction, which may well be, as is traditionally believed, Norman work, but, as we may suppose, Raymond's, and not either Fitz Stephen's or Strongbow's.
Now as regards the above points — (1) though the name Dun Domh- naill has been forgotten, Baginbun was in all probability a Celtic dun, and at any rate we are not hampered by an inconsistent Gaelic name. (2) It is obviously a rupes marina, a sea cliff, from which prisoners could be thrown into the sea, and it is the only rocky cliff along the whole coast to Carnsore Point. (3) It is on the southern side of Wexford. (4) It is in Dermot's territory. It is not far from Bannow Island, where Fitz- Stephen landed, and it contains a little sandy bay, affording good harbour- age where the ships might have been drawn up. It is therefore a likely place for Raymond to choose. Furthermore, it is in the territory granted to Hervey, who, we are told, joined Raymond immediately on his arrival. There is ample room within the outer entrenchment for the cows which, according to the " Song of Dermot," were driven into the fort (1. 1428). (5) To reach Baginbun from "Waterford, it would be necessary to cross the Suir. This would probably be at Passage, below the confluence, but Gerald appears in another place (" Topog. Hib.," i. c. vii.) to regard the Suir as the principal river, to which the united Barrow and Nore is a tributary, as indeed is, I think, done by the people of Waterford to this day.
On the other hand, we have to face the fact that Gerald says Dundunnolf was about four miliaria from "Waterford. The Roman mile was equal to 1618 English yards, and Baginbun is about thirteen English miles from "Waterford. The following considerations, however, will go far to remove the force of this objection. Nothing is more easily corrupted in the course of transcribing Latin manuscripts than Roman numerals. Leave out the X. and XIV. becomes IV. In the present case it is certain either that some corruption of the kind has occurred or that Gerald was very inaccurate in his statement, for no place within a
SITE OF RAYMOND'S FORT. 157
radius of four miles from Waterf ord could be described as on the southern side of Wexford. In fact Baginbun is about the nearest place to Water- ford that could be so described with any approach to accuracy. We have proof of Gerald's inaccuracy as regards distances in other places. He says that the town of Wexford was distant from Bannow, milia passuum quasi duodecim, whereas it is upwards of sixteen statute miles as the crow flies.
So far then the identification of Gerald's Dundunnolf with Baginbun has been shown to have much to support it, and practically nothing that cannot be easily explained away against it. Moreover an hypothesis may receive support in another way, if namely, it accounts for facts which cannot easily be otherwise accounted for. Now two such facts have occurred to me. First and most important, there is the persis- tent tradition connecting Baginbun head with the landing of the English under Fitz Stephen, or under Strongbow, and with a great and decisive battle there.
The earliest statement in print of the tradition known to me, is con- tained in Stanihurst's description of Ireland, published with Holinshed's " Chronicles" in 1577. He there (p. 2) mentions "the olde ancient rithme " :
" At the creeke of Baginbunne Ireland was lost and wonne,"
and he gives Bagganbunne as an alternative name for " the Banne when the Britons upon the conquest first arrived." Hooker, in a note to his translation (Edition, 1587), of the "Expugnatio Hibernica," describes " the Banne," where Fitz Stephen landed, as " a little creeke being in the countie of Wexford, neere to Fither, a fisher towne," and says that "the same being the place of the first receipt of Englishmen, there were certeine monuments made in memorie thereof, and were named the Banna and the Boenne, which were the names (as the common fame is), of the two greatest ships in which the Englishmen there arrived." Hanmer, whose chronicle was published by Sir James Ware in 1633, but is said to have been collected in 1571, states that Fitz- Stephen landed " at the Bann not farre from Wexford," and then repeats the rhyme quoted by Stanihurst. Here we seem to have an ill cemented combination of authority and tradition. Keating, who wrote about the year 1630, appears to have folio wed these writers, while more completely amalgamating the two sources. He states that Fitz Stephen landed at Cuan an Bhainbh (Bannow Bay) at a place called Beag-an-Bun (see Journal Kilk. Arch. Soc., 1849-51, p. 191, and O'Mahony's Keating, p. 618). The " Book of Howth," a compilation of various dates, but, as far as this period is concerned, transcribed after 1551 (see Transcript in " Carew Calendar," p. 117), departs from authority and gives only the tradition that Fitz Stephen arrived at ' Bang-and-Bonne.' Bowling's " Annals," brought up to the year 1600, mentions only Bagganbun and
JOUE. K.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. II., 5'IH 8ER. N
158 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
quotes the verse. In the chorographic account of Wexford, written in 1684, by Leigh of Rosegarland (Journal, Kilk. Arch. Soc., 1858-9, p. 461), the tradition has grown into a legend, and we have the Ard Ri, 0' Conor, losing his crown at Bagg and Bunn, and Strongbow, assisted by M'Morrough, winning it for the English. Here too we find the name of the place derived from the Bagg and the Bunn, the two ships in which the English landed, and — so forgotten . was the Irish language in this barony — Fethard treated as a corruption of ' Fight-hard.' This last deri- vation, absurd as it is, is not without importance. Taken in conjunction with the name Battlestown, about two miles further on the way to" Ballyhack, it seems to indicate the place, as fixed by popular memory, where Raymond and his men first met the attacking party and were driven back upon the camp.
The recent existence of the legend is attested by the Ordnance Survey, where the site of Strongbow's tent, and Strongbow's entrenchments are carefully marked ; and further additions to the folklore of the subject, including Fitz Stephen's Marvellous Stride, will be found in a note to Hall's " Ireland," vol. ii. p. 148.
Now these traditions, linking Baginbun headland and its earthworks with Fitz Stephen, or Strongbow, and with a decisive battle, are facts which have to be accounted for. They cannot be accounted for, as accurately embodying what actually occurred. We have the incontes- table contemporary evidence of Gerald, and of the writer of the " Song of Dermot," that Fitz Stephen and his followers landed at Bannow Island (imula JSanuensis), and in a day or two set out to attack Wexford, and that after taking "Wexford, they made Ferns their head-quarters. They had neither time nor occasion to fortify a camp anywhere in the vicinity, and certainly not at Baginbun, which would have been altogether out of the way. We have still better evidence that Strongbow landed at or near Waterford, took the town by storm on the next day, and soon afterwards marched on Dublin. It is impossible that he could have formed a camp at Baginbun. But assuming that this was where Raymond landed about the 1st of May, 1170, and where he repelled the attack of the Danes of Waterford and of their allies from the Decies, Ossory. and Idrone, with fearful slaughter, and threw seventy prisoners over the cliffs into the sea, and where he lay entrenched until Strongbow's arrival on the 23rd of August, what more natural than that tradition, retaining a memory of these events, should, in the lapse of time, have linked them with the greater name of Strongbow, or failing him, with that of the first invader, Fitz Stephen ? Again we have no evidence, nor is there any probability, that any battle, decisive of Ireland's fate or otherwise, was fought in the neighbourhood of Baginbun, unless it be Raymond's battle, which might not unjustly be singled out as a real turning-point in history. It proved the hopelessness of opposition in the open, even with vastly superior numbers, and, in fact, no further effort was made
SITE OF RAYMOND'S FORT. 1 59
until, on Dermot's death, all Ui Ceinnsealaigh rose in opposition to the succession of Strongbow. With good reason did Gerald, as rendered by an early translator, say of it, " herof come to the Englysshe hope and comfort ; and to the Iresshe dred and wanhope ; ffor hyt was never ther- to-for I-herd that of so fewe men so grett a slaght was done."
There is one other fact which I will not say is accounted for, but upon which some light is, perhaps, thrown by the supposition that the earthworks at Baginbun represent Raymond's fortress. There has been a great deal lately written about the inscriptions on the Carew Cross, on the stone now built into the wall of an outhouse at Fethard Castle, and on the Baginbun boulder. I am not going to add another guess to the numerous guesses, some of them wild enough, that have been made as to the interpretation of these inscriptions.1 Indeed, for my part, I am quite satisfied that Professor Rhys's reading, as far at least as the name is concerned, is correct, and it is tame and disappointing enough. I am satisfied also that the Irish examples are rude copies of the Pembroke- shire one. There remains, however, the interesting question, How came these copies to be made in such a place ? Now it seems to me that their presence may have some connexion with the fact, if fact it be, that Raymond, who must have been familiar with the cross at his father'^ Castle of Carew,2 spent nearly four months in his camp on this headland. He, or some of his companions from the same district, may have beguiled the tedium of camp-life while waiting for Strongbow, by punching out these rude copies. Why the idle warrior chose to copy an inscription recording some one else's name instead of carving his own, I cannot pretend to say. It would be much more satisfactory for us if we could spell out ' Reymund fiz Willame,' or 'Herui de Mumoreci,' or even ' Water Bluet,' on the stones, but, unfortunately, as a rule, the only people who carve their names are those whose names are not worth preserving. Still the hypothesis, for which I have given grounds above, that this was the site of Raymond's camp, supplies a direct connexion between Baginbun and Carew that has hitherto not been apparent. In the September Part of our Journal, which has just reached me, Mr. Macalister says of these inscriptions: "The decipherment is, however, only half the enigma. When, by whom, and, above all, for what purpose, the Irish copies were made are problems which still confront us." I trust, he may think, that I have thrown some light on these problems — agup mipe 'Gipeannac.
So far as I know, no reasoned attempt has been made to identify the site of Raymond's fort. In general the recorded name, more or less corrupted, is set down as if it were a well-known place — a most
1 See our Journal, 5th Series, vol. vii., p. 150, and Arch&ologia Cambrensis, 5th Series, vol. xii., p. 236.
2 Within two years, on Strongbow's refusal to give him his sister Basilea in marriage, Raymond went off to Carew in high dudgeon: a Karreu ala sojorner. — Song of Dermot, 1. 2860.
N2
160 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
reprehensible practice. Some, however, have suggested Baginbun, but without giving reasons for the suggestion. Charles Smith in his " History of Waterford" mentions three places: (1) Dundrone, four miles from Waterford," which may possibly be a slip for Drumdowney ;
(2) in a note, "Don-isle" in Waterford, a place now called Dunhill;
(3) in another note, he says, "Some say the place where this [Raymond's] first battle was fought was at Bagg and Bunn in the county "Wexford " ; and then he quotes the famous couplet. This is, so far as I know, the first time that Baginbun was connected with Raymond.
Professor G. T. Stokes, with unaccountable hesitancy, says that Fitz Stephen landed either at Bag and Bunn or at Bannow" (Anglo- Norman Church," p. 74); but when he comes to Raymond, with his usual sagacity as to local details, he fixes upon the fortifications at Baginbun as the remains of Raymond's fort (ib., p. 99). He does not, however, give his reasons, or discuss the question. His omission must be my excuse for stating the reasons, as they occur to me, at some length : and I am the more impelled to do this as the conclusion arrived at seems to explain the persistent traditions with regard to Baginbun, and, incidentally, to throw light on the questions, when and why was the Carew inscription copied in this place.
NOTE ADDED IN THE PRESS.
As supplying a motive for Raymond's inscribing Meredydd's name at Baginbun rather than his own, Dr. Donald Macalister, of Cambridge, on reading the above, made a suggestion to me to the following effect : —
The writing on the Carew Cross was probably as obscure to Ray- mond as, let us say, to most of the contributors to the discussion in the Academy. (Indeed, from Expug. Hil. n., 14, it would appear that Raymond could not read.) Nevertheless, living as he did in an age of Faith, he may well have regarded the symbols on the familiar sacred stone at his Welsh home as possessing some special virtue of a talismanic nature. With this idea in his mind, he may have carried a copy of those symbols written on a strip of parchment as a talisman or amulet round his neck — the very obscurity of the symbols would make them the more appropriate for this purpose — and during his long stay at Baginbun he may have imparted their protective virtue to some of the stones within or near his entrenchment.
All this, of course, is only conjecture, but it seems consistent with what we know of the mental atmosphere of the times.
( 161 )
THE GALLANS NEAR DINGLE.
BY R. A. STEWART MACALISTER, M. A.
[Read MARCH 29th, 1898.]
T)r the whimsical title, " Gates of Glory" — 5eacai^e Tla
the older generation of inhabitants of Corkaguiney describe two stones, standing in a field west of Milltown, on the right-hand side of the road leading from Dingle to Yentry.
They stand in a line almost W.S.W. and E.N.E., the westward stone being the smaller. This stone measures 5 feet high, 3 feet broad at the
The "Gates of Glory," near Dingle.
bottom. It is triangular in section, and tapers to a point at the top. The companion stone is 7 feet 7 inches high, 5 feet broad at the base ; and in section is a rather flat ellipse. It, too, tapers to a point at the top. The distance between the two is 5 feet 3 inches.
The meaning of the name I have been unable to discover. It seems to be known to comparatively few. It is most probably a fanciful name given on account of the resemblance of the stones to a pair of gateposts. Neither stone bears any marking or trace of artificial working.
There can be little doubt that the group is sepulchral ; the marking of a grave by two large stones is common throughout the country. Another example at Donard in Wicklow occurs to the mind at the moment of writing ; in this example one of the two stones is inscribed. There seems to have been an extensive cemetery here in prehistoric
162
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
times, if we may judge from the number of great stones which remain in the neighbourhood.
To the south of the " Gates " in the same field at a distance from them of 88 paces — about 160 feet — is a low grass-grown cairn of small loose stones. On this is lying a great limestone block, 13 feet 5 inches
Stone near the " Gates of Glory": from the East.
long, engraved with an elaborate design of cups and circles, among which some peculiar forms make their appearance ; they are shown in the accompanying drawing (p. 164), which has been reduced to scale from a rubbing. This is the only stone in the group bearing any artificial marking. Immediately west of this is a large, flat stone, with other stones below it — the whole looking very like a dilapidated dolmen. In the next field, by the roadside, is a fine standing-stone, 8 feet in height, called the J)aM6fi Cille bpeice, or Gallan of Kilbrack, though among the younger inhabitants it goes by no name but the " milestone," as it happens to be about a mile from Dingle. (Kilbrack burial-ground is about 100 perches to the west of this gallan.) Another, rather larger, stands in a field a little beyond the gallan of Kilbrack, on the opposite side of the road. Again, in the triangle of land between the high and the low roads to Ventry, are two small grave-stones.
I have not heard of any object of antiquity being found in this area of ground. A gold ring is said to have been found by a man, ploughing near the 5°^™ Cille bpeice. I was informed that this was appro- priated by the lord of the soil, but have no particulars of its appearance, and am not even certainly informed that it was genuinely ancient.
The gallans form a very striking feature of the archaeological land- scape of Corkaguiney. In the hope that it may be useful, the following catalogue has been compiled, for the most part from the Ordnance maps, which, till the much desired archaeological survey has been carried out by the Government, must remain the key to British antiquities. Till that takes place a list, warranted complete, could not be drawn up except by the long observation of a resident in the neighbourhood.
THE GALLANS NEAR DINGLE.
163
PARISH OF ANNAGH.
(Ordnance Survey Sheets 28, 37).
[None].
PARISH OF BALLINVOHER. Main Portion (0. S. Sheets 44, 45, 46). Ballyandreen. Ballynahunt. Derrygorman (two). *Dromavally (three, also group). Emalough. Flemingstown. Killeenagh. Rathduff.
Western Portion (Ord. Sur. Sheet 52).
*Fahan (two groups). fGlenfahan.
Southern Portion (0. S. Sheets 44, 54). [None].
PARISH OF BALLYDUFP. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 35, 44). Ballyhoneen.
PARISH OF BALLYNACOURTY. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 35, 44, 45, 55). JBallintarmon. Ballynacourty. *Coumduff (one single, oue group).
PARISH OF CLOGHANE. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 34, 43, 44, 53).
Ballingarraun. *Clonsharragh. Drom East (three).
PARISH OF DINGLE.
Main Portion (0. S. Sheets 34, 43, 53).
[None].
rN. W. Portion (0. S. Sheets 42, 43, 53). *Milltown (see present Paper).
S. W. Portion (Ord. Sur. Sheet 53). [None].
S.E. Portion (Ord. Sur. Sheet 53). [None].
PARISH OF DUNQUIN. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 42, 52). *Ferriter's Quarter. Commons South. Glanmore.
PARISH OF DUNURLIN. (Ordnance Survey Sheet 42). Cloonties. Graigue. Teeravane.
PARISH OF GARFIXNY. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 43, 53). Ballineetig. Ballinvownig. Ballyrishteen. Flemingstown.
PARISH OF KILDRUM. Main Portion (0. S. Sheets 42, 43, 52, 53). Loghane.
North Portion (Ord. Sur. Sheets 42, 43). Kilfountain. Knockavrogeen East.
PARISH OF KILGOBBAN. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 36, 37, 45, 46). *Ballygarret. Curraduff. Foilatrisnig. Glounagalt. Kilteenhawn. Mountoven.
-',-'...••• J .'...-.••) r. ' . ' > ' ~ " )
PARISH OF KILLINEY. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 27, 35, 36). Aughacasla North. Carrigaha. Duagh.
PARISH OF KILMALKEDAR. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 33, 34, 42, 43). Caherdorgan. Caherscullibeen. Garrane. Lateeve More. Lateeve Managh. Ullagha.
PARISH OF KILQUANE. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 33, 34). Ballinloghig. Ballydavid. Kilquane.
PARISH OF KINARD. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 44, 53, 54). *Ardamore (group, and one single). Foheraghmore. Gowlane Ard (two). Gowlane Beg. Gowlane East. Kinard West.
* Groups. t Not marked on Ordnance Survey Map.
J An Ogham and a cross have heen added to this gallan.
164 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
PARISH OF MARHIN, (Ordnance Survey Sheet 42).
* Bally neanig. Ballywiheen. Marhin.
*Reask.
PARISH OF MINARD.
(Ordnance Survey Sheets 44, 53, 54).
*Graigue (group and one single).
PARISH OF STRADBAI.LY. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 26, 27, 35).
Farrantoleen. Glennahoo.
PARISH OF VENTRY. (Ordnance Survey Sheets 42, 52).
fKilvickadownig (three). Raheen.
Chart of the Cup-and-Circle Markings on the Stone near the " Gates of Glory."
NOTES ADDED IN THE PRESS.
In the town of Dingle there is a large boulder, lying at the side of the road on the top of the hill, up which the Main-street runs. This is marked with six or seven cup-markings ; and tradition asserts that it once formed a member of the group above described.
Further inquiries among the inhabitants elicited particulars showing that the gold ring was of no great antiquity. It was inscribed with a commonplace "posy" in English.
There is not much to see in Kilbrack graveyard. It contains no inscribed monuments, and is now used for unbaptized children only.
At least one other gallan was destroyed in this district when the present road was made in 1822. It stood in the field on the south side of the road, which still contains a solitary gallan, mentioned above.
The 5a^^n Cille bpeice was alleged, by a man with whom I held a conversation about these remains, to have been cast by Fionn mac Cumhaill from the top of Caher Conree, at the Yentry invaders under Daire Donn. The stone, however, fell short (which is little wonder, as Caher Conree is about twenty miles from this spot), and stuck into the earth in its present, upright position.
* Groups.
t Two not indicated on Ordnance Map.
KIL-MA-HUDDRICK, NEAR CLOKDALKIN, CO. DUBLIN.
BY E. R. McC. DIX. [Read JANUARY 11, 1898.]
LEWIS stated, in 1837, that there were then existing some remains of this old church, but an examination shows that the remains are considerable. The only part entirely gone is the roof. Perhaps Lewis mistook the fragments of the Castle of Danesrath, which is near it, for the church. The church has no clearly-marked path to it. It has to be reached through fields, partly along a track from the Grand Canal. The length of the west wall or end is 22 feet. It is 3 feet thick, and in the angle at the north end are large, irregular stones. The doorway, which is in this west end, is 3 feet broad and 6 feet high. Its arch is semi- circular, and formed of thin pieces of stone. A narrow window, 22 inches high, is found about 3 feet to the right of the doorway, and about 4 feet from the ground — perhaps used to see who was at the door. It is splayed inwards on the sides, which are 2 feet apart within.
There is a window above the doorway, like the one in St. Fintan's Church, Howth. Inside the doorway on the left are two bar-holes ; the first is 3 feet from the ground, and the second 14 inches higher. There are also two bar-holes on the right side ; the first is 3 feet from the ground, as on the other side, but the second is immediately above it, which must have made the upper bar stretch obliquely across the door. The doorway has a flat arch inside, and splays inwards a little, but more on one side than the other, the breadth being 4 feet inside.
The nave and chancel are each 16 feet wide. The former is 22 feet long and the latter 23 feet, including the thickness of the arch, which is 2 feet. The total internal length is thus 45 feet.
The side-walls of the church are thicker than the end-walls. The height of the north wall is 9 feet. In the nave the only noticeable features are two similar windows opposite each other, tapering to mere slits outside. The one in the south wall is broken at the top ; that in the north wall is splayed, and has one broad, flat stone on the top. It is 2 feet high and 2 feet broad.
The chancel arch is similar to that of Kinsaley ( Ceann Saile}. The arch and doorway are the same in form in both these churches, but the doors in Kinsaley are in the north and south walls, opposite each other, while here the door is in the west end, a feature noticeable in the oldest churches generally. The chancel arch has projecting jambs, like those of Kill-o'-the-Grange ( Cheall na Grainsd) and Palmerstown. Below them on both sides are holes for bars to be placed across, and so
166 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
divide the church and chancel. The arch measures 10 feet from the base of one jamb to the other, and is pitched high and pointed. The belfry is directly over it, with holes for two, or perhaps three, bells. The thic& ivy renders exact observation impossible. This middle gable (if I may call it so) is much higher than the two end ones, and more perfect.
Immediately within the chancel, opposite each other, one in the north wall and one in the south, are, wide recesses, with a low arch, a little pointed, but that in the south wall is broken down. The recess in the north wall is 9 feet broad at the bottom, of which, however, a part is now built up. The whole chancel is very much plastered, which suggests late alterations and use. At the east end of the chancel are two windows opposite each other — one in the north and the other in the south. The one in the south wall is 1 foot broad outside, and 2 feet high to the beginning of its round-arched top. Inside, however, it is so much splayed that it is 6 feet across, and 4 feet to the top. Below this window is a pointed arched recess like that in St. Doulough's Vestry. It is 15 inches 'deep and 5 feet across the bottom, 4 feet high at the centre, and then a foot to the window-sill above it. The window in the north wall, not having an arch below it, is much lower. It is very much plastered. It has a flat top inside, but is round outside. The sides are like the otheri but measure 5 feet across inside and 5 feet high.
The east window is round at the top, or very slightly pointed, formed by two stones brought together. It begins 5 feet from the ground, is very much splayed at the sides (7^ feet across), and has a flat arch inside; outside it is 4 feet high and 2 feet broad. The wall is shallower round this window inside for a space 8 feet high and 6 feet across. It is thinner than the rest of the wall. Between it and the north wall there is a tall recess very much plastered, pointed at the top, 20 inches deep, 6 feet high and 2 feet broad. It is large enough to hold a life-size statue — so large a recess is, I think, quite uncommon. To the right of the east window, on the ground, is a recess 22 inches broad and 12 inches high. It seems too low for a piscina or ambry, though no doubt the present floor is higher than the original level.
The part of this church which has suffered the most is the south wall, at each side of the chancel arch, the top of the window in the nave being gone.
The position of the belfry over the chancel arch, and the nearly equal size of the chancel and nave, suggest that one of them may have been the original church and the other a later addition, but which seems the older I could not venture to say. The nave is built against the chancel, not into it. The ivy seems very old on the north wall. There is no cross or font remaining, and the tombstones are not old ; one bore the date 1805.
I was very materially assisted by Mr. W. P. Briley in examining this old church. He took nearly all the measurements for me.
( 167 )
Bell of St. Pol.
Irish Bells in Brittany. — Besides the Irish type of bell, at Stival, named, but not described, in Miss Stokes' " Early Christian Art in Ire- land," there are three other ancient bells in Brittany, of which one, that at Locronan, tradition states, was brought thither from Ireland by St. Eonan ; whilst the remaining two, as well as the Stival bell, bear even a stronger family likeness to those ancient ecclesiastical bells of which there is such an unrivalled collection in the National Museum, Kildare-street, Dublin.
All four bells form the subject of a pamphlet by the Abbe J. M. Abgrall (Quimper, 1895), from which are ex- tracted the abridged particulars given in the present note. The first bell de- scribed by the Abbe Abgrall is the Bell of St. Pol Aurelian, now preserved in the cathedral of St. Pol de Leon. It is in shape that of the lower segment of an oblong pyramid, but rounded at the angles, with a sort of rim to its lower edge, a feature it possesses in common with the kindred bells of St. Goulven, and St. Meriadec — the form, thickness and perfectly smooth exterior of all three bells showing clearly that they must have been cast into a mould, and not hammered out, as was the case with St. Ronan's bell at Locronan.
The two larger sides of this bell measure each •18 of a metre, the smaller two '16; whilst its height is -19 of a metre («. e. about 6 in.). Its weight is 8J pounds, and it has a loud but pleasant sound. The arc-like handle to this bell is made of iron, and is fastened to the metal by three rivets at each end, copper being: tho material of which the bell itself is composed.
St. Goulven' s Bell, now in the church of Goulien, near Pont Croix resembles the St. Pol bell in shape ; but approaches more to a square and is less rounded at its four angles.
The handle, however, is of the same material, bronze or copper, as the bell, and was evidently cast at the same time. The two larger sides
St. Goulven's Bell.
168 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
St. Meriadec's Bell.
measure *12 of a metre ; the lesser ones "11 ; and the height is *145, or including the upper surface of the handle *19, i.e. ahout 6 inches of our measurement. It has a more piercing sound than that of the St. Pol bell.
The Bell of St. Meriadec, at Stival, near Pontivy, Morbihan (that mentioned by Miss Stokes), also known as " St. Meriadec's Cap," shows a close similarity in form and dimensions to the Bell of St. Pol, these latter being '18 of a metre by '13 ; height -20, or including the semi- circular handle, cast at the same time as the body of the bell, '24, or nearly 8 in. This Stival bell bears on one of its sides the inscription (running from top to bottom), "Pirtur Ficisti," which some authorities take to represent an archaic Breton phrase, meaning "Sweetly may'st thou sound " ; whilst others simply see in it a record of the bellfounder's name, " Pirtur," expressed in faulty Latin.
St. Eonan's bell at Locronan differs from the three bells just described, in being formed of two semicircular sheets of copper, riveted together by a number of small nails of the same metal, so as to form a sort of flattened cylinder, whose largest diameter is '15 of a metre. Its height is *20 (i.e. about 6£ inches). Its sound is far less harmonious than that of the other three bells, having no vibration, and being more of a tinkling or clacking noise than a true ring.
The history, both of these bells and their sainted owners, is so far as it is known, disappointingly meagre ; and mixed up, as usual, with marvellous legends. That of St. Ronan and his bell, to us the most interest- ing of the four, is, however, the least improb- able in its story. St. Pol, whose bell is now kept in the ancient cathedral town both named after him, is believed to have come thither from Great Britain, and to have used the bell for attracting the people, whilst on his missionary tours, in that neighbourhood. It is said to have been originally one of seven, which belonged to King Mark, a British potentate, of whom St. Pol asked it as a parting gift. His request met with a flat refusal : but sometime after St. Pol had settled down here, the bell miraculously found its way across, having been discovered in the mouth of an enormous fish, whence it was taken to the local chieftain, who presented
St. Ronan' s Bell.
MISCELLANEA. 169
it to St. Pol. It is still held to be beneficial in curing headaches and deafness.
Of St. Goulven, the Abbe Abgrall tells little or nothing, referring his readers to the Bulletin de la Societe Archeologique du Finistere for 1890, p. 24. He appears to have been an anchorite; and is credited with having miraculously wrought out of common clay a chalice, three crosses, and three bells, of which this is one. As to St. Meriadec, the Abbe again refers his readers to the above named Bulletin for the year 1883, p. 280, instead of vouchsafing them some little information himself.
To "Wayfaring in France," by Mr. E. H. Barker (London, Bent- ley, 1890), I am indebted for my first knowledge of the existence of St. Eonan and his bell at Locronan. In this delightful book the author describes the ancient fifteenth century church at Locronan, in which the bell is now to be found, whose oak pulpit is famous through- out Finistere ; and he furnishes us with a most interesting account of the annual pardon, in July, held in honour of St. Ronan, the extra- ordinary devotion to whose memory, still shown by the Bretons, con- trasts curiously with the fact that he is completely forgotten in his native land, where, however, he has had several sainted namesakes. In this annual procession figures St. Ronan's bell, which to Mr. Barker looked more like " a battered old copper pot " than a bell ; but was, he adds, an object of peculiar veneration with the pilgrims. St. Ronan's history, as briefly narrated by the author named runs thus : — *' Bretons learned in local tradition, will tell you that St, Ronan came from the Isle of Saints, by which they mean England, about the sixth century, to do battle, like St. Corentin, with heathenism in Brittany. His mission was crowned with success, and his life, illus- trated by miracles, which bore witness to his sanctity. When he died, a somewhat fierce dispute arose between the dioceses of Vannes, Leon, and Cornouailles for the possession of his body. It was decided to place the corpse upon a cart to which two bullocks were harnessed, and to allow them to carry it where they pleased. The spot where they at length stopped, was to be the one chosen for the tomb of St. Ronan. After making the circuit of a barren hill they halted where the church of Locronan now stands." St. Ronan's name was sufficient to make me sceptical as to his having been, according to Mr. Barker, an Englishman ; and on referring to such works as " Les Saints de la Bretagne" by P. Albert Le Grand, the " Revue de Bretagne, Vendee and Anjou," Tome xn. 1894, and " Le Tombeau Monumental et Le Pelerinage de S. Ronan," by Dom. F. Plaine (Arras, 1879), procured for me by Canon Hamard of Rennes, all three distinctly affirm that St. Ronan was an Irishman. The elaborate tomb and statue of St. Ronan, in the Church of Locronan, where his bell is preserved, were erected so far back as the third decade of the sixteenth century by Madame Renee de France, afterwards Duchess of
170 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Este and Ferrara. The church is described and the saint's life referred to in Mr. A. J. C. Hare's recently written guide to this part of France ; but he seems not to have heard of its exceptionally rare and interesting possession — St. Ronan's ancient bell. — J. COLEMAN.
Legend of Molaga's Well, Co. Kerry (Journal, First Quarter, 1898, p. 19). — The legend as to the impossibility of making water from this well boil, is nearly identical with one connected with the well of St. Fanahan (as it is called) at Mitchelstown, country Cork. A woman at the latter place told me, that having been sent by her mother in her childhood, for water to boil for dinner purposes, instead of going to an ordinary well for that purpose, she went to the nearer one (St. Fanahan's) and brought it to her house or cottage. She said that her mother put it down to boil, unknowing whence it had come, but that at the end of an hour it was still unboiled, although on a large fire, and that then her mother questioned her, and she, frightened at the (supposed) miracle, told that it was water from the Holy Well, and it was at once removed, and she was sharply rebuked for her sin in bringing it for cooking. No- fish is in this Mitchelstown Well, but at St. Molaga's and at Maumna- holtora, near Glenfas (or Kilelton), in Kerry, there were sacred fish,, as Mr. Borlase's magnificent work on the Dolmens of Ireland, one of the most valuable ever written on Irish antiquities (on the true principles of comparative archseology and ethnology) describes at length. In his "Age of the Saints," there are some equally interesting remarks on those Cornish antiquities of historic and pre -historic times, which he tells us Professor Max Muller told him could only be fully understood by studying similar antiquities in Ireland. Dr. Robertson Smith in his "Lectures on the Religion of the Semites" (Burnett Lectures, 1888), describing the widespread ancient Pagan belief in holy wells and pools says: — "Fish were taboo, and sacred fish were found in rivers or in pools at sanctuaries all over Syria. This superstition has proved one of the most durable parts of ancient heathenism ; sacred fish are still kept in pools at the mosques of Tripolis and Edessa. At the latter place it is believed that death or other evil consequences would befall the man who dared to eat them " (p. 160). Probably the fish at Maumnaholtora, if it ever existed, was really cleared out and destroyed by the priest. In the sixth century and much later on, the Christian Church councils denounced the worship of wells, and endeavoured to prevent it, but the old customs were too strong, and they survived all the Councils' endeavours, and the most that could be done was to turn them to an (ostensibly) Christian purpose. Close to the source of the river Lee in Kerry, and St. Brendan's Cave, there is, or was a few years ago, a pool in which, according to the old peasant who guided me and two friends over the place in 1878, there were some very mysterious fish. No river or mountain stream visibly
MISCELLANEA.
171
fed this pool, and our guide said no one knew whence the fi,sh came, and no one liked to meddle with them. We did not see the pool as it lay toa far from the places we had come to examine (Mac Eligot's prison in Carrignafeely, and O'Brenan, rede Uaimh Brenan, Brendan's Cave), but we were within a quarter of an hour's walk of it. I intended to go there again to see the pool, hut circumstances prevented my doing so. The difficulty of boiling the water in these old holy wells was probably a real one, due to the presence of salt or minerals of some kind, having a real health restoring power, but the sacred fish are certainly a survival of the worship of Atargatis the Oriental Juno or Hera, and other pagan deities. — MARY AGNES HICKSON.
Inscribed Stones. — I send drawings of two of these stones in cairn "W of the Slieve-na-Caillighe series. Both stones are about four and a-half feet high. These, with the illustrations of other inscribed stones in th& same cairn, published by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,1 seem
Inscribed Stone in Cairn W of the Slieve-na-Caillighe Series.
to exhaust the inscribed stones it contains, the devices on some having vanished owing to weathering. The stone represented in fig. 2 (next page) adjoins that in fig. 1 on the right of the latter. This cairn differs
1 Proceedings, S.A.S., vol. iii., 3rd Series, p. 294.
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ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
from all the others in the district in being roughly circular in the plan of its chamber, and in having its entrance towards the south, whereas the others, with one or two exceptions, are cruciform in plan, and open
Inscribed Stone in Cairn "W of the Slieve-na-Caillighe Series.
towards the east approximately. It contains a stone basin, and in d&ris thrown out of it I found among the burnt remains of bones the two objects illustrated in a former number of the Journal.1 — E. CEOFTON ROTHEKAM.
Dalkey. — I beg to record the admirable work, lately commenced, and still proceeding, in connexion with the ancient parish church of Dalkey. Late in November last our member, Mr. Henry F. Baker, of Dalkey, was enabled through a letter addressed by the Dalkey Board of Town Commissioners, to the Eathdown Board of Guardians, to draw attention to the neglected and disgraceful state in which the old cemetery, and interesting ancient parish church of Dalkey were allowed to remain, or rather to moulder. In reply the Guardians acceded to the request, and issued an order to the relieving officer of the district to carry out the views of the Dalkey conservers, as far as might possibly be
1 Vol. vii., Part 4, 5th Ser., p. 426.
MISCELLANEA. 173
accomplished. Much has already been done. There has been no build- ing up or pulling down. The ivy has been entirely removed, the result being the disclosure of not a few most interesting features, hitherto hidden, of one of the most ancient and curiously instructive churches to be found in Ireland. Mr. Baker has caused excellent photographs to be taken of the ruin as it was, and as it now is. I hope to read a Paper upon the ruin of this church which appears to possess early Irish, Norman, and late English features strangely combined. — W. F. WAKEMAN, Hon. Sec. South Dublin.
Waterford and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society. — The
Annual Excursion came off on Thursday, 26th May, starting from Water- ford, at 10.30 a.m., arriving at Jerpoint Abbey, near Thomastown, before noon. The train, for the convenience of the party, stopped close to the Abbey. After inspecting the ruins, cars were in attendance to take members onto K ells (five miles), where luncheon was served. The ruins of the Priory and Priory Church were examined, and the party went on to Aughaviller to inspect the Round Tower and Castle. Sheepstown was next visited, and the interesting primitive Celtic church examined. Thence to Knocktopher and Ballyhale for Waterford.
An illustrated guide, specially prepared for the Excursion, was issued. Amongst those present were — The Most Rev. Dr. Sheehan, President of the Society ; Major Cuffe ; and Mr. W. L. Burke, Hon. Secretary. The Society is to be congratulated in having so successfully carried out a most interesting excursion.
The Gallan at Tallaght. — This gallan is situated in the loop formed by the New Tallaght-road going round the Tallaght hills from Kiltalown to Brittas, and the old steep coach-road between these places. It stands in the middle of a small meadow, south of Cruach Slinn, and opposite Mount Seskin (Seisgeanri). This can be seen from Sheets numbers 21 and 24 of the 6-inch Map of county Dublin.
This pillar stone is a block of the clay slate of the district, and stands 7 feet high. It presents a nearly flat face towards the old road on the east, 5 feet broad. The sides on the south and west are each one foot less, and that on the north 3 feet.
A ridge projects out a foot high on the western face, but gradually dies away below.
An important feature, however, is the presence of five cups, or round holes, in the southern face near the top of the eastern corner ; parallel with its curve for 20 inches downwards. While there is only a quarter of an inch from the first cup to the second, and 1£ inches from the third to the fourth, and the fourth to the fifth, a greater space by nearly 5 inches, occurs between the second and third, like a space between words ; thus reducing the quantity of space used. It will be seen from this that compared with the two upper cups which nearly run into one
JOUR. R. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., VT. II., 5TH SER. O
174 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
another, the lower three are very much apart. The two upper are opposite to the eyes of a person of average height, and the three lower opposite his chest. The depth in the middle of the most perfect cup i» \ an inch.
From the sides of the round marks sloping to the middle, they seem to have heen cut by revolving against the gallan, the pointed end of such a stone tool as is pictured on page 273 of Mr. Wakeman's handbook. The upper two at the height of the eyes would be the first made.
The diameter across the higher one of the upper two is 2^ inches, and downwards 2£ inches ; of the lower one it is 2f inches by 2f inches. The measure- ments in the same ways of the lower group are — the upper one, 2£ inches by 3 inches; the centre one, 2£ inches by 2 inches ; the lowest one, 2 inches by If inches.
The curious facts shown by a comparison of these figures are that although the upper two cups get smaller upwards by a \ of an inch from edge to edge both ways, and the lower three diminish down- wards, yet at the same time, the diameter across is greater always by a \ of an inch than that down. The only exception which can be seen is that the diminution from the perpendicular diameter of the highest cup of the lower group, to the diameter across the same way in the cup below is fully 1 inch.
Although the cups here are different in number, arrangement, and size from the four together in a horizontal line on cromleacs at Lisbellaw and Achill, and from those in a perpendicular line inside the Bruigh, as described in Mr. "Wakeman's handbook, yet these at Tallaght also decreasing their size to an Diagram showing relative end, and taking up the same space, seem to show
" that the 6xamPleS wllich WG have got are Par*^
of a system of "marking." The name Tatmhleaoht which brings to the mind heathen burial places, still rightly describes the hills in an easterly direction from the gallan, but the other remains now in the loop are, a small earn a quarter of a mile to the south, a mound about a mile north on the top of Cruach Slinn, and another at the right side of the old road passing Cruach Slinn. Behind Mount Seskin House on the other side of the old road, and therefore outside the loop, is a low oblong mound in a meadow, and a like one outside on the uncultivated ground. — "W. P. BRILEY, per E. E. M'C. Dix.
MISCELLANEA. 175
King John's Castle, Kilmallock. — The following communication has been received from the Secretary, Board of "Works, in reply to a letter from the Council of this Society, dated 26th April last : —
" I am directed by the Commissioners of Public Works to state that the King's Castle at Kilmallock was reported to them to be in a condition requiring works of preservation, owing to the looseness of the masonry. In consequence of this state of things works have been carried out under the advice of their Inspector of Ancient Monuments, which place the ruin in substantial repair, and remove all danger in connexion with the masonry.
"It has not been possible to deal with the question of a passage through the archway of the castle, up to the present, owing to the fact that the lower storey is occupied by a smith's forge.
" The Board have been in correspondence with the owner of the castle, on the subject of getting clear possession, .which they have themselves no power to obtain. A local Committee have lately proposed to provide a forge for the smith, if the Board would make two large arches in the tower, so as to form a roadway through it. The Board are advised that this work would endanger the stability of the structure ; and this consi- deration, apart from the fact that the suggested work would be clearly one of alteration, and not preservation, renders it impossible to comply with the suggestion.
" The Board, however, have been advised to remove the stone divisions of the two existing arches, to concrete the floor under them, to build a concrete wall in the interior, shutting off the arches from the rest of the castle, so as to prevent objectionable use being made of the struc- 'ture, to place a door in this wall, opening from the side of the arched passage, to concrete the upper portion of the stone vaulting, and to provide for carrying away the water. They have written to the Board of Guardians, who have communicated with them officially, offering to execute these works if, and as soon as it becomes possible to do so, by removal of the forge, and they trust they will receive a satisfactory reply on the subject."
Irish Texts Society. — The Inaugural Meeting of this Society was held in London on April 26th. 390 applications for membership had been received, of which 165 were from Ireland, 130 from England and Scotland, 54 from America, and the remainder from the Continent and other parts of the world. The names of a large number of distinguished Celtic scholars were to be found in this list.
Over £50 has been contributed or promised to the Editorial Fund.
It was stated that Dr. Douglas Hyde was already at work upon his " Collection of Romantic Tales," which will form the first volume of the Society's publications, and it is hoped that it may be ready to go to press before the close of the year. Arrangements have been entered into with
02
176 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the firm of David Nutt, of 270, Strand, London, for the publication of the Society's volumes.
Kerry Ogham Finds. — In the last issue of the Journal I find the following clerical error appears in my note on "Kerry Ogham Finds, 1896," at p. 69, in the second last paragraph, where it is stated: — "I came on the foundation of two dry walls 5 feet x 13 feet," &c. This should be " 5 feet x 13 inches." — R. J. RICE, Lieutenant- Colonel.
Wooden Bowl found at The Boon, King's County.— This bowl was found in May, 1897, by a boy cutting turf in a bog on The Doon estate, King's County. It was found buried about 9 feet from the surface of the bog, and some 7 or 8 yards from the edge of what is known as the " Pilgrim's Road," which is said to have run from Tara to Clonmacnoise, and passes through the Doon, running towards Clonmacnoise, about five miles distant. The road at the spot where the bowl was found is about 6 feet below the present surface of the bog (which appears to have grown over it), and is formed of branches and blocks of timber laid down on the flat.
The bowl is perfectly round and well formed, is about 9 inches in diameter, and about 7 inches high, and has a groove cut half an inch deep round the outside and near the top. It seems to be cut out of birch wood, and was in very good condition when found, though it has greatly cracked since. There is a small solid ear-shaped handle on one side. It was evidently cut very near the bark of the tree as a large gap appears on the side where a portion of the bark fell off. It is at present in my possession. — W. ENEAGHT MOONEY.
Archaeological Mistakes. — The collection and tabulation of these would be a useful work, and would save members much profitless trouble. Some have become extinct ; but others are in active service still. May I be permitted to make two contributions to the list? Both of these are old offenders, but have been given a fresh lease of life in recent numbers of our Journal.
(1.) There is no such place at Pahan, near Dingle,1 as " the fort of the wolves" or " Cahernamactirech." It is in Glenfahan : the name also is meant for Cathair na Mairtmech, which simply and prosaically means " the fort of the Martins" (O'Curry's " Lectures," vol. 2, p. 72).
(2.) The inscription on Inchaguile, Lough Corrib,2is not the memorial of St. Patrick's nephew Lugnath. It unfortunately records a nobody — Luguaedon (not Lugnaedori) macci Menueh. The I of Lmenueh [!], in the old reading, is really the concluding i of macci. — R. A^ S. MACALISTEE.
1 See Journal for 1897, p. 300. 2 LOG. cit., p. 383.
MISCELLANEA.
177
Remains of Urn found in a Cavan Bog. — Some fragments of a large urn, said to have been dug up in the Bog of Enagh, county Cavan, at a depth of about ten feet, have recently come into my possession. Their aggregate area is about 60 square inches, but they only represent a very
Exterior View and Section of a Fragment of Urn found in a Cavan Bog.
small part of the whole vessel, which was a shade less than 15 inches across its mouth when perfect. The fragment of the rim here illustrated, measures 8 inches along the curve, and shows two rows of indentations ; unfortunately it is impossible to make out if there were more. The average thickness of the remains I have examined is rather more than half an inch, but the fragments vary a good deal. Enough pieces have not been found to make it possible to ascertain the height of this urn. — E. CKOFTON ROTHERAM.
178 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Clonmacnoise.— I visited the cemetery of Clonmacnoise during the month of April, and took rubbings of all the sculptured slabs in the churches, or the graveyard, to the number of about 200. I found two (previously undescribed so far as I am aware) doing duty as underground supports to a modern tombstone. As the stone stood perfectly well without them, I removed them, and deposited them with the rest, in their present position, among the slabs in the old church.
I would suggest that the clergy in the neighbourhood of Clonmac- noise be requested to keep a watch for any slabs, or fragments of slabs, that may be found in digging graves, as there is every reason to believe that many of the important stones now missing1 are buried beneath the surface of the cemetery. It would also be desirable if they would use their influence to prevent (a) the appropriation of the existing stones as gravestones, and (b) the use of monumental slabs, piled up, as a temporary altar. I trust I shall not give offence if I venture to point out that, to a large extent, these monuments hold the key to the chronology of early Irish Christian art, and that their employment for this purpose cannot but be detrimental to their sculpturing.
Till the moment of writing, my whole time has been occupied, since I left Clonmacnoise, with the preparation of my report on the remains at Fahan and Glenfahan, near Dingle. I intend, however, to set to work immediately on the preparation of the necessary drawings, and hope to be able to report satisfactory progress, as well as to submit a detailed catalogue of the slabs, at the Autumn Meeting of the Society. — B. A. STEWAET MACALISTEE.
1 Of the 179 stones noticed in the first volume of the " Christian Inscriptions," 1 3 are not at Clonmacnoise, and 15 were lost when the work appeared; of the 151 remaining, I failed to find no less than 54, and many others I found to have suffered severe injury. On the other hand, I found 2 supposed to be lost, and ahout 100 not recorded in the ahove work.
( 179 )
of
[NOTE. — The Works marked thus (*) are by Members of the Society."}
-4 Key to English Antiquities, with special reference to the Sheffield and Rothcrham District. By Ella S. Armitage. (Sheffield: W. Townsend, 1897.)
As an elementary handbook to the antiquities of England, this book is fairly creditable: it cannot be accepted as a "key" — a name which implies the solution of problems — because it tells us little or nothing that was not known before. The earlier part (relating to prehistoric remains) will be more interesting to the Irish antiquary, as our medieval antiquities are comparatively unimportant : but this is the most disap- pointing portion of the book, and a perusal of it gives the impression that the authoress was hurrying on, impatient to get to the mediaeval antiquities. The work is principally valuable as a guide to the antiqui- ties of Sheffield and Rotherham ; but it is overcrowded with stale and, occasionally, inaccurate general matter. The chapter on the churches of the district seems verv well done.
History of Corn Milling. Vol. i. Handstones, Slave, and Cattle Mills. By Richard Bennett and John Elton. (London : Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. ; Liverpool: Edward Howell, Church -street, 1898.)
THE old school of history, which stood on its dignity and considered few subjects less portentous than battles, kings, and statesmen worthy of a place in its pages, has long been out of repute, but much remains to be done on the branches of modern historic research. Many homely all- important factors in the advance and improvement of our race, while they have been treated discursively in, perhaps, hundreds of volumes, have, however, but seldom formed the subject of one book, or been put into a form at once scientific and popular.
The preparation of our " daily bread," next, perhaps, to fire and metal working, is one of the most requisite arts in every stage of civili- sation, and to trace its history down the ages has been the task of the authors of this book.
The imperishable millstones, of all varieties, and the strange Egyptian
180 EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
superstition which provided a dead man with models of slaves, imple- ments, and furniture, for use in that dim Amenti (in preparation for which the subjects of the Pharoahs devoted a life-long foresight), have secured us an unusual abundance of the earliest material.
The literature of every nation is full of allusions to the all essential " mill," while the feudal monopolies, which confined to the manorial or abbatial mill the corn-grinding of a district, have resulted in the pre- servation of extensive records during the Middle Ages.
The authors advance an interesting theory on basin-stones and the superstitions surrounding them, that these puzzling remains were primi- tive mills, and acquired their u sanctity " from their importance to some early settlement.1 This, by the way, is analogous to the view that the tribal fire (always kept burning by the women in the primitive village, and supplying the other fires) originated the sacred fires of Yesta, and started the rites of Beltane bonfires. An illustration of a double cup-stone, found by Mr. Bennett under a brook bed in tSefton Park, Liverpool, might pass in shape, and the position of its basins, for a view of that mysterious stone lying near the mound of inauguration at Magh Adhair, on which the O'Briens were made kings. Was this latter, then, the " tribal mill " kept in the central spot of the community ?
The appearance of used " mill- stones "2 in primitive graves is con- sidered as marking the burials of women, as the weapons were laid beside the bodies of men. The supposed female skeleton at Thymbros, its head pillowed on a grinding-stone, and the Mexican cairns are cited as evidence.
The basin stones in churchyards in northern Scotland were used for pounding grain ; barley, with a little water, being put into the basin, and pounded with a long-handled hammer, usually by women (p. 23), to whom, in all primitive societies, this work has been allotted.
The "saddle-stone" and mortar are treated at some length. The first is the old "mill" of Egypt, found in the oldest strata of Greek cities and Celtic forts. A fine example is given from Castel Coz at Finisterre — a noble cliff "cathair" with chevaux de frise and 150 houses of pre-Koman times. The same form occurs in later Swiss crannoges in ancient Mexico and modern " darkest Africa." It seems to have been the first step in milling, after the corn-crusher and mortar. Both processes are mentioned in the Book of Numbers (chap, xi., ver. 8), as practised by the Israelites in the desert.
The Eoman mills are then studied elaborately, as the remains and literature enable them to be so done. This leads us to the familiar quern which the writers consider of Italian origin, and only some 2000 years
1 This theory, however, does not meet cases where the basins are in steeply sloping rocks, or in upright pillar-stonts.
2 See our Journal, 1897, p. 179, for a recent Irish example.
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 181
old. It rapidly spread through the empire, and, as we know, was the 1 ' mill " of the Jews in New Testament times. Wickcliffe's translation of our Lord's words is noteworthy: " Tweine wymmen schulen ben gryndynge in o querne."
On p. 137 a conical upper mill-stone, with a basin at the top and a hole for a handle on the side, is illustrated and rightly compared with one recently found in a bog near Kilkishen in county Clare. The decorated examples from the same county, and Dromgay, near Ennis- killen. on p. 143, and that from Clonmacnoise, have already been noted in our Journal. The interesting case of a cross on a " grinding- stone " (molare lapide) is appositely cited from Adamnan (679, 704).
Of great interest is the section on the Saxon and English laws relat- ing to mills as the law of Ethelbert (circa 565) : "If ?my one molest . . . the maid who grinds at the mill, he shall pay 25 shillings." In later days in Wales when a divorced couple divided their goods — " the riddle to the husband, the sieve to the wife . . . the barn and all the corn above ground, with one of the cats, to the husband, and as much meal as she can carry" to the wife . . . "the husband to have the upper stone of the quern, and the wife the lower " — was enacted, probably being a crude attempt to add another obstacle to divorce.
It may be noted from the "Annals of Dunstable " in 1295, that then, as now, theories in mechanics did not always work out into fact. " This year brother John the carpenter made a new mill, constructed upon principles hitherto unknown, promising that one horse should be able to turn it ; but when it was made, and should have ground, four strong horses could scarcely move it ; and so it was removed, and the use of the old mill resumed."
The first volume closes with a very gruesome account of the Eoman mill-slaves, and some interesting charters suppressing the use of querns in favour of privileged mills. One of circa A.D. 1150 from Cecilia de Rumelia to the monks of Embsay, Yorkshire, is given, in facsimile, as the frontis- piece of this interesting instalment of a work, rich in illustration, reference, and general information.
T. J. W.
182 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE SECOND QUARTERLY MEETING of the Society was held (by per- mission) in the Royal Irish Academy Honse, Dawson- street, Dublin, on "Wednesday, the 15th of June, 1898, at 2 o'clock, p.m.
THE RIGHT HON. O'CoNOR DON, LL.D., M.R.I.A., President, in the Chair.
The following took part in the Proceedings : —
Fellows. — Colonel Philip Doyne Vigors, Vice -President ; Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.I.A., Vice '- President ; William Frazer, F.R.C.S.I., M.K.I. A., HON. F.S.A. (Scot.), Vice -President; Thomas Drew, R.H.A., F.R.I.B.A., P.R.I.A.I., Vice -President; Rev. J. F. M. ffrench, M.R.I. A., Vice-President ; Edward Perceval Wright, M.A., M.D., M.R.I.A., Vice-President; Eobert M. Young, B.A., M.R.I. A., Vice - President ; J. J. Digges LaTouche, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A., Vice- President ; Eobert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Hon. General Secretary and Treasurer ; the Eev. Edmond Barry, P.P., M.R.I. A. ; G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I.A.; John Cooke, M.A. ; Thomas Costley ; the Eight Eev. J. B. Crozier, D.D., Bishop of Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin; H. C. Cullinan, LL.B. ; E. S. Longworth-Dames, B.A., M.R.I.A. ; John Eibton Garstin, M.A., B.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A.; George A. P. Kelly, M.A. ; Eichard Langrishe, F.R.I.A.I. ; P. J. Lynch, M.R. I.A.I. ; the Eight Hon. Joseph M. Meade, LL.D., Hon. Fellow, W.
E. J. Molloy, M.R.I.A. ; M. M. Murphy, M.R.I.A. ; James G. Eobertson, Hon. Fellow ; the Eev. Stanford F. H. Eobinson, M.A. ; Thomas J. Westropp, M.A., M.K.I. A. ; William W. Wilson, M.K.I. A., P.INST. C.E.I. ; Eobert Lloyd Woollcombe, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A.
Members. — The Eev. Arthur W. Ardagh, M.A. ; P. T. Bermingham ; Lieut.- Colonel M. W. Biddulph ; J. B. Cassin Bray ; the Eev. E.A.Burnett, M.A. ; Sir Charles A. Cameron, M.D., HON. R.H.A. ; Sir E. Newman Chambers ; Miss Clark; the Eev. Ambrose Coleman, O.P. ; S. A. D'Arcy, L.R.C.P. & B.I. ; Valentine J. Dunn ; Captain Joshua Fielding; Frederick Franklin, F.R.I.A.I. ; Edward Glover, M.I.C.E. ; Surgeon Lieut. -Colon el J. J. Greene, M.B. ; the Ven. Archdeacon Jameson, M.A. ; the Eev. Danby Jeffares, M.A. ; Thomas Kiernan ; T. H. Longfield, F.S.A., M.R.I.A. ; the Eev.
F. J. Lucas, D.D. ; Brian Mac Sheehy, LL.D. ; William M'Cormick, M.A. ; John P. M 'Knight; the Eev. Canon M'Larney, B.A. ; Bernard S. Mara; the Eev. John E. Moffatt, M.D. ; H. G. Molony, M.D. ; Joseph H. Moore, M.A., M.I.C.E. ; Charles Mullin; John 0' Duffy, Dental Surgeon; S. A. Quan- Smith ; T. W. Eolleston, B.A. ; Sir Eobert Sexton, D.L. ; the Eev. Bedell Stanford, B.A. ; William C. Stubbs, B.A. ; H. P. Truell, M.D., D.L. ; the Eev. G. Otway Woodward, B.A.
The Minutes of the Annual General Meeting were read and signed
PROCEEDINGS. 183
The following Candidates, recommended by the Council, were declared duly elected : —
FELLOWS.
Berry, Captain, R. G., Army Service Corps (Member, 1896), Shorncliffe Camp, Kent: proposed by F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A., Fellow.
Chestnutt, John, B.A., L.K.C.P. & L.R.C.S. (Edin.), (Member, 1891), Derwent How- den, East Yorks : proposed by G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., Fellow.
Frederic, Harold, Homefield, Kenley, Surrey : proposed by Mrs. Rice.
MEMBERS.
Adams, Rev. William Alexander, B.A., The Manse, Antrim : proposed by the Rev.
G. R. Buick, LL.D., Fellow.
, Samuel William, M.A., M.D., The Manor House, Antrim-road, Belfast:
proposed by Edward Allworthy. Beamish-Crooke, E., J.P., Old Town, Coachford, Co, Cork: proposed by H. W.
Gillman, B.A., Fellow. Bell, Thomas William, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, 2, Herbert -street, Dublin : proposed
by the Rev. W. Falkiner, M.A. Butler, William F., M.A., F. R.U.I., Professor of Modern Languages, Queen's College,
Cork : proposed by J. Grene Barry. CLadwick, John, jun., 18, Patrick- street, Kilkenny: proposed by P. M. Egan,
Fellow.
Concannon, Thomas, Mexico: proposed by S. F. Milligan, M.R.I. A., Vice-President. Conway, Rev. David, Mount Joy, Lancaster Co., Pa., U. S. A. : proposed by Robert
M. Young, Vice-President. Cunyngham, O'M., 29, Rutland -square, West, Dublin : proposed by S. F. Milligan,
M.R.I. A., Vice-President. Cooper, Mark Bloxam, Barrister-at-Law, 95, Haddington-road, Dublin : proposed by
W. C. Stubbs, M.A. D'Alton, John J., 10, Wellington-place, Dundalk : proposed by G. D. Burtchaell,
M.A., Fellow.
Daly, Rev. Patrick, c.c., The Palace, Mullingar : proposed by James Tuite, M.P. de Ferrieres, Frank Rethore, B.A., 11, Willoughby -place, Enniskillen : proposed by
Thomas 1'lunkett, M.K.I. A.
Doyne, James, j.i-., Earl-street, Mullingar: proposed by James Tuite, M.P. Dreaper, Richard H., Physician and Surgeon, Mossley, near Manchester: proposed
by G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., Fellow. Fenton, Rev. Charles E. O'Connor, M.A., Edmund-street, Bradford : proposed by
Mrs. Fenton. Fenton, Rev. Cornelius O'Connor, M.A., 105, Botanic-road, Liverpool: proposed by
Mrs. Fenton. Fenton, Rev. S. L. O'Connor, M.A., Sricar of St. George's, Newcastle, Staffordshire:
proposed by Mrs. Fenton. Fry, Matthew W. J., M.A., F.T.C.D., Trinity College, Dublin : proposed by W. Grove
White, LL.B.
Hayes, John, Jail-street, Ennis : proposed by T. J. Westropp, M.A., Fellow. Hillyard, Rev. H. J., Charleville, Co. Cork: proposed by the Rev. T. Olden, D.D.,
M.R.I.A.
Hogg, Miss, Craigmore, Blackrock, Co. Dublin : proposed by Mrs. J. F. Shackleton. Hutchings, the Rev. H., Fairy Villa, Sandy mount, Dublin: proposed by the Rev.
William Falkiner, M.R.I.A.
184 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Irvine, Captain William, Henry (late The Buffs), Vallombrosa, Bray, Co. Wicklow :
proposed by Captain J. Fielding. Keelan, Patrick, 13, Greville- street, Mullingar: proposed by S. F. Milligan, M.R.I.A.,
Vice -President.
Laverty, Charles, Solicitor, Castleblayney : proposed by D. C. Rushe, B.A., Fellow. Longfield, Robert 0., Solicitor. 19, Har court- street, Dublin: proposed by W. Grove
White, LL.B.
M'Crum, Miss Harriette, Milford, Armagh : proposed by J. J. Phillips. M'Kee, Robert, M.A., Harlesden College, Willesden, London, N.W.: proposed by
Newton B. Ashby.
M' Walters, Morgan J., Bank of Ireland, Omagh : proposed by Charles Mullin. M'William, William, Corlatt House, Monaghan : proposed by D. C. Rushe, B.A.,
Fellow. Moloney, M. T., Ottawa, Illinois, U.S.A. : proposed by James Frost, M.R.I.A.,
Vice -President.
Nagle, Joachim, North Earl-street, Dublin : proposed by P. Kenny. Nooney, Patrick J., Solicitor, Mullingar: proposed by James Tuite, M.P. Nooney, Thomas F., J.P., Earl-street, Mullingar : proposed by James Tuite, M.P. O'Brien, Daniel, West Park, Glasnevin: proposed by D. J. O'Donoghue. O'Keeffe, John G., War Office, Pall Mall, London, S.W. : proposed by R. A. S.
Macalister, B.A. O'Reilly, Rev. Edward, Adm., The Palace, Mullingar : proposed by James Tuite,
M.P. O'Toole, Arthur, 5, Foster-place, Dublin : proposed by M. M. Murphy, M.R.I. A.,
Fellow. Pirn, E. W., 27 and 29, High-street, Belfast: proposed by S. F. Milligan, M.R.I.A.,
Vice-President. Puxley, Rev. Herbert Lavallin, Catton Rectory, Stamford Bridge, York : proposed
by the Rev. W. B. Wright, M.A. Rawlence, Mrs., 12, Ovington-square, London, S.W. : proposed by Lieut. -Colonel
Biddulph.
Read, Miss, 3, Lower Merrion- street, Dublin : proposed by Miss Field. Reid, John Gambell, Solicitor, Castleblayney: proposed by D. C. Rushe, B.A.,
Fellow.
Richey, Henry A., B.A., Barrister- at -Law, 13, Lower Pembroke-street, Dublin: pro- posed by J. J. Digges La Touch e, LL.D., Vice- President. Sloan, Rev. Isaac, M.A., The Manse, Ballyreagh, Ballygawley : proposed by the Rev.
W. T. Latimer, B.A., Fellow. Stewart, Rev. Joseph Atkinson, Killowen, Lisburn : proposed by the Rev. H. W.
Lett, M.A., M.R.I.A.
Walsh, Captain Walter P. Hussey-, 4, Curzon-street, Mayfair, London, W. : pro- posed by the Rev. H. W. Davidson, M.A.
THE AUDITORS' KEPORT.
The Auditors' Report and Statement of Accounts for the year 1897 was read by the Hon. Treasurer, showing a balance to Credit for the year ended 31st December, 1897, of £112 3*. 8d., as against £38 11*. 6d. in the previous Account. The Account was unanimously passed (see opposite page).
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186 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council : —
** Prehistoric Eemains at Carran and Kilcorney, in the Burren, Co. Clare," by Thomas J. Westropp, M.A., M.K.I.A., Fellow.
"The 'Bambino' of New Ross," by M. J. C. Buckley. (Read by Mr. G. D. Burtchaell.)
Mr. James G. Robertson described a silver chalice of the date 1606, which is at present in the hands of a private owner. Nothing is known of its history save that, in the course of last year, it was exhibited in the shop window of Messrs. Richards & "Walsh, watch and clockmakers, South Anne-street. It was in good preservation. It had the appear- ance of having been originally gilt. It was 7f inches high by 5£ inches in breadth, and had on panels the following subjects engraved : — The Crucifixion, St. Patrick, St. Franciscus, represented as a priest in a monk's dress and cowl, St. Bernardus, and St. Gualterius. Two Latin inscriptions, in Roman letters, were upon the chalice, viz. : — " ORATE
PBO ANIA WALTEEI AECHER, FILII RICARDI, 1606"; and" IDEM WALTERTJS HUNC CALICEM DONAVIT, CAPELIA, B. MARNA, IN MON. S. FRANCISCI, EZL-
Mr. ffrench, in moving that the communication be referred to Council for publication, said the Royal Irish Academy had been asked to purchase this chalice, but had declined to do so on the ground that they had not funds for the purpose. It was a great pity that that was so, because the Academy's collection of chalices was a remarkably poor one. They had only one chalice worthy of the name, viz. that of Ardagh.
The motion was agreed to.
The remaining Papers were taken as read, and referred to the Council, viz. : —
" The Rathcroghan and Breastagh Ogam-stones," by Principal Rhys, LL.D., F.S.A., Hon. Fellow.
" Some further Notes on Otter and Beaver Traps," by Robert Munro, M.A., M.D., Hon. Fellow.
" Flint Scrapers," by W. J. Knowles, M.R.I. A., Vice- President.
" On Early Crosses (with Illustrations) shown on Irish and Scottish Antiquities," by Dr. Frazer, Vice- President.
" List of the Post-Cromwellian Inhabitants of Tipperary," by Dr. T. Laffan. The Society then adjourned.
PROCEEDINGS. 187
THE JCBILEE BANQUET.
The banquet in celebration of the Jubilee year of the Society was held in the large Hall of the Ancient Concert Eooms.
The President of the Society, THE RIGHT HON. 0' CONOR DON, occupied the Chair.
To his right there sat —
The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of Dublin ; the Earl of Rosse, President,, Royal Irish Academy ; Mr. W. W. "Wilson, President, Institute Civil Engineers, Ireland ; Sir Rohert Sexton, D.L. ; Dr. Frazer ; Mr. R. M. Young ; Mr. J. R. Garstin, D.L. ; Mr. J. Joly, LL.D. ; Mr. J. J. Digges LaTouche, LL.D. ; Mr. S. F. Milligan, M.R.I.A.
To his left sat—
The Lord Mayor of Belfast ; Rev. E. J. Dunne ; Mr. Thomas Drew, President, Royal Institute of Architects, Ireland ; the Right Hon. Alderman Meade ; Sir Charles Cameron ; Sir Newman Chambers ; R. Atkinson, LL.D. ; The Rev. J. F. M. ffrench, M.R.I.A. ; Mr. Richard Langrishe, F.R.I. A.I. ; Mr. Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Hon. Secretary.
There were also present —
Rev. Edmond Barry, M.R.I.A.; Lieut. -Colonel M. W. Biddulph; J. B. Casin Bray; G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I.A.; Rev. Canon Carmichael, LL.D.; Thomas Costley ; John Cooke, M,A. ; H. C. Cullinan, LL.B. ; Rep. of Daily Express ; Rep. of. Daily Independent ; R. S. Long worth- Dames, B.A., M.R.I.A. ; Dr. S. A. D'Arcy ; Valentine J. Dunn ; Frederick Franklin, F.R.I.A.I. ; Rep. of Freeman's Journal ; Edward Glover, C.E., M.A. ; Surgeon Lieut. -Colonel J. J. Greene, M.B. ; Henry Hunt (Belfast News-Letter}; Rep. of Irish Times; Rev. Danby Jeffares, M.A. ; George A. P. Kelly, M.A. ; Thomas Kennedy (Secretary to the Lord Mayor) ; Thomas Kiernan ; Rev. Thomas Long, M.A. ; T. H. Longfield, F.S.A. ; R. 0. Longfield; Rev. F. J. Lucas, D.D. ; P. J. Lynch, M.R.I.A. (Hon. Secretary for Munster) ; Robert Macalister, LL.B. ; Brian Mac Sheehy, LL.D. ; William M'Cormick, M.A. ; J. P. M 'Knight; Rev. Canon M'Larney, B.A.; B. S. Mara; Rev. J. E. Moffatt, M.D. ; "W. R. J. Molloy, M.R.I.A. ; H. G. Molony, M.D. ; J. H. Moore, M.A., M. INST. C.E. ; R. J. Moss (Registrar, Royal Dublin Society) ; Charles Mullin ; M. M. Murphy ; John O'Duffy, Dental Surgeon ; S. A. Quan-Smith ; Rev. S. F. H. Robinson, M.A. ; T. W. Rolleston, B.A. ; J. A. Scott, J.P. ; S. Catterson Smith (Secretary R. H. A.) ; W. C. Stubbs, M.A. ; William Tempest, J.P. ; T. J. Westropp, M.A., M.R.I.A. (Hon. Secretary for Leinster}.
188
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIES OF IRELAND.
Invitations were sent to the following, amongst others, who wrote regretting their inability to be present : —
His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, K.G. The Most Rev. Dr. Walsh, Archbishop
of Dublin. The Most Rev. Dr. Peacocke, Archbishop
of Dublin.
The Earl of Drogheda. The Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. The Chairman of the Irish Board of
Works.
The Presidents and Secretaries of the — Society of Antiquaries of London. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
The Presidents and Secretaries of the —
Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
British Archaeological Association.
Cambrian Archaeological Association.
Royal Institution of Cornwall.
Glasgow Archaeological Society.
Chester and North Wales Archaeolo- gical and Historical Society.
Sussex Archaeological Society.
Archaeological Congress.
Kent Archaeological Society. The Editor of The Reliquary. The Editor of The Architect.
The following Fellows and Members of the Society wrote expressing regret at their inability to be present : —
The Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
The Duke of Devonshire, K.G.
The Duke of Abercorn, K.G.
The Marquis of Ormonde, K.P.
The Earl of Courtown.
The Earl of Mayo.
The Earl of Castlestuart.
Lord Frederick Fitz Gerald.
Lord Walter Fitz Gerald.
Viscount Clifden.
The Right Hon. Lord Arthur Hill, M.P.
The Most Rev. Dr. Keene, Bishop of
Meath. The Right Rev. Dr. Graves, Bishop of
Limerick. The Most Rev. Dr. Donnelly, Bishop of
Canea. The Most Rev. Dr. Browne, Bishop of
Ferns.
The Most Rev. Dr. Sheehan, Bishop of
Waterford, President, Waterford and
South-east of Ireland Archaeological
Association
The Right Rev. Dr. Meade, Bishop of
Cork. The Most Rev. Dr. Hoare, Bishop of
Ardagh. The Most Rev. Dr. Healy, Bishop of
Clonfert. The Right Rev. Dr. Crozier, Bishop of
Ossory.
The Lord Ardilaun. The Lord Clonbrock.
The Lord Castletown.
The Hon. Dudley F. Fortescue.
The Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
M.P.
The Right Hon. A. H. Smith-Barry, M.P.
The Hon. E. A. de Moleyns.
The Hon. R. T. O'Neill, M.P.
Sir Robert Foster, Bart.
Sir Henry Bellingham, Bart.
Sir Frederick W. Shaw, Barl.
Sir James Musgrave, Bart.
Lieut. -General Sir Richard H. Sankey, K.C.B.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B.
Sir Daniel Dixon.
His Honor Judge Kane.
William Field, M.P.
The Very Rev. Dean Humphreys.
The Very Rev. Dean Dawson.
The Very Rev. Dean Hare.
The Very Rev. Dean Isaac.
The Very Rev. Dean White, P.P., Nenagh.
The Ven. Archdeacon Jameson.
The Ven. Archdeacon O'Neill, P.P.
0' Donovan of Liss Ard.
Principal Rhys, LL.D., Professor of Celtic, Oxford.
Lavens M. Ewart, M.R.I.A.
Robert Day, F.S.A., President, Cork His- torical and Archaeological Association.
E. Perceval Wright, M.D. W. J. Knowles, M.R.I.A.
F. Elrington Ball, M.A.
PROCEEDINGS. 189
After the banquet the Chairman gave first the toast of Her Majesty the Queen. He said : — The first toast which I have to give you is one usually given without any prefatory remarks or words of commendation, as it requires none amongst her Majesty's loyal subjects. It is the toast of the Queen. From the general rule to which I have referred I do not intend to depart, except to say that this Society has received on several occasions distinctive recognition from her Majesty. We bear the title Royal through her permission — a permission given as soon as the labours of the Society were extended to all Ireland. We celebrate this evening our jubilee, yet at the time our Society was formed her Majesty had been on the throne for more than ten years. We have been born and have grown up to jubilee "age under her beneficent sway. We have never known any other ruler, and I am sure you will join with me in wishing her a lengthened prolongation of her days, and as she lias already surpassed all her predecessors in the length of her reign, she may do so also in the length and greatness of that life with which it has pleased God to bless her.
The Chairman then gave the toast of the Prince of Wales, and the rest of the Royal Family. Both toasts were enthusiastically honoured. '
The Chairman next gave the toast of the Lord Mayor and City of Dublin. He need hardly say that that was one of the most ancient cities of the United Kingdom. It could point 'back to a reference in history as far as history went. Dublin was mentioned in history centuries before St. Patrick planted Christianity in this island. So far as antiquity was concerned, there could be no comparison instituted between Dublin and any other city in Ireland. It possessed also charters of great antiquity. Immediately after the Anglo-Norman rule was established in this country a charter was given to the City of Dublin. Not only in the city, but all the surrounding districts, there was very much to occupy the attention of antiquaries. The gentleman who now so worthily occupied the position of Chief Magistrate of the City of Dublin had constantly associated himself with every movement that he considered to be for the benefit of Ireland and its capital city. N?pj
The Lord Mayor, in reply, thanked The 0' Conor Don for the kind references that he had made to him. He desired to mention the interest- ing fact that the Mansion House Fund for the relief of distress in the West of Ireland, which had been referred to by The O'Conor Don, had now amounted to £1000. But for the liberal sums contributed by Manchester and Liverpool, and other English cities, numerous deaths from starvation mast have already taken place in Ireland.
The Lord Mayor, again rising, said he had been honoured with the duty of proposing the toast of " The President of the Royal Society of Antiquaries," a sentiment which it would require both an orator and an historian to do justice to. Neither of these qualities did lie possess, and .therefore he could not suitably picture to them the many notable deeds in
JOUR. U.S.A. I., VOL. VIII., PT. II., 5TH SER. P
190 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the history of this land which the family of The 0' Conor Don, from the- fifth century to the present time, had performed. The 0' Conors had always been foremost in every good work, and no member of the race had taken a more prominent part in all movements which had for their object the promotion of the best interests of Ireland than the present representative of the noble house, the President of this Society.
The 0' Conor Don said — My Lord Mayor, my lords, and gentlemen, I do not know what other speakers may experience when called upon to return thanks to a toast with which .their names are coupled, but for myself, I may say that no duty in the line of public speaking is to me more difficult. This difficulty, it is true, is on the present occasion greatly lessened by the fact that the toast with which my name is associated is so wide in its application that the personal element connected with it is almost obliterated. At the same time, I cannot but express my regret that someone more capable of adequately dealing with this toast than I am should not now occupy the position which I hold. The toast that has been given is the toast of the Association whose jubilee we celebrate this evening, and in responding to it I cannot forget that in the main I have to reply on behalf of those who have preceded us and those to whose- labours and exertions we are indebted for being able to meet here to-day. This Association, as you are all aware, was founded fifty years ago. It had, like many other kindred societies, a very small beginning. & few gentlemen met in a private room in Kilkenny, and there decided to form a Society of an antiquarian character, having for its object the examina- tion and preservation of the many ancient remains which still existed in their country. The sphere of their labours was originally very limited. They proposed to deal merely with Kilkenny and the surrounding counties, and for many years membership of the Society was mainly participated in by residents in those districts. The Society once formed, its aspirations rapidly grew, other districts were included within its- operations, and it was soon felt that even its title, "The Kilkenny Archaeological Association/' did not aptly describe what it had under- taken. Extending to Waterford, Wexford, Caiiow, and Cork, it became the South-east of Ireland Archaeological Association, and a little later, in 1869, it embraced the whole country, and with her Majesty's gracious permission, took the title of "The Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland," a name subsequently altered for sake of brevity into that now borne, namely, " The Eoyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland."
It would be out of place in an after-dinner speech to enter into a detailed account of the progress and proceedings of the Society since its formation, but in responding to the toast which has been so kindly and sympathetically proposed, it is impossible, as I have said, to forget, and it would be a crime to slur over over the services of its founders. Fifty years lu»ve gone by rince its formation, and not one of the original
^bcEEMMs;^ 191
founders have survived to take" part in this jubilee. They have all passed away, but their memories remain, and it would be the deepest ingratitude not to recognise that, to the untiring exertions and indefatigable labours of the late Rev. James Graves, Mr. Prim, and their early co-operators, the Society owed it's origin, and for many years its continued existence. We must also remember that, although the name lias since dropped out of our title, to the city of Kilkenny is1 due the credit of having started this association, and supported it during the perilous days of its early and weak infancy.
In responding to this toast, I am then really responding in the name of those who made the Society what it is, and it is to them and not to us that any praise or thanks is due. We are the Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. But what is an antiquary? I will riot attempt to give an accurate definition. An antiquary is sometimes represented as a well- intentioned, harmless, but foolish old gentleman, ready to swallow any ridiculous tale that may be told to him, and ready also to place the most far-fetched interpretations upon any marks or inscriptions that may be founcl upon any remnants of antiquity. The credulity of the antiquary, and the mistakes into wliich a false zeal has led so many followers of antiquarian lore, has been made the subject of the keen wit and satire, of many of our best writers of fiction. No doubt there has often been some justification for this. It is hard to take up the study of the past "without forming some fixed ideas with regard to it. Once .formed those ideas dominate all investigations, and illegible inscriptions, detached letters, unintelligible marts or symbols, are all forced into the service of the theory implanted in the mind of the investigator, and they are all twisted and turned, and added to in order to show that they really are what he thinks they ought to be, rather than what an unbiassed exami- nation might prove them to be. Hence ludicrous mistakes are sometimes made, and the science of archeology, if I may call it a science, is dis- credited. These blunders, and the discredit connected with them, are not, however, peculiar to archaeology, they are common almost to every human investigation, but the whole study is not on this account to be condemned, or its votaries to be regarded as visionaries, running after fads and theories utterly useless to mankind. A nation that treads insolently upon the past is not likely to create much for the future. "We have a great deal to learn from an investigation of the past. We have a country rich in ancient remains, until lately little explored. We have a country in which ancient monuments abound, notwithstanding the destruction which civil wars, want of knowledge, and the ever mouldering hand of time have accomplished ; and the objects of our association are to spread knowledge in regard to these monuments, to excite interest in them, and thereby to stay their destruction. During our fifty years of existence have we done anything worth recording towards the accomplishment of these objects ? This is a question which may be very fairly asked on an
P2
192 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
occasion like the present. The journals published by the Society might he considered a sufficient answer to this inquiry. In these journals an immense amount of information, collected with great care, will he found on all those topics with which antiquarians deal. These volumes, now numbering twenty-eight, contain not only minute descriptions arid histories of the various monuments found in different parts of the country, but also striking illustrations of the most important amongst them. Our members then have not been idle, and in examining and illustrating what they have found they have done a great deal towards their preser- vation. To ignorance and to ignorance alone we must attribute much of the havoc and destruction of former days, and by spreading a know- ledge of these ancient monuments, and by creating an interest in them we go a long way towards securing their preservation, and even should they perish, as everything human perishes, their loss, as was once said by an eminent authority, will not be so great when they have been accurately described in a record which remains.
But the exertions of this Society have not been confined to this indirect though extensive method of preservation. To enumerate all that it has done in the way of direct preservation would take too long, but I may nevertheless mention a few examples. Before the public mind became alive to the importance of preserving our ancient monu- ments, and before Parliament had voted any money for this purpose, our Society was actively in the field, and important works at Jerpoint Abbey, at the Franciscan monastery in Kilkenny, at Monasterboice, Glendalough, and Clonmacnoise, were undertaken. Upon these restorations and pre- servations the labours and funds of the Society were freely expended, and I may be permitted to mention that in carrying them out we had- the valuable professional assistance of my predecessor in this chair, Mr. Drew, who in this labour of love, I need scarcely say, acted gratuitously.
The example thus set had also other far-reaching effects, and influenced a number of proprietors who had monuments on their estates to take an interest in their preservation.
But the work of the Society did not end here. Public attention was directed by it to what was done in other countries, and Parliament at length recognised that the State has duties in connexion with this subject and the Ancient Monuments Protection Act became law.
Such has been some of the work of the Society during the last half century. Starting in its first year with 150 members mainly drawn from the district round Kilkenny, it now numbers 1400 members from all parts of Ireland. Every county is represented in its body, meetings have been held in every province, and Papers and addresses have been read illustrative of the antiquities scattered everywhere throughout Ireland. Further, a system of excursions to different localities possess- ing objects of antiquarian interest has of late years been successfully organised with the most happy results. Through means of these visits
PROCEEDINGS. 193
to the different localities, members have been able to see for themselves the various objects of interest, to examine them personally, and thereby to acquire a knowledge which no amount of book -reading could impart. I think I may also claim for these excursions even wider and higher advantages. In these investigations into the past history of our country all can join. These excursions are participated in by persons of all classes and creeds, and belonging to the different races which constitute modern Ireland. We are all proud of belonging to the one country ; we are proud of discovering how ancient and progressive the civilisation of that country was, and we can all, Avithout feelings of hostility, help in elucidating its history. We start when investigating that history, at periods anterior to all the rivalries and differences of race and religion which in modern days have separated us so long. We can all, whether Catholic or Protestant, and no matter what our descent, approach the examination of the ancient remains which testify to the early civilisation of our country with one common interest, with one common desire to preserve them from destruction, to illustrate their history, to discover their true origin, and to tind, if possible, their ancient uses. In this investigation persons of all classes and creeds and races can cordially join, and joining in it a fellow-feeling grows up amongst them. They recognise that they have a common bond of union ; that, however separated by political or religious differences, they are all inhabitants of the one country, and that whatever redounds to the credit or advantage of that country must be to them a matter for mutual congratulations. This, to my mind, is one of the most important results of our association. I am happy in thinking that, notwithstanding temporary ebullitions which unfortunately still occur, the bitter feuds and animosities of past ages are surely dying out. We have but to look round this table to obtain conclusive proof of this. Here we find men of the most different politics, different races, and different creeds sitting together at ono festive board utterly oblivious of those differences. The majority o the members of this association belong, I believe, to a different creed, and are descended from a different race from that to which I belong, yet 1 have been unanimously elected as their President, whilst you, my Lord Mayor, representing, if I may venture to say so, the extreme of different politics from those of the majority of our members, are our principal, most honoured, and most welcome guest this evening. Here, in truth, we know no politics, no differences of race or religion. In our investi- gations and our excursions we have the same ends and objects, we are brought together in one common brotherhood, and who will have the hardihood to say that this unison of feeling and of purpose is not deserv- ing of the highest commendation ? Apart, then, from all our antiquarian ends and aims and discoveries, this association is, I say, deserving of the most general support from the fact that it brings Irishmen together on a common platform, that it makes us know each other, and knowing each
194 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
other respect each other,- that it gives us something to work at in which we take a common interest, and it teaches us that having united in this we might perhaps profitably unite in many other enterprises. I thank you then, my lords and gentlemen, for the manner in which you have received this toast. I thank yon on my own behalf, and I thank you on behalf of the Society for which I have the honour to be President. I may be permitted to conclude with the words of one " who loved his land with love far brought out irom the storied past," .; ;
"" "What 'matter though at different shrines
We pray unto one God, What matter that at different times Our fathers won this sod.
• •/. • ., it1.. ..'; :•','•'.: ::.' :" •'":' '-.?
In fortune and in name we're bound
By stronger links than steel, And neither can be safe or sound But in the other's weal.
', ....... .,,*'.!, - ' . < ."'" ' -'.'!(;•'
And, oh, it were a gallant deed
To show unto mankind How every race and every creed
Can he by love combined .
Can he combined yet not forget
The fountains whence they rose, As filled by many a rivulet
The stately Shannon flows.
Then start not Irish-horn man
If you're to Ireland true, We heed not race, nor creed, nor clan,
We've hearts and hands for you."
The President then gave the toast of "Our Guests," coupling with it the name of the Lord Mayor of Belfast, as representing a city of remarkable progress ; if it did not boast of ancient monuments, and though feelings there were accentuated through ancient prejudices, he hoped that prejudice would soon pass away.
The Lord Mayor of Belfast responded, and complimented The 0' Conor Don on the taste and eloquence which he had displayed in his speech. It was fitting that Ireland should have an ancient and a modern city, and as representing the modern city, he regretted the animosities which existed owing to religion, which, he hoped, would soon pass away. At any rate, he was anxious and ready to do all in his power to bring creeds and classes together, and to sink prejudices, and unite for the benefit of their common country. Belfast was an elysiuni for the working classes, boasting as it does the largest shipbuilding yard in the world, giving employment to 7000 men ; not to speak of the staple industry of Ulster, the linen trade, and also the largest rope
PROCEEDINGS. 195
manufactory in the world. There was, therefore, plenty of employ- ment, and every working-man had a house of his own. Belfast had also extended its borders, and now had an area of 16,000 acres, and a population of 350,000 inhabitants. Dublin ought to follow suit, and he believed that the extension of its boundaries > resulting in a greater Dublin, would be highly advantageous. He for his own part would always ieel pleasure in doing what he could to promote the best interests of the country, arid from the speech of The 6 'Con or Don, he would henceforth take particular interest in the welfare of the Royal Society •of Antiquaries, which was doing useful and patriotic work.
Mr. J. R. Garstin, v.p. B.I. A., in proposing "Sister Societies," said : —
Since this toast was committed to my charge, just before dinner, I have been endeavouring to resolve three problems connected with it, and during the moments I could snatch from enjoying the converse of pleasant company, and admiration at the beautifully-designed menu, I excogitated solutions which I venture to submit. My first difficulty was to divine why I was selected to propose this toast. I have come to the conclusion that it was because I am probably the most unsuitable person at this banquet, being the only one who is a Fellow of both the other Societies of Antiquaries, great although not "Royal," which, in the island adjacent to that we live in, hold the same place for England and Scotland which ours here occupies. It may have been supposed that for that very reason I might be expected to perform the function allotted to me with all the keener zest that arises from being an interested party. I cordially acquiesce, but this being a personal matter, it must be pursued no farther.
The next problem which perplexed me arose from the wording of the toast. Why should " sister " supplant "brother" as applied to Societies composed mainly, if not wholly, of gentle-men ? I prefix the qualifying- adjective, for now that women no longer exist, even when "new," and "ladies" take their place everywhere, it is time for the stronger, or sterner sex, to claim at least that gentleness which might else be appropriated by the ladies. I had noticed with concern, in the pro- gramme which accompanied our magnificent dinner-card, that ladies were to be admitted to the gallery two hours after the beginning of the banquet; they were presumably not to be tantalized by watching the lions feeding (while themselves restricted to the extremes of hot tea or cold ice), but were to be allowed to hear the lions roaring, after their food, being protected by an intervening iron grille. Such was the theory, but practice, as in many matters feminine, proved that though man may propose, it is woman who disposes. I watched the goodly galaxy of ladies, not to say "goddesses," who surveyed our arrival, but as time and dinner went on, I noticed a flank movement, which indicated
196 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
that speaking "to the gallery" would be illusory. Its occupants have- descended in force. We have witnessed a veritable Invasion of the Dames. They occupy a commanding position, which we should be afraid to face if not fortified by some such concession, or flag of truce, as evidently prompted our prescient dinner committee in placing in the forefront of this toast a recognition of ladies' rights, avoiding the terms "kindred" and " brother" — now monopolised by Americans — and adopting the softer and assonant adjective ''sister."
My third cause for cogitation was the consideration of the reason why we are now assembled here. What magic is there in multiples of ten which, applied to anniversaries, leads us to celebrate jubilees and centenaries ? I had observed, with sympathy, only yesterday, that an eminent ecclesiastic in England demurred to the proposed celebration of the five hundredth anniversary of the death of Chaucer. This very day I noticed that other prominent ecclesiastics were assembled in Dawson- street in honour of the two hundredth anniversity of an English Society (which has a little Irish sister). Pondering on the cause of such, I concluded that — paradoxical as it may appear — it was to be found in the fact that mankind in general were formed with ten fingers. Thus originated the decimality of our numeration, and thence the popularity of our centenaries and jubilees. If our ancestors possessed twelve fingers, our numeration would be duo-decimal, and we should not be here to-night ! True the law, in fixing 21 as the age when "infancy" ceases, seems to favour a multiple of seven, and there is probably support for it from physiological considerations, for it has been alleged that, in every seven years, every particle of the body is renewed. At all events, the periods termed childhood, boyhood, and manhood, seem to end at the ages of 7, 14, and 21. This topic of age is one which it is better not to pursue further before such an audience, so I shall only express the belief that, though the age of fifty probably coincides with the average " prime " of life, yet in the case of our Society of Antiquaries, its own growing antiquity may only result in increasing wisdom,, usefulness, and activity.
And now to come to the toast which it is my function to commend to you. I know not what is the greatest number of sisters allotted to any human being, but I am conscious that our sister societies are quite too numerous to mention. So I conclude that we contemplate only in a general way, those in foreign lands, or the colonies of our own Empire, and I propose to refer now only to the chief of those within the limits of the United Kingdom. And, firstly, as to these two great Societies to which I have already adverted — those having a name similar to our own. I regret that we have not some official spokesman from each present. The Society of Antiquaries of London has evinced its interest in the antiqui- ties in this country by frequently publishing Papers relating thereto, and recently they published and splendidly illustrated the description of the-
.PROCEEDINGS. , 197
gold objects found in the North of Ireland, which have attracted much public concern on this side of the channel. I had the honour of inter- viewing the Secretary of the Antiquaries about them, and I, will only venture to say that, though his Jiigh appreciation of such objects may be complimentary to Ireland, the National Museum in Dublin is a more legitimate resting-place for them, and having reason to believe that the Government shares this view, we hope to welcome their return ere long.
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (now aged ,about 120) almost rivals the London Society and our own Academy, in the excellence of its publications. It is not officially represented here to-night, but we have present a distinguished Honorary Fellow, Dr. Frazer, and we have also a very welcome letter from its well-known Secretary, Dr. Robert Munro, to our own Secretary, which J am proud to have the privilege of quoting for you : —
11 Allow me to congratulate you on the continued activity and success of your Society. Ireland is exceptionally rich in all departments of Anthropology — linguistic, ethnological, and antiquarian — and however great your progressive strides may be, it will take many years to overhaul the materials «t your disposal. While the Jubilee Meeting is a fitting opportunity for taking stock of the ; .principles and methods of your Society, as a going concern, I hope it will be the means of giving it a fresh stimulus to its leaders and workers, and of consider- ably adding, in the near future, to the splendid results already achieved. Without undue flattery, I consider your Society, both in organization and Archaeological efficiency, second to none in Europe."
Coming now to our own country, it will be proper to refer briefly, but somewhat more particularly, to the Societies which are at work under greater difficulties perhaps, but with at least equal zeal. And first to notice two, which may be termed country societies — the Kildare and the Waterford. Both have availed themselves of the Press to diffuse a knowledge of their local researches, and the Journal of the Kildare Archceological Society has kept up to so high a standard, that it will be hard to surpass, and not easy to sustain it.
Belfast and Cork, the capitals of north and south, each works in its own way. The latter has its own Society, which continues to produce (though now as a quarterly instead of a monthly) a Journal which, in point of cheapness and excellence alike, could scarcely be surpassed. Many of the members are old friends of our Society, and its President, Mr. Robert Day, has written to express his congratulations on our jubilee in terras so interesting, that if it were not for the presence of our Secretary, Mr. Cochrane, whose laudation is his chief topic, I would gladly read it.
Though it is to be regretted that Cork is not otherwise specially represented here to-night, we rejoice to have amongst us a goodly muster from Belfast, headed by Mr. Henderson, its worthy Lord Mayor,
198 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
who, perhaps, relishes the cooler atmosphere of the capital presided over by his brother Lord Mayor of Dublin, whose splendid collar and medal- lion of William III. (which this year claimed its bi-centenary) he probably regards with complacent envy. His Lordship of Belfast may pride himself in presiding over a municipal museum, and there is also a museum belonging to a Society which, though friendly to antiquarian studies, is mainly given to those which claim the exclusive designation of scientific. Local enterprise has revived that admirable serial, the Ulster Journal of Archaology, and for awhile the same enterprise supplied the craving for antiquities by manufacturing them de novo. . Last, but the reverse of least, of the more strictly kindred Societies of Ireland, is our venerable Royal Irish Academy, of which I fear to speak, lest I might say too much or too little. Its Royal Charter included Science in its domain, yet it has not only ever zealously cultivated Antiquities itself, but it opened its portals this day to welcome our Society, and provide it with a suitable place of meeting. Its ndble President honours our banquet with his presence. Lorft Rosse, as Chancellor of Dublin University, is also welcome in every assembly of men of culture — and he holds the position which his father established in the field of science. He is here to respond for the Academy.
Other Societies there are which, if not quite so sisterly in their pursuits, must not be forgotten. The Royal Dublin Society would command the interest of uny Society of Antiquaries on account oi its having attained a venerable antiquity, though combined with rejuven- escence. Its aspirations, however, are more in the direction of Science than of Antiquities, and we dare only to respectfully recognise it aS'the pioneer of almost every useful labour for the material benefit of this country, particularly in the department of Agriculture and Industry, Many of its members are with us to-night, but its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Joly, is here to respond for it.
The Royal Hibernian Academy deserves our special sympathy, Favoured, like our own, with the appellation "Royal," but scarcely more favoured by fortune than we have been, it has ever creditably upheld its position. Amongst its professors it includes one who, from his very office, must almost certainly be one of "ours." Its President and its Secretary both honour us with their presence.
Architecture, the grandest of all arts, is represented by the President of the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland, and when I remind you that that functionary is our own familiar friend and chief, "Tom" Drew, and that he is, on this occasion, also our poet> you will await with interest his familiar voice in response.
The Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland is concerned in the construction of works which will supply problems to the antiquaries of coming generations, and to its President, Mr. Wilson, M.E.I. A., I com- mend the pleasing task of answering for it.
PROCEEDINGS. 199
Considering the " decimality " of the hour, and the number of respondents associated with this toast, I am warned to conclude, as I hasten to do so. I cannot resist, however, adding a postscript, or after- word, for the Society, partly in deference to our sisters who are wont to indulge in such. You, Mr. President, recalled to mind the fact that our Society, including the Aniiquariesses, numbered some 1400. Let me remind you that, at this Jubilee Meeting of our 50th year, 50 — appropriate number— were added to the roll. And let me point out that of that number, all who revel in the higher dignity of being "Pellows," hail from across the water. This fact speaks volumes for the character of our volumes, as attracting support for our Society in regions which are supposed to be the exclusive domain of the Saxon. May this prove a happy omen for pur next jubilee, centenary, or millennium !
The Eight Hon. The Earl of Rosse, P.K.I.A., responded on behalf of the Royal Irish Academy.
Dr. Joiy, F.H.S., Hon. Secretary of the Roy al Dublin Society, in responding for that Institution said : —
Mr. President, my Lords, Ladies, and Gentlemen — I have great pleasure in returning to you the thanks of the Royal Dublin Society for the toast proposed by Mr. Garstin. I am sensible of the honour of representing that old Society. , The Royal Dublin Society is indeed now so old that it is hardly polite any longer to mention her age. She is in her 16.8th year.
I am not sufficient of an antiquary to dwell on the subject of her origin, and were I able to do so, I would only be imparting to the learned antiquaries present what they already know. But as Trinity College has been mentioned by Mr, Garstin (in a very kind allusion to my own career), I may mention, for the benefit of those who are not antiquaries, that the Royal Dublin Society originated within the walls of Trinity College.
So various are the functions of the Royal Dublin Society, that one man must feel embarrassed in attempting to speak for her. I will not -attempt to do so, except to mention that her business is not with the past, -as in the case of this learned Society, but with the future and the present. We flatter ourselves that her encouragement of pure science will make itself more especially felt in the future : her work in agriculture and applied science in the present and immediate future. Her duties in the present include the agreeable one of living in all friendliness with her sister Societies.
In short, gentlemen, while your functions have led you to investigate with distinguished success the antiquities of the past, it is the part of the Royal Dublin Society to make the antiquities of the future, No
200 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
higher hope can be expressed for lier than that her name will he found written on the monuments of future years.
I am confident I speak the feelings of her many members when I present to you her congratulations on your success and on the attainment of your fiftieth year, and her wishes that you may celebrate many jubilees equally auspicious.
,Mr. Thomas Drewt R.H.A., in responding for the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland, of which he is President, said: — .; ;
* Mr. President, my Lord Mayor of the City of Dublin, of which I am a freeman, my Lord Mayor of the City of Belfast, in which I was born, and gentlemen — I respond to this toast as President of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland with greater ease than I have done in many speeches addressed to the Royal Society of the Antiquaries of Ireland in some years lately past. It is true that for some three years I have had the privilege, which I shall never cease to regard as the greatest honour of my life, to fill the President's chair by some kind indulgence of this great and honoured Society. If I have felt throughout my term of office how little I was qualified as a genuine and thorough antiquary for such pre-eminence, I have consoled myself with the thought that perhaps at a certain time in the affairs of the Society, I might have a calling as an assiduous and practical chairman.
It is with a sense of freedom from the dignity then borne, that I can now confess how successfully I may have concealed in that chair that I was not quite genuine as an Jill round antiquary, and that my interest might be a trifle perfunctory in, say, flint arrow-heads, rude stone monuments, crannoge finds, ogham inscriptions, and cup-marked boulders. I will say, however, that where the paths of antiquarianism, and those of my own proper pursuit of architecture approached and crossed, no more enthusiastic antiquary might be found— especially, my Lord Mayor of Dublin, I could not yield to you in affection for, and interest in, the antiquities of this ancient city of Dublin, in which I have lived and studied for forty years, always fresh and delightful to me in its history, and its architecture, which illustrates and confirms its records. As an architect, and representing the architects of Ireland simply, I heartily thank the Society of Antiquaries for its recognition on an historic occasion of a Society which I feel is, of all others, intimately connected with it a& of very close kindred.
Mr. W. "W. Wilson, M.K.I. A., Fellow, responded on behalf of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland, as President of that body : —
0' Conor Don, my Lords, Ladies, and Gentlemen, as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland, I feel much pleasure in thank- ing you for the cordial reception you have just accorded the toast of our Institution.
PROCEEDINGS 201
At this late hour I do not purpose detaining: you, and will only say that I feel I may venture to thank you also on the part of our predeces- sors, I mean the Engineers, who designed and huilt those wonderful fortifications, such as Dun ^Engus, Dun Conor, and Staigue Fort, and for those of more recent times, who have left such grand examples of the fortified residences which stud our country, such as that royal one at Ballintubber, still owned by the descendant of a race of kings, your honoured President, who not long ago entertained your Society within its walls. I say I think I am justified on the part of those Engineers of old, whose works are looked after and affectionately cared for, chiefly owing to the interest such a Society as yours, awakens and keeps alive in the public mind.
Mr. S. Catterson Smith (Secretary, R. H. A.) responded on behalf of the Royal Hibernian Academy.
Sir Charles Cnmeron proposed "The Railway Companies of Ireland,'* which was responded to by Sir Robert Sexton. i-
Dr. La louche proposed "The Press," which was responded to by Mr. J. A. Scott, J.P., after which the proceedings terminated.
THE EXCURSION. THURSDAY, IGth June, 1898.
An Excursion, in connexion with the Shannon Lake steamers, started from the Broadstone Terminus of the Midland Great Western Railway fit 9.15 a.m., for Athlone, arriving there at 12 o'clock noon ; thence by steamer at 12.30 p.m., for a cruise of five hours on Lough Ree, returning to Athlone at 5.30 p.m., for the 6.20 p.m. train to Broadstone, arriving in Dublin at 9.30 p.m.
About fifty Members of the Society embarked at Athlone in the steamboat " Countess of Cadogan," with many of the local residents, for an excursion on Lough Ree.1 The day was beautifully fine, and, with the fresh foliage of the shores and wooded islets and delicately coloured hills to the north-east of the lake, the scene formed an exquisite picture. For lack of time the party were unable to land at St. John's Point, so steamed slowly past the castle, and other ruins, as near as the shallows allowed, and landed at Iniscleraun.
1 The name bis been translated "Lake of the Kings"; but in the "Bind Senchas" (Dr. W. Stokes' translation "Revue Celtique," vol. 15, 1894, p. 481) it is there derived from Kib, son of Mairid, and a curious legend of its origin is given. Mr. Goddurd Orpen identifies it with the Eaiba of Ptolemy (R.S.A.L Journal, 1894-).
202 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
This pretty island, 'the ancient Inisclothrain', and now known test as Quaker Island, contains cbnsiderable remains of at least five churches. On the highest ground, near the dilapidated fort, or " Grianan," of Queen Maeve, is the interesting church known as the "Clogas," from its remarkable square tower. The other structures lie together sur- rounded by ancient earthworks. They are— "The Church of the Dead," a small oratory, of which only the east gable, with its round-headed window, is standing. Templemurry, a small and later church, in fair preservation. Templemore, a church which has evidently been rebuilt ; the two lights of the east window do not correspond ; they are of well- moulded, late twelfth-century work, and the south window, though possessing inclined jambs, has for a sill a stone from another window. North of the church a vaulted sacristy adjoins, called the " Duirtheach," a long range of residential buildings, and a cloister. The north gable^ has a pretty window of decorated Gothic, 'all but overgrown with the far too luxuriant ivy. In the sacristy lie some blocks, of a large chancel- arch of the eleventh, or early twelfth, century, with human heads and beaded mouldings. Templedermot, the last of the churches, is a small oratory; its west gable, with anta3 and inclined door, remains. It is built of singularly small and thin stones. Near it is an early -tomb- stone with Celtic crosses on both sides.
The steamer then went down the eastern side of the lake, and passed Inisbofin, with its venerable church and interesting later abbey, visited by the Society in 1890. From the" lake All Saints' "Abbey" was seen, a long church with lancet windows in the south wall, and a much later east window ; portion of the conventual buildings are still stand- ing. Coasting southward, and passing the picturesque shores of West- meath, Athlone was reached, with a pleasant breeze, and beautiful evening light, in sufficiently good time to enable the party to examine the castle and the curious gate and " sheelah" of "Peter's Port,"
The arrangements on the voyage, despite limitations of time and space, were all very good, and general satisfaction and enjoyment seemed to prevail. The Members, of, the Society were accompanied by the President, 0' Conor Don.
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIES
OF IRELAND, FOR THE YEAR 1898.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART III. THIRD QUARTER, 1898.
ON NOTARIAL SIGNS-MANUAL. BY COLONEL P. D. VIGORS, A VICE-PRESIDENT. [Read JANUARY 12, 1897.]
subject of Notarial Signs-Manual is not devoid of antiquarian interest, although, strange as it may appear, I helieve I am correct in saying that no work has hitherto been published in Great Britain of the nature of the following Paper, or in any way describing the curious signs-manual of the class now known as " Notaries Public."
Some twenty years since, Mr. Richard Brooke, F.S.A., published a book entitled "Treatise on the Office of a Notary of England," which I shall hereafter quote from, but it is not illustrated with any of the signs, nor does he, in any way, describe them.
The Rev. Joseph Hirst, in the March number of the Antiquary for 1893, gives a brief account of some notarial signs, chiefly, if not all, Roman, of the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, with six small examples (see postea) ; and within -the last few days I noticed that a Paper on " Notarial Marks, in the Registers of the Scriveners' Company," has been published in the 54th volume of the Archceologia, by Edwin Presh- field, LL.D., but I have not yet seen it.
In 1475, Notaries were obliged to accompany the English army for the invasion of France.
JOUR. R. S.A.I. , VOL. VIII., PT. III., 5TH SER. Q
204 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The very name is derived from the Latin word " notarius," or one who took notes in writing from words spoken, and they appear to have nsed symbols, as our modern shorthand writers do.
They had, from an early date, been attached to bishops and abbots, as well as to Royal personages ; judges also used them for important documents.
They took notes in judicial proceedings ; and I find it recorded that the signature of one notary was considered worth that of two unskilled persons ; it is also stated that in most European countries the notary still holds something of his old and important position under the Canon Law,, but not so in England. Mr. Hirst says: — "In the thirteenth century the signatures of notaries became a recognised institution, and stood instead of all other proof" [of the document to which they were attached].
They are said to correspond to the "Tabellio," or Tabularius, of Roman Law, and it is curious to find in a notarial document, or instru- ment, as they are more generally called, which I exhibit, one dated " City of Dublin, 10th June, 1768," and signed "Christ Deey," Not". Publc., and bearing his seal and arms [viz. a wolfs head erased as crest, and a chevron azure between three stags' heads erased for arms, with the date (probably that of his appointment), 1754, on top, and his name in full, and office, round the edge]. He calls himself " Notary " and " Tabellia Public" by Royal authority, admitted and sworn, and dwelling in the said city of Dublin. Here we find the old Roman word brought down to nearly our own time.
At one period, notaries "made all kinds of legal instruments," including wills, but I believe their present business is chiefly confined to the attesting of deeds and other documents, &c., connected with "Bills of Exchange," and affidavits of shipping masters and sailors, &c.
I find it mentioned that the Church of Rome employed the term " chartularius " and notary indifferently, by which it would appear that both these offices were formerly synonymous.
It is recorded that the sermons of St. Chrysostom were preserved by shorthand writers, a term, as I have already said, that has been applied to notaries, and we find them connected with the Council of Toledo, A.D. 633, and that of Hereford in 670.
Brooke says that no precise date can be given to the first establish- ment, but that they were "very ancient." When writing was known only by a few, those who could write were naturally in request, especially in the preparation of conventions, contracts, and agreements. In England, he states, they were known before the Norman Conquest; and a case is named that occurred in the reign of Edward the Confessor.
Previous to the year 1533, when the "Court of Faculty" was established in England, faculties for the appointment of notaries appear to have been made by the Popes.
ON NOTARIAL SIGNS-MANUAL. 205
Their appointment in England, subsequent to 1533, was vested in the Archbishop of Canterbury, through the " Master of the Faculties,'1 now the Judge of the Provincial Courts of Canterbury and York, under an Act of King Henry VIII. Subsequently other acts were passed by Parliament regulating their appointment and practice even as recently as in the early years of our present Sovereign's reign. I believe they are now appointed, at least in this country, by the Lord Chancellor.
Mr. Brooke says that there were not many made during the reign of Queen Mary, but that, in Queen Elizabeth's time, 250 appear.
In Scotland, previous to the year 1584, the duties of notaries were performed by the clergy, but after that date I find it stated that none but laymen were allowed to hold the office.
Passing to the Continent, we find that in Italy, the city of Milan, in 1288, had no less than 600 notaries! but it is thought that public scribes may have been included in this number. It is stated by Hallam and others that, amongst the notaries of Florence, was the father of the famous Italian poet, Francesco Petrarca. This notary was banished from Florence in 1302, at the same time as Dante and others.
In France they were directed to keep a seal, with the Royal arms on it, and were divided into three classes, viz. : —
1. Royal Notaries. Acting under Royal authority.
2. Seignorial Notaries. Appointed by the lords who were justices.
And
3. Apostolic Notaries.
In 1791 these three classes were all united under the one head of " Public Notaries." There were very stringent rules for their conduct ; and both in England and elsewhere they had districts assigned to them, outside of which they could not act.
Most of the Continental nations had notaries, and heavy penalties were inflicted for using the office of a notary without authority. In 1563, in Scotland, it was by law directed that no person^should take on him the office, " under pain of death," unless created by the Sovereign's special letters, and afterwards examined and admitted by the Lords of Sessions.
A French writer, M. Giry, in his " Manuel de Diplomatique," published in 1894, describes notaries as filling the places, and perform- ing the duties, of private secretaries to kings, princes, and high functionaries, and to popes and bishops from " almost barbarous times."
The popes appear to have given the authority to monarchs and others to appoint notaries.
In England, in later years, they were obliged to serve " the art and
Q2
206 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
mystery of a scrivener " for seven years before they could practise ; and those who acted within three miles of London must be members of the 41 Company of Scriveners," or, as they were called in olden times, " The Writers of the Court Letter" of the city of London, " a society dating, by prescription, from time immemorial." They were further required to take out their freedom of the city.
I have experienced some difficulty as to the arrangement and classi- fication of these signs-manual, so varied are they in every way — design, country, and date. I have finally arranged them chronologically, that method appearing to me to be the most desirable and convenient.
Before entering on the particular types, I would wish to draw attention to some of the general distinguishing points that appear to be connected with the divisions of time under which I have placed them. They are arranged by centuries, and commence with the early part of the twelfth century. I regret I have but one specimen of this period.
Fig. 1, p. 207. — Its size is about seven-eighths of an inch in diameter. The date is 1116. It consists of three concentric circles, the two inner ones having lines, at right angles, passing through their common centre, with four "scores" (Ogham-like in character) in the outer circle, as shown, opposite the termination of the cross-lines, and with a large dot in each segment of the middle circle.
Of the thirteenth century I have fifteen examples (figs. 2 to 14, p. 207 ; figs. 15, 16, p. 208). It will be found that the signs of this century are generally much smaller than those of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Many of them are ill-drawn, of very simple design, and seldom or ever have the name of the notary ; some few bear initials.
The Cross, of many forms, will be found ; also, Triangles of many shapes ; Flowers ; and, late in this century, I find two instances of Animals — one being a dog's head, in 1244, and a bird in 1295, both from France. An eight-pointed star, within a wheel, appears in 1263 (fig. 5, p. 207). The date of fig. 4, p. 207, is 1233, and it appears to be intended for a fruit-bearing tree.
Another of this age (fig. 12, p. 207), and far superior in every respect, is that of John Eeginald de Stamford, Clericus, dated 1290 (from the Public Record Office, London). It is partly filled in with black, and is considerably larger than any other I have seen of this age.
The notaries, in adopting their signs-manual, introduced architec- ture, geometry, botany, heraldry, and fancy designs of all kinds, some of each of which will be found represented in the illustrations accom- panying this Paper.
I found the following detailed description of the seal of a notary of this epoch, under date 1284. It is oval, having a cross before the name thus : —
+ S. PETEI DOKINIGI, NOTAKII.
r 0 - ,
o
AD 1291
A D V 1291
A D (290
[ 207
X SLIGHTLY REDUCED
[ 208 J
AD I3201 29
[ 209 ]
AD I36O ALL THESE ARE SLIGHTLY REDUCED
[ 210 ]
AO 1380
ALL THESE ARE SLIGHTLY REDUCED
[ 211 ]
212 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The notary is represented kneeling, his hands joined together ; he is dressed in a long robe, his head bare and upturned, looking at a star. Behind him is a crucifix ; above, a hand blessing. On the field, to the right, a fleur-de-lis ; to the left, a rose.
Fig. 99, p. 227, represents a sign of the year 1290. Two links of chains (?) crossing each other at right angles, having a square in the centre, the corners filled with small black squares, the whole forming a cross with rounded ends.
Another sign of the same character (fig. 100, page 227) occurs under date 1304. The two chain-like links are intertwined, and long spikes, with knobs at their extremities, are introduced at their inter- section.
The manner in which notaries entered their names on their signs is curious — often only the initials are used, and sometimes those only of the Christian name ; often the names are abbreviated or dispersed in dif- ferent portions in or about the sign (see figs. 23, 28, p. 209 ; figs. 36, 37, p. 210; fig. 43, p. 211). Monograms came into use in 1282; and the first instance I find recorded of a notary giving his profession is in 1305, but further search may alter this date.
In describing the notarial signs of the thirteenth century in Dauphine, a French writer speaks of the general adoption of the square, and of a star of six rays, but very badly designed ; and he adds, it is evident that in this age the marks are simple, and very little orna- mented.
"We find notarial signs, like some of the book-plates one sees, a play on a name (as in fig. 93, p. 226), where Mr. Kidd employs a goat as the chief feature in his sign. M. Giry mentions a fowl being represented where the man's name was Poulet ; and one Pierre Delorme used a tree (no doubt the elm, "Forme," was intended) ; a notary named " Clocheron" used four clocks over his mark ; another, named Guigaes d'Ecclesia, has a church with three bells ; Fra^ois de Bonne used a bonnet (A.D. 1362), and so on.
M. Giry says the signs became more elaborate from the end of the thirteenth century, and denoted " une grande habitude de plume." He also remarks on certain writers endeavouring to prove that these signs were made from stamps, but to compare the different signs of the same notary, one with the other, is sufficient to find variations in them, showing they were not the result of a stamp, but drawn by hand.
The wording of these notarial documents in connexion with the signatures varies, some used the letters S. S. to represent * subscripti ' ; others uses the words ' signavi,' ' signum inanus,' &c.
I have given some of these more fully in the extracts from the docu- ments relating to the dispute between Pope Boniface VIII. and King Philip "lebel" of France, at the commencement of the fourteenth
ON NOTARIAL SIGNS-MANUAL. 213
century, which it is unnecessary to quote here. (See pages 225 and 228.)
A large number of the examples I refer to are from an interesting collection of notarial instruments I was permitted to examine and copy in the Public Record Office in London. Many of them are connected with church matters in the different dioceses in England, but also include much other matter.1
FOURTEENTH CENTTTBY.
The fourteenth-century signs are among the most numerous of those I have seen. I have copied over forty examples. During this period, the size of notarial signs increased considerably. Again we find the cross of many forms to predominate, often surrounded by ornaments and appendages. Flowers, framed embroidery (Iroderie tfencadrement], heraldic emblems, parts of the human figure, interlaced patterns (like figs. 19, 20, p. 208; fig. 23, p. 209; figs. 35, 38, p. 210; fig. 41, p. 211; fig. 51, p. 214), Paraphe's, with flourishes to the signatures, signs with squares and triangles, accompanied with balls and dots, or pellets, and large initial letters (see figs. 48, 52, &c., p. 214), appear to mark this century.
Steps, varying in number from one to four, will be seen forming a base to many of these signs, and some few are done in red as well as in black ink (fig. 22, p. 208 ; fig. 31, p. 210).
Long lines, stretching out like the antennae, or feelers of insects, are very numerous (fig. 28, p. 209; fig. 39, p. 211 ; figs. 47, 49, 51, &c., p. 214).
We have one example of the introduction of the swastica (fig. 46, p. 214). On the whole I think it may be considered that this period produced the greatest variety, and the most artistic forms of notarial signs.
FIFTEENTH CENTTJHY.
Coming to the fifteenth century, we find a beautiful collection of signs equal, as regards size, to those of the previous century, and with the steps, keys (fig. 36, p. 210; fig. 41, p. 211; fig. 77, p. 217), interlaced work, Ogham-like scores,2 large initials (figs. 60, 61, p. 215 ; figs. 65, 67, p. 216 ; fig. 70, p. 217), feelers, balls, and pellets, together with the trefoil (figs. 62, 64, p. 216 ; fig. 75, p. 217) and quatrefoil (fig. 69, p. 216; fig. 75, p. 217).
1 One of these documents is dated A.D. 1281, 20th January, and is described as " Instrumentum publicum de sententia definitiva pro terminatione litus inter personam ecclesiee de Westmely (?) et Canonicos Set6 Trin8 London de Capella decimus . . de Galesln"(F).
2 I do not for a moment mean to imply that there is any connexion between these scores and those of the true Ogham inscriptions. I merely use the term as explana- tory.
gB? —
AD 1394-
A D 1393 ALL THESE ARE SLIGHTLY REDUCED
[ 214 ]
AD 13--?
(SLIGHTLY REDUCED)
AD I4-O5
C 215 ]
ALL THESE ARE SLICHTLV REDUCED
[ 216 ]
A.O 1445 ALL THESE ARE SLIGHTLY REDUCED
[ 217 ]
218 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
A French writer, in speaking of the signs of this century, says : — " The regularity of the lines made the signs of this period more curious by'interlacings of all sorts, with rich and grotesque ornamentation in abundance" (des arabesques multipliers avec profusion).
The same writer says : — " Prom the end of the thirteenth, and more -especially in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, notaries' signs- manual were larger than previously, and are to be found in combination with flowers, &c., and ornamentation, showing the decorative art of the age."
The addition of the notaries' name in full to his sign proper will be noticed as very general. It is true it occurs in some of the signs of the previous era, as " John William de Welfeld, 1354 (fig. 36, p. 210); and another of 1380 (fig. 41, p. 211) ; and others towards the close of that century.
Heraldic Devices are said to have become less frequent. Many signs are partly filled in, in black, and what I have called the Ogham-like scores, become rare.
SIXTEENTH CENTUKY.
The sixteenth century saw large signatures introduced, in many cases taking the places of the signs, which latter are described as far less elegant than those of the previous century ; but from what have come under my own notice — there were exceptions — we still find nice inter- laced-work used (fig. 90, p. 223 ; figs. 94, 98, p. 226), and keys and crosses (fig. 95, p. 226).
SEVENTEENTH, EIGHTEENTH, AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES.
Of the subsequent period, down to our own time, I have not found any signs like those already spoken of; I fancy they gradually died out. The notaries found time was more valuable than to be spent in etching these marks, which must, in many cases, have occupied a considerable time to make.
I have a number of their signatures from Lambeth Palace Library, between the years 1673 and 1723, but they are devoid of interest. The signatures are followed by the letters " N. P.," or the words Not8 Pub8."
The Rev. Mr. Hirst, to whom I have already alluded, says: — " In the most ancient signs no name appears, but, later on, an open space was left first, and the name was added with the pen."
He then gives the signs on five deeds. The first is dated 1487, "die Sabato duodecimo Maii," and says the sign (fig. 101, p. 227) was written first, as it occupies the middle of the right lines of attestation, beginning, "EtegoFormastus . . . Imperial. . . . auctorit. notarius ..."
The second deed is dated 1390, and begins, "In nomine Dm Anno Dni mllmo. ccclxxxx. (1390) Pope Boniface . . . ."
ON NOTARIAL SIGNS-MANUAL. 219
This attestation begins, " Et ego Nicholas X° (Christopher?) de mandate pot. . . . publicum signum meum apposui . . ." (fig. 102, p. 227).
The next deed bears the sign (fig. 103, p. 227), " Ego Hierony- mus notarius S. Matris Ecclesiae," &c., and ends, " publicumque ad fidem meo signo signari."
A deed, " apparently of 1380," commencing, " Et ego Johannes . . . de mandate Imperial . . . publico meo signo signari," bears the sign on fig. 104, p. 227.
The last deed is signed, " Et Ego Guido vice D. . . . pub. Imperialis auct. notarius officialis prsefata3 D. . . . potestatis . . . publicumque sig- num meum apposui " ; and has as sign, fig. 105, p. 227.
" It will be observed that, of the above, some sign themselves notaries by Imperial authority, one by Papal, and one by Episcopal. In fact Emperors, Popes, and Bishops, instituted notaries."
Mr. Hirst further says, that — " In the thirteenth century there were in Rome, and in the Italy of the Church, a great number of notaries created by Apostolic authority, and these were enabled to execute deeds in France, England, Spain, &c." An oath appears to have been adminis- tered to the notary by the Pope, the words of which are given by Mr. Hirst.
He adds — " In ancient times kings, nobles, bishops, and abbots, all had one or more notaries in their service " ; and he quotes a diploma of two kings of Italy in A.D. 942, granting to the Bishop of Reggio the faculty of having notaries.
Fig. 106, p. 227, represents the sign on a deed, dated " Anno Drii mill°ccxxxiiii, and now in Radcliffe College ; underneath is written, " Ego Johannes notarius prodictus interfui, et quod est supra legitur de mandate dicto pot. et dictorum omcialum subscripsi et publicavi."
This is the last example given by Mr. Hirst.
FOREIGN NOTARIAL SIGNS (1300-1569).
The following list of over fifty Notarial Acts is taken from the " Stowe Charters" in the British Museum (Eos. 515 to 569), and will give an idea of the varied matters which they embrace : —
No.
516. Dated 1300. Is from Mantua ; an acquittance by Ymelda, daughter
of John of Ungarumbas. Concerning Dower.
517. Dated 1308. Relates to Bonds, attested by Pietrobonis de Soinga.
The notarial sign is not worth copying, it is so small and poor.
518. Dated 1311. Is with reference to a piece of cloth. The sign is
also poor. The entire document is about 6 inches square.
519. Dated 1314. Is an acquittance about Dowry and Marriage
Articles. Not worth copying. (The document is only 6 inches square.) , ,
JOUR. K. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. III., OTH SEK. U,
220 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
No.
520. Dated 1330. Prom Brescia. Is an acquittance for 12 gold florins
from a shoemaker. Size, 6 in. by 3 in.
521. Dated 1332. Is also acquittance for £12 dowry, and a like sum
on marriage.
522. Dated 1335. Is an acquittance for payment for a bull and cart
with four iron-bound wheels. The notarial signs of the above are not worth copying, and the same remark applies to all the rest except where otherwise specially mentioned.
523. Dated 1337. From Brescia. An acquittance for 13/- rent.
Size of the document only 6 in. by 4 in. Poor.
524. Dated 1343. Is an acquittance for £16. ,,
525. ,, 1345. Is a will in Latin. ,,
526. ,, 1347. Is an acquittance for £28. ,,
527. „ 1347. „ „ 10/-rent.
528. ,, 1348. Brescia. £10 dowry, &c., , ,,
529. ,, 1348. Acquittance for £4 for land. 6 in. by 2 in. (fig. 108, p. 227).
530. ,, 1351. ,, from an abbess in Brescia.
531. ,, 1360. Is, perhaps, the most interesting of the entire lot. It is the emancipation, by a Notary Public of Brescia, of his son Peter, from paternal power, Peter being admitted to the condition of a " pater familias." This was attested before a judge (fig. 109, p. 227).
532. Dated 1364. Is an acquittance by two nuns for 14 florins be-
queathed to them by their married sister.
533. Dated 1365. Is an acquittance for 66 golden florins deposited
with a merchant of Brescia. Attested in the drapery shop of the said merchant.
534. Dated 1366. Is an acquittance, by a priest of Mantua, for 40
" plate," due yearly to the chaplain.
535. Dated 1368. Is an acquittance, by a draper of Milan, for sums
due for foreign cloth.
536. Dated 1371. Is an acquittance given in the great garden (virida-
rium magnum] of the convent at Brescia.
537. Dated 1373. Is about the rent of a house in Brescia.
538. ,, 1375. Is an acquittance by Honorata, daughter of Giraldus Batalia, for rent of a house in Brescia (fig. 110, p. 227).
539. Dated 1376. Is another of the same character.
540. ,, 1377. ,, ,, ,, by the same notary as the last two.
541. Dated 1377. Is an acquittance for £200.
542. ,, 1379. Acquittance for rent of a house in Brescia. 544
ON NOTARIAL SIGNS-MANUAL. 221
No.
545. Dated 1385. Acquittance for rent of two houses in Brescia. Signed by Franciscus, son of Benevenutus de Cortesius, Notary of Brescia. His sign is a square, sub-divided into four lesser squares, on a diamond, with the first four letters of his Christian name in the four quarters of the square (fig. 107, p. 227).
546 and 547 are by the same notary. Of no interest.
548. Dated 1391. Is an acquittance by an abbot to Johannes de Tri-
vixio, shoemaker, Syndic of the White Discipline of Laics of St. Faustinus of Brescia.
549. Dated 1392. Is an acquittance for rent of two houses.
550. ,, 1393. An acquittance to a draper of Brescia, Syndic of the White Discipline of the Convent of St. Faustinus.
551. Dated 1394. Is a very curious signature.
552. ,, 1395, December 1st. Is an acquittance by Dom Ambrosius de Crinellis, of Milan, Abbot of St. Faustinus, &c., to a draper of Brescia, Syndic of the White Discipline of the Laics of St. Faustinus, for rent of houses in Brescia, attested by Torn8 de Zeno, and Jacobinus Boyle de Mabiliis, of Aquosigno, notaries of Brescia (in Latin).
This name of James Boyle sounds very English. May he not have been one of the family from Hereford or Kent ?
553. Dated 1396. Is an acquittance by James Boyle, notary (see
fig. 54, p. 215).
554 and 555. Dated respectively 1397 and 1398, are signed by this man.
556. Dated 1399. Is an acquittance by the Lady Bona femina de
Torintis, de Brescia, Abbess.
557. Dated 1400. Is an acquittance for rent in Brescia, discharge of
a legacy.
558. Dated 1401. Is attested by two notaries, and also relates to a
legacy.
560. Dated 1405 ; and a number of others are attested by Thomasinus
de Zeno, of Brescia, notary.
561. Dated 1405. Is an acquittance ; and
562. of the following year, both bear the sign of Tom. de Zeno. The
latter document is a discharge of the Abbot of the Monastery of St. Faustinus at Brescia, for a " white-rent," payable by the laity. Query, if not a composition in lieu of punishment?
Two other documents, dated 1407, are of no interest. 565. Dated 1409. Is an acquittance by a Lady Abbess for "white- rent."
567. Dated 1415. An acquittance by the Lady Thomasina de Damis, Abbess, to a dyer for rent.
K2
AD 14-75
[ 222 ]
AD
ALL THESE. ARE SLIGHTLY REDUCED
[ 223 ]
224 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
No.
568. Dated 1430. Is a lease for a year to a weaver, of a house in
Brescia. The name of the notary, as in No. 531, is within the sign (fig. 72, p. 217).
569. Dated 1431. Is a surrender, by a miller, of his house, done before
the altar of St. Mary Magdalene, in the Church of St. Faustinus the Greater, with great solemnity. The sign on this is not worth copying.
570. Dated 1569. Is a notification of Robert Bonnell, Mayor of
Drogheda, with the seal of the Mayor and commonalty, and of the staple, attached.
The only other sign amongst all this number that is of any interest is that of "Petrus Clerche," dated 28th September, 1412 (No. 578 of the Stowe Charters). It is on a Latin notarial instrument made in London, and reciting two Bulls of Pope John XXIII., licensing the Mother and Sisters of the Hospital of the Holy Trinity to choose a confessor, &c. I regret I was unable to copy it.
LONDON.
A..D. 1299. — A notarial instrument, dated 3rd August, 1299, A. 27 Ed. I. Tractatus pacis conclusus inter oratores Regum Angliae et Francise. Treaty of June 19th.
(Printed in the new edition of Rymer's "Fcedera," vol. i., Part 2, page 911.)
1299. — Another is an instrument drawn up by order of the Bishop of Yicenza, reciting the Treaty of Montreuel on the 19th June, 1299, between the Kings of France and England, by the mediation of Raynold, Bishop of Vicenza.
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON.
The following matters are mentioned in connexion with the signs named : —
1280.— This one is dated July 15th, 1280, reciting that Cardinal Simon witnessed at Lyons, 15th April, 1275, the appointment, by Master Angelus, Rector of the Church of Haversham, diocese of Lincoln, of prevenators to receive money due to him, and a pension, &c. London, 8th Ed. I.
1291. — This instrument, dated 20 Ed. I., A.D. September, 1291, recites a letter of Philip, King of France, dated 7th March, 1291, regulating proceedings in appeals, &c., between his subjects and those of the King of England, in their respective courts.
1299. — The next (fig. 16, page 208) is extracted from Rymer's "Fcedera," 1816, vol. i., Part II., p. 111. (The signs are not given in this edition, nor in the earlier one of 1739.)
ON NOTARIAL SIGNS-MANUAL. 225
NERIUS APRON KLLI.— " Compositio per nuncios Anglise et Francise apud Mustroill de pace facienda inter ipsos Reges secundum form am pronunciationes domini Papse coram Episcopo Vicentino et sub sigillo ejusdem episcopi."
" Cera albida, litia in contra sigillo, vincul' membran."
"Et ego Nerius Apronelli de Podio Bonici, apostolica et imperial! auctoritate notarius publicus et Scriba dicti domini ejus Vincentini predicti prsesens interfui, una cum testibus infra scriptis et supra scriptas litteras, scriptus in Gallico, ex authen- ticis de verbo ad verbum his fideliter exemplar! et inserui, ac omnia et singula supra- scripta, et auctoritate et mandate dicti domini episcopi Vincentini, scripsi et publicavi rogatus, meoque signo consueto signavi."
A.D. 1304. — Another given in the same book.
" Instrumentum publicum de recognitione superioris status dom. Reg. Ang1. per praelatos et nobiles terrse Scotise et redditione castri de Stryvelin."
"Etego Johannes, dictus Bouhs de Londoniis domini Papse auctoritate Not8. pub8., actis omnibus interfui suprascriptis et de mandate excellentissimi principis Dom. E. Dei gratia Regis Anglise illustris scripsi omnia prsenotata, ac etiam publicavi meoque signo consueto signavi rogatus."
1298.
"Histoire particuliere du grand differend (sic) d'entre la Pape Boniface VIII., et Phillppes (sic) le Bel, Roy de France" (1296-1311). Paris, Cramoisy, 1655.
" Le Pape Boniface promet au Roy, qu'il ne injera point le different d'entre luy et le Roy d'Angleterre dont il est arbitre, sans 1'expres consentement de la Maieste, porte par ses lettres patentes, et par un envoy e expres," &c.
1313.
(Fig. 26, p. 209). — " Et ego Gaufridus de Plexiaco Apostolica publicus auctoritate Notarius sumptum seu trascriptum hujusmodi de prsedicta originali littera fideliter propria manu trascripsi, & facta diligenti collatione ad litteram ipsam una cum reue- rendo patre domino P. Autisiodorensi Episcopo," &c.
1303. — Another entry is an Act of the Friar Preachers of Paris placing themselves and their confraternity under the protection of the Holy Council, and of the future lawful Pope, without departing from their vows : —
(Fig. 18, p. 208).—" Ego JOANNES DK PRUNING auctoritate sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Notarius publicus, una cum supra scriptis testibus, praemissis omnibus, et singulis praesens interfui, et ea ut supra leguntur, fideliter in publicam f ormam redegi, meoque signo consueto signavi requisitus et rogatus."
1303. — Act by which it appears that an envoy sent by the king to Bourges, represented to the Chapter of the Cathedral what had been done concerning the deed of Boniface, which the said Chapter uphold : —
(Fig. 21, p. 208). — "Ego GUILLELMUS DE HOTOT, Clericus Constantiensis diocesis, publicus sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae, ac sacri Imperii auctoritate Notarius, qui una cum Notario infra scripto publico, et testibus supra scriptis, omnibus et singulis praemissis, praesens interfui, exinde hoc praesens instrumentum publicum scripsi fidi- liter, et confeci, meque subscripsi, meumque consuetum signum in praesenti publico instrument© ad petitionem et requisitionem dicti Cantoris, una cum signo dicti Notarii public! infra scripti apposui rogatus."*
92
AD I5S3
ALL THESE ARE SLIGHTLY REDUCED
1487 / (?) P>Xa g)
M
108
AD
A.D. 1348
[ 227 ]
228 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
(Fig. 20, p. 208). — "Ego AYMEHICTJS ARNAUDI, de Castro Lemouicen, Clericus publicus auctoritate sanctae Romanae Urbis Praefecti Notarius Bituricensis," &c.
A.D. 1311.
(Fig. 23, p. 209). — " Ego JACOBUS DE VIRTUTO, Clericus Cathalaunens, diocesis, publicus Apostolica auctoritate Notarius predictas litteras Apostolicas cum vera bulla et filo serico bullatas, ut prima facie apparabat, vidi et tenui, et in huius visionis testimonium huic transcripto me subscribi et signo meo consueto signavi rogatus."
1303.
(Fig. 19, p. 208). — "Ego PETRUS PHILIPPI DE PIPERNO Clericus sacrosanctae Romanse Ecclesise Imperiali auctoritate Notarius publicus, preemissis omnibus una cum dictis militibus praesens interfui, manu propria in publicam foimam redigi, meoque solido signo signavi rogatus."
1313.— One, dated 10th December, 1313, on Letters Patent, by the Master, &c., of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, appointing Albert de Castro Mgro and others visitors of all the houses and possessions of the Order beyond the seas.
1304. — Another, dated 15th September, 1304, witnesses the grant by John de Pontisera, Bishop of Winchester, to Hugh de Despensier, of all his lands, &c., in the kingdom of France.
1376.— One, bearing the date of 6th September, 1376, is a bond of Sir Raymund de Moun chant, Lord of Mussenden, in Aquitane, and Bernard de la Spare, Lord of Lebond, to the King, for £200 lent them.
1379. — Then we have an indenture dated 17th July, 1379, between the King and Walrand de Luxemburgh, Count of St. Paul, a prisoner of the said king, for the ransom of the said Count.
1394. — A notarial instrument, dated 1394, recites the covenants made between the Prior and Convent of St. Andrew, Northampton, and the Abbess and Convent of St. Clare Without Aid gate, London, as to the tithe, glebe, and advowson of the Church of Poldon, in the diocese of Lincoln.
1389. — Another witnesses the receipt, by the captain and clerk of the five Portuguese galleys in the service of the King of England, for wages due, &c., from one of the Barons of the Exchequer, the Mayor of Southampton, and others.
This notary signs himself as appointed by Apostolic and Imperial authority.
1476.— We find under date 22nd June, 15 Ed, IV., A.D. 1476, a decision of the Commission appointed by Anne, Countess of Pembroke, widow of the Admiral of that county, in a case where the master, &c., of a vessel from Gildon, in Brittany, had attacked and spoiled a ship of Pembroke, and made a riot in the county.
ON NOTARIAL SIGNS-MANUAL. 229
A.D. 1526. — 17th May, 1526. Declaration of Margaret Fitzwilliam, of St. Saviour's- street, York, as to the state of her accounts with John Duffield, mercer, of London, who appears to have overcharged her.
This notary's sign is one of the interwoven patterns, with his name on the pedestal, and under it is written, " Testimonium due fidela."
1552. — 3rd March, 1552. "Kecognitio per Mercatores Antwerpii de receptione 381,440 florins de Edwardo YITH Eege Anglie." A notarial instrument.
1566.— 20th January, 1556, is the date on a subsidy with a hand- some interlaced mark. The subsidy is of the province of York (clergy).
I trust I have shown that these curious signs, dating back for nearly 800 years, are not devoid of interest in an archaeological, as well as in an historical, point of view.
To those who wish to pursue the matter further, I must refer, amongst others, to the following writers and works: —
Roschach, E. — " Signets authentique des Notaires de Toulouse," 13 to 16 siecle. E. Fassin.— " Recherches sur les anciens Notaires d'Arles, Tours," 1877. Maignen, Ed. — " Les Marques de Notaires en Dauphine xiii. et xiv. centi, dans le Bulletin de 1' Academic Delphinale," 3rd series, Grenoble.
Piressy. — " Fac-similes de Not. du depart Tarn, et Garonne," 1890.
" L'Archivio Paleogr. ItaK"
M. Giry's " Manuel de Diplomatique."
I tender my hearty thanks to Dr. J. J. Digges La Touche, Deputy Keeper of the Public Eecords of Ireland ; to R. Scargill Bird, Esq., of the Public Kecord Office, London ; to J. C. Wootton, Esq., Secretary of the " Scrivener's Company," London ; to S. "W. Kershaw, Esq., Lambeth Palace Library ; and to the other gentlemen who have so kindly assisted me in my endeavours to work out and illustrate this Paper.
230 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
SOME OGAM-STONES IN COJOAUGHT.
BY PRINCIPAL RHYS, LL.D., F.S.A. [Read JUNE 15, 1898.]
THE RATHCROGHAN OGAM-STONES, COUNTY OF ROSCOMMON.
S\N August llth, 1897, I left Mr. Cochrane's hospitable home in Dublin, and went to Castlerea, where I was met by O'Conoi Don and several of his friends. We drove to Rathcroghan, where I saw for the first time Relig na Righ, the Stone of Dathi, and miles of fertile country all dotted with mounds, raths, and other indications of ancient occupation. But our destination was the celebrated cave, and we soon found it : it is a great chasm worn out in the limestone rock, but the entrance to it is artificially formed with roofing stones, some of which have doubtless come from Relig na Righ. Among these is one which we at once recognized as that described in Brash's book (p. 30-Q) as reading
on one angle, and
M A QI I M E Ng F
on the other. Here we found, however, a slight inaccuracy which made the last vocable impossible, and we may represent the whole thus : —
MAQU IMEDVV I
I went away that day with some doubts as to the first v, and after having had a glimpse of the ether inscribed stone, which I could not reach. The next day some of us returned and we met, by O'Connor Don's appoint- ment, Mr. George A. P. Kelly, of the Connaught Bar, and local secretary for county Roscommon, who came with his friend Dr. White of Elphin, and workmen. The latter soon succeeded in exposing the second stone, while Mr. Kelly and I scrutinized the stone over the entrance again. I came this time to the conclusion that the v of Vraicci is partly there, and partly gone, in consequence of the edge having been damaged, probably when the stone was brought from Relig na Righ. We have little more than the ends of the three scores of the v, and they seemed to slant
1. View of Southern face. 8. South-eastern angle.
2. View showing S.E. angle. 4. S.W. angle of Stone.
BREASTAGH OGAM-STONE (8 feet 7 inches high).
Jour. R.S. A. I., vol. viii., pt. 3, p. 272.
SOME OGAM-STONES IN CONN AUGHT. 231
like those of the r, which made me search for another r, as if the spelling had been Vrraicci, hut the space before them for a short distance made this impossible, as it showed no traces of any more scores. Immediately beyond the space I have referred to a great spawl is gone from the stone ; and we searched for it in vain — it may have been broken off in Kelig na Eigh and never brought to the cave at all. I should not be in the least surprised to find that it was inscribed, and that the whole name was Niotta- Vraicci. In modern Irish the shorter name is Fraoch, genitive Fraoich, which occurs near Eathcroghan in the Free of Cam Free. There is a peculiarity about the other line, and it is that the inscriber brought the last score of his d nearly opposite the first of his second v; but they by no means touch, though he seems to have forgotten to look where his scores on the two sides would fall if produced. We co aid not feel the end of the stone, but we could see and feel a good deal of the space beyond the lettering Medvvi: there is no writing there, as the edge is quite smooth and intact. The inscription, except perhaps at the beginning (as already suggested), is complete, and means " (the stone or grave) of Fraech, son of Medb." I may remark that if I did not know the name of Queen Medb or Meave of Cruachan, I should have taken the genitive Medvvi to be a masculine, but I prefer admitting my ignorance as to the early, declension of her name to supposing that there was also a masculine Medb. The spelling with dw is very instructive, but cannot be entered on here. It is very remark- able that this name should be found on one of the two inscriptions dis- covered on the site of Queen Meave's headquarters.- I have no doubt that an intelligent use of the spade, say at Eelig na Eigh, would bring- more inscriptions to light, and a careful examination of all the stones in the roof of the cave here in question would also probably repay the trouble and expense.
The other stone when exposed by Mr. Kelly, and turned on its side, was found to have had its inscribed angle much weathered, so that the only vowel notch left distinct is the one of ma[qui], and that all the long scores that cross have a gap at the angle, where the writing has been effaced. I gather accordingly that the stone must have been for ages long ago in Eelig na Eigh, and that it was at any rate long enough exposed to account for the weathering which it has undergone. The top has been broken off, in order probably to make it fit its present posi- tion. What there is of it reads thus :
QU H, EGAS M. A 1
The breakage occurs immediately after the a of maqui, so the patrony- mic is all gone ; and as to the other letters, the r is partly weathered to the left ; the vowel e is doubtful, but on the right of the arris there are four
232 ROYAL SOCIUTT OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
little marks as if they were dots. I do not think they are any part of the original writing : they are possibly natural or perhaps the work of some antiquary who may have tried to make sense out of this stone. The name is possibly that which is now made into Creagh, but query. A part of the stone should be in Belig na High, where others ought also probably to be found.
My special thanks are due to the proprietor, Major Chichester Constable, for his kind permission to get at the stones ; to Mr. Kelly, for the readiness with which he, at considerable inconvenience, met my wish to inspect the stones at ease ; and, above all, to O'Conor Don and Madam O'Conor Don, for their hospitality and for making my stay at Clonalis a most pleasant one.
DOOGHMAKEOKE STONE, COUNTY OF MAYO.
On Friday, August 13, I left Clonalis, and was met at Westport by Mr. W. E. Kelly, of St. Helen's, who drove me past Croagh Patrick to Louisburgh, and thence to the sandhills on the coast in the townland of Dooghmakeone, where we saw the Ogam-stone described by him in the Journal, 1897, p. 186. The spot is not far from the shore, and, as the wind was blowing from the west, we had a view of one of the finest seas I have ever seen. The stone has on it a cross and an Ogam inscription ; but, unfortunately, the latter is so weathered, that I have not succeeded in making out a name. The following is what I make of it:—
/ __ -
/ / i
M K. B G S G S
At the top there seems to be an m, and I should say one was to read round the top, but a spawl is gone with the intervening writing, if there was any. After the spawl I guessed I saw the five ends of the scores of an r on the face of the stone : no continuations across could be traced, all that being generally too worn, and, standing also in the shade, while the sun was shining on the face of the stone. After the r I seemed to find the one score of a 3, and I began guessing a name, Corli QIC Corlagni. The latter was very tempting, as the next consonant was a^, and its two slanting scores were the only ones I could trace across the arris ; but the next letter seemed to yield only four scores (making «) instead of the five I wanted (to make n). After the doubtful consonant came a space, large enough for the notches of an «, and then followed the two ends of a g Ogam on the face of the stone, but the rest of it that should have crossed the angle was gone. After the g came a space which would be large enough for three or four notches; then, immediately before the spawl at the bottom comes an s. This suggested to me some such a syllable as glas, but I could find no trace of the I ; and I had to give up guessing, as I felt that it was rather hopeless. So far as I had gone,
SOME OGAM-STONES IN CONNAUGHT. 233
however, I seemed to be eluded by some such a formula as M\aqui mucoi] Corlagni Glasiconas, with or without mucoi, for which probably room could be found before the large spawl near the top of the stone had gone. The reading depends a good deal on the presence of sunshine and the time of day, as Mr. Kelly noticed, for he had some difficulty in identify- ing two of the scores which had challenged his attention on the previous visit. This time he had to make a search for them, while I had completely missed them; but when he found them and called my attention to them, we could make no mistake about them : they were, if I remember rightly, what remains of the second g. Lastly, I ought to say that I tried to read the Ogam in the contrary direction, but with even less prospect of making any sense out of it than I have just indicated.
Not far off is a small lake in which there seems to have been a crannog, for we were told that men had sometimes found their way to it. The lake is called Lough Case, that is, if I understood rightly, Loch Cathasaigh, and near it lies a small pile of stones round which stations are made desiul, except in the case of maliciously disposed persons, who occasionally come on the sly in the dead of night, and go round widder- shins in order to raise storms to destroy crops and kill cattle. The two bronze swords, clavi loch Ca'as, as they were called by our informant, seem to have been always on the ground formerly near the pile of stones. The raising of destructive storms appears to be still believed in, and I feel sure that there is a great deal more folklore which could be elicited here by anyone who can converse more freely in Irish than I, such as Mr. O'Grady, or Dr. Douglas Hyde.
THE BREASTAGH STONE, COUNTY OF MAYO.
Bidding a reluctant adieu to Mr. and Mrs. Kelly's charming Westport home, I went to Ballina, and with the help of a letter from Monsignor O'Hara, who knows the district well, I found the stone with ease. On my way I passed through Killala, where there is one of the finest round towers I have ever seen ; and further on I crossed a bridge near the gate opening to Castlereagh House. As we proceeded up a slight hill- side towards some cottages called Mullagh na Crysha, we drove past several small circles of somewhat large stones ; and at Mullagh na Crysha the road seemed to cut through a large circle, or perhaps a rath of some kind. As we went a few yards further down the other side we saw some more stone circles, which are here. all called Clocha mora, or big stones ; and on our left I could see the tall stone which I was in quest of. The first thing was to procure a small ladder, as I found myself too short to examine the top of the stone ; but Mr. Macalister is, as I gather, not handicapped by nature in that respect ; for I learnt from the old woman, Mary Kelly, that the stone had been not long ago examined by " such a
234 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
nice, tall gentleman," who gave her " a power of money." Her memory, however, is getting worse, and her king Garlry has now degenerated into king Gavry or Govry. I ought to have said that I am referring to Mr. Macalister's newly published part i. of his " Studies in Irish Epigraphy," pp. 73-5. His reading of the inscription is a decided advance on that given as Sir Samuel Ferguson's in Mr. Brash's hook (p. 318), and it has been of great help to me, though I do not follow it altogether. The former was as follows : —
SD . . . (I)LENGUSC MAQ CORRBRI MAQ KGI^UNTRAD.
But Mr. Macalister reads thus : —
L|e(a ?)G[O . . . . o] s AD i TILE NG e SQ (a ?)- - - a
MAQ, CORRBRI MAQ AMMLLORATTA.
I cannot find the j a, which he reads on the top : there I could see nothing but the weathering of the stone. In fact I was not successful in reading anything after Mr. Macalister's Q on the left arris. Otherwise our readings proceed pari passu, mine being the following : —
-11— ^--^-
L I G SD ULENgESQU
E O C
On this I have to remark, that I think the inscriber began with wide spaces between the notches of the first vowel, but that, as he went on, he found he must be more economical ; in that case the vowel I take to have been i occupied the whole of the arris between the I and Mr. Macalister's second g ; but the third and fourth notches are deep slanting cuts or holes, which he has taken to be parts of his first g. I am inclined to think that, as they stand, they are no part of the writing, and that lig is the first part of the early Goidelic word which in mediaeval Irish makes lige " a grave." Another word suggests itself, however, as possible, and that is leacht, " a grave or sepulchre." For, according to analogy, else- where the spelling of the stem of that word in Ogam should be legt, and in case the inscriber doubled his g, we should arrive at something which would approach Mr. Macalister's i4$^, for his (a ?) is best forgotten, I think — this legt or leggt, is an afterthought which did not occur to me when looking at the stone. After the g follows a portion of the arris where one can read nothing, though there may have been originally there some 15 or more notches and scores. Then comes an s and a <?, but I could not persuade myself that there had been an a between them ; I wish however, to leave that an open question. Then comes another lacuna into which I thought -+H--J- (ul\ or -H — jj-p- fyw), would fit nicely, as I had a notion that we had here some compound like Evo-leng-i, or Corba-leng-iy found in "Wales. Dululeng, or Dovuleng, would mean " black leng" what- ever leng meant. In that case the s preceding the d would probably have to be regarded as the ending of a genitive, such as m'ottas, 'nephew's.'
SOME OGAM-STONES IN CONNAUGHT. 235
But to return to the writing, Mr. Macalister reckons that the lacuna supplied room enough for five notches, and this space is followed by three undoubted vowel notches which, as they stand, make u, but it is possible that they were not grouped five and three, but three and five for instance. Taking the extant ones first as they are, we seem to have a genitive ending in sdiu, which might be completed into a name Usdiu, or Osdiu, reminding one of Ptolemy's Ossorians called by him Usdiai ; but as we are not compelled to assume the original number of notches to have been 8, we might, perhaps preferably, read Usd-io. or Osdio with a genitive in o, for an earlier os. All this implies giving up Dubuleng, and reading the latter part as a second name or surname, Lengesqui, for some such an earlier form as Lengesqiiw.
To come back to the lettering again, the leng is perfect, and is to me the second instance of finding the character for the guttural nasal. The other instance occurs in the genitive Sangti on a stone at Kinnard East, near Dingle, in Kerry.1 The e is imperfect, the first and fourth notches being clean gone, as I understand it, and the first score of the* is also imperfect. I am not sure about the qu, it may be a c, and I cannot tell what vowel or vowels followed ; one or two notches may be guessed, but there were probably more. What one is to make of a name Lengesqu-, or Lengesc-, I do not know, but if this vocable underwent the usual con- traction it would become Lengsc, which might be expected to make in Irish Lesc : we have it possibly in the name of Lisci, the successful foe of Boia in the life of St. David.
The right angle is nearly perfect till we reach near the top. I read as follows, in continuation of the sense of the words on the left angle : —
MAQU C O R R B R IMAQUAMMLLONgATT..
A G
Both times I take ^-t-UlU- ^0 ^e an abbreviation of the genitive ^«,_ J1RL +fM+_ (maqui\ rather than a faulty form, but instead of Corrbri I should have rather expected Corbbri or Corpri ; the name is the well known one of Corpri^ anglicized Carbery in county Cork, ( C)arbory, in Kirk Arbory, in the Isle of Man, and Corbri in North Wales. After the second Maqu our difficulties begin, but the Ogams for Ammll seem to me fairly certain, the only room for doubt is as to the mm ; but the scores are considerably wider apart than the scores forming #, which is the only other possible reading. Why the m and I were doubled I cannot exactly say, and I pass on to the next vowel, whicli
1 I read the whole inscription as Sangti Llotuti avi Srma " (the grave) of S. LI. descendant of Sru" ; hut Mr. Macalister (pp. 64-66) inserts an a, and reads in the other direction, as did also Mr. Brash. The fact is, the Ogam begins in a very unexpected place, and the explanation is, as I thought when 1 saw the stone years ago, that the inscriber was probably ignorant what he was writing from a copy on a stick, and that consequently he chanced to begin the Ogam at the end.
N.B. — I have examined the stone again : the a is impossible.
JOHN.. U.S.A. I., VOL. VIII., PT. III., OTH 8ER. S
236 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
now consists of one notch, but there may have been another originally there ; then comes what I have read nga, and Mr. Macalister ra. The difference between us will be easily comprehended when I say, that here occurs a roughness which develops into a sort of gap in the edge. I take the gap to have been skipped over by the inscriber, and I could not find any more than three or two scores extending to the beginning of the hollow — I think I could trace three — while immediately after the steep ending of the gap comes a well-marked notch for a. After this vowel come tt with the first score of the first t somewhat imperfect, but what vowels followed I am unable to say, though I fancied sometimes I could count five or six ; had I not formed a guess as to the name in question, I should have said that the vowel notches may have ranged from -*- (a) to ,M^ _*. jam I could, however, not avoid coming to the conclusion that we have here the genitive which occurs in mediaeval Irish as Amalgada (nominative Amalgaid, with a variant Amolngaid), in modern Irish spelling Amhalghadha, anglicised Awley in Tir-Awley, the name of the district in which the stone stands. In Irish the pronunciation is Awlai, with the diphthong aw, or au strongly nasalized. Should these surmises prove well founded the genitive may be expected to have been Ammllo- ngattia, with the final s etymologically belonging to it omitted. The tt as usual represents what in manuscript Irish would be written th or d, and sounded th as in thatch, or as in that, respectively.
Perhaps tho abbreviation y£-i-llllL for -f--*- I1IIJ nut , and the b of CorrM may be said to conspire to show that this inscription does not belong to the earliest class of Ogams. In any case the man commemorated by the stone would seem to have been a grandson of somebody called Amolngaid, which occurs first, so far as I can remember, as the name of the father of some distinguished converts made by St. Patrick. I am. referring to the saint's vision associated with Fochill or Fochlaid, a place which is only about a mile from the stone, as Monsignor O'Hara informs me. This, however, does not help us much, as the name Amolngaid was probably borne by men of a later date. Mr. Macalister refers us to O'Dono van's edition of the Hy Fiachrach, pp. 8, 9.1
1 Since the foregoing portion of my notes were printed, Mr. Macalister has kindly called my attention to Sir S. Ferguson's account of the stone in the Proceedings of the R.I. A., Series n., vol. i., p. 201, which I had overlooked. It shows that Sir Samuel's reading and mine come much nearer than would have appeared from the version given in Mr. Brash's hook ; for the former, according to Mr. Macalister, runs thus —
LERC SD[U]LENGESCAD
MAQ COltRBRI MAQ, AMMLLO[NGIT]T
He adds that Sir Samuel had also identified the last name with that of the eponym of Tirawley. Lastly, I had the pleasure of heing one of the party who visited the stone during the Ballina Meeting, but I cannot say that I got much "forwarder," except that I now thought squ should he read sc in the first line of the inscription. But some of the party thought this was followed by the Ogam for d : it struck me, how- ever, that it was only two longish notches, making the whole, or the first part, of a vowel, and as to Sir S. Ferguson's ad, there is no a there. At the end of the other line, two notches of the same kind occur, hut there were originally more, I should think. I should have added, by way of identification, that O'Donovan's " Hy-Fiachrach " gives Coirpre as the name of the eldest son of Amolngaid, by Muirenn.
( 237
ON THE ANTIQUITY OF IRON AS USED IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF CERTAIN WEAPONS, IMPLEMENTS, AND ORNAMENTS, FOUND IN IRELAND.
BY W. F. W AXEMAN, HON. FELLOW. [Read JANUARY 11, 1898.]
ETOFORE, down at least to the year 1839, it was generally assumed by writers upon archaeological subjects that in Ireland, previous to the establishment of Christianity, the use of iron was unknown, and that for an indefinite period anterior to the advent of St Patrick, flint, stone, bone, or bronze were the only materials employed in the manufac- ture of weapons and implements, domestic or otherwise, by the artificers of Erin. Our collectors of antiquities, with one notable exception, spurned every object composed of iron as unworthy of a place in their cabinets. They, as a rule, considered that any waif of that metal could not for very many years remain undissolved in the moisture of a bog, submerged in a river-course, or even embedded in comparatively dry clay or gravel.
Amongst the treasures of the Petrie collection, now deposited together with the antiquarian glories belonging to the Royal Irish Academy, in care of the Science and Art Department, Kildare-street, may be seen a sword which, according to Petrie, was at one time the only Celtic object of iron known to be preserved in any museum in Ireland, he himself being its fortunate owner. (See Proceedings, JR. I. A., vol. v., p. 244.)
But a time arrived when the archaBological mind was destined to be startled by a discovery, or rather revelation, which ultimately resulted in the complete overthrow of previously existing ideas on the question of the durability of iron when long exposed to the influence of damp, or other possible sources of disintegration.
And now a word in reference to this new experience, and the story of its development. It happened that in the summer of 1839 some labourers engaged in deepening the bed of a little stream which flowed through the bog of Lagore, near Dunshaughlin, county Meath, came upon the remains of a crannog, or lacustrine stronghold, the first ever noticed in Europe, at least in modern times. As is now well known, around the mouldering ruins of this then mysterious island lay scattered tons upon tons of bones, including those of the bos longifrons, bos fron- tosis, red deer, wild boars, four-horned sheep, foxes, wolf-dogs, &c. That the bovine animals, remains of which were strikingly numerous, had been slaughtered for food purposes is sufficiently clear, the front of
S2
238 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
each skull appearing broken in as if by the blow of an axe, and saw- markings being distinctly traceable on not a few of the joint and minor bones. Fragments of humanity, which most certainly had belonged to assailants or defenders of the island, during some long-forgotten struggle, also occurred.
Intermixed with the osseous remains and timber-work, which have already been well and fully described by Sir "William Wilde and other writers, were found an extraordinary collection of antiquities, composed chiefly of iron. Besides these were many articles of bronze, horn, bone, stone, glass, and otber materials. It is, however, to a consideration of the iron remains only, and a comparison of them with kindred objects formed of bronze, that at present I shall venture to call attention. It may, nevertheless, be stated, in passing, that for a considerable time a brisk trade was carried on in the bones, of which many cart-loads were conveyed to Dublin, and there disposed of for manufacturing or agricul- tural purposes. Presently a few antiquities from the hoard found their way to this city, and were disposed of at good prices to the curious in such matters. At first only articles of bronze, brooches, fibulae, pins, and soforth, were presented ; but, after a time, swords, spear-heads, daggers, knives, axe-heads, and other waifs composed of iron, warranted to have been found in the great " bone-heap," along with the bronze trinkets, were secured by pedlars or ragmen, and offered for sale to well-known collectors — amongst the rest to Mr., afterwards Doctor, Petrie, Dean Dawson, and the late Lord Talbot de Malahide. Their value was for some time utterly unappreciated. Not a few were the theories promulgated concerning them. The general idea was, that the spear-heads were simply remains of pikes which, for obvious reasons, had been committed to the bog during the troublous year '98. The swords, daggers, and scians were assigned to the same period. Others believed that these weapons might be, possibly, somewhat older, in fact, relics of 1641. Some speculators imagined that they should be referred to Tories, or Uapparees, who during the unsettled times which prevailed after the defeat of King James at Oldbridge, are known to have sought refuge in the intricacies of woods and morasses. There were other fanciful theories, which need not be here recorded.
It was, no doubt, owing to the almost complete state of preservation in which the great majority of these, sometime, antiquarian puzzles appeared that even judicious archaeologists of the day were slow to detect their true character. Here, as in similar " finds," the absence of oxidation must be attributed to the circumstance of the metal having been in contact with, and, as it were, enveloped in animal matter, the decomposition of which, by forming a phosphate of lime, admitted of but a partial corrosion of the surface, amounting in many instances to- little more than discolouration, the gray assuming a dark brown, or sometimes, in parts at least, a cobalt blue appearance.
ANTIQUITY OF IRON IN WEAPONS, ETC., IN IRELAND. 239
Petrie was the first to appreciate the importance of the Lagore discovery. Long self-training had endowed him with a degree of excep- tional judgment in subjects archaeological, and his artistic eye at once detected forms and characteristics in these irons which separated them widely from anything modern or even mediaeval. He eagerly secured such specimens as were offered by dealers, and the example thus set was soon followed by others, including Dean Dawson, who already possessed a most valuable museum of miscellaneous Irish antiquities.
As years advanced, many lake-dwellings, or crannogs, perfectly analogous to that of Lagore, were discovered in various parts of the country. From each were recovered implements and ornaments of bronze, accompanied by innumerable articles of iron ; the latter, as in the premier find, being generally well preserved, owing no doubt, as at Lagore, to the ossiferous character of the soil or bog-stuff in which they had been embedded.
It is not necessary to my present purpose to give a list of the cran- nogs; but I may say, roundly, that up to this date at least 160 have been noted, and more or less explored. Every summer adds to the number.
I would now select for illustration, from objects found within or around them, some typical examples of iron remains, the character of which would seem to more than suggest an idea that in Ireland, for a period as yet, with our present knowledge, unmeasurable, bronze and iron were simultaneously used in the manufacture not only of weapons but also in the production of ornaments for the person, culinary implements, and so forth. "Why should not this be so ? That the people of Erin, during centuries anterior to the birth of Christ, were acquainted with bronze as a metal in everyday use is a fact universally admitted by antiquaries. Little, however, is to be found in our annals or ancient MSS. touching the use of iron amongst the people of Ireland in ante- Christian days ; yet that they possessed it is certain. It is a fact well-known to geologists that in not a few districts of the country an abundance of iron ore of the richest quality may be procured with but little trouble or expense in quarrying. More than half a century before the Christian era, Caesar describes our neighbours, the Britons, as being plentifully supplied with iron. The metal seems to have been common enough in Western Europe about his time, as, when he warred against the Veneti in the Morbihan, he found them in possession of vessels larger and stronger than the Roman galleys, with massive oaken timbers fastened by iron nails and furnished with cables of the same material.
Now there is nothing more certain than that a lively cross-channel trade had long existed between maritime Gaul and the British Islands. In this there is reason to believe Erin largely participated. Her ceards and artificers could not have been unacquainted with the practice of smelting iron ore, and of fashioning the metal into arms and objects of
240 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
everyday use. That she possessed ships capable of carrying heavy freights, and of traversing angry waters there can be no question. It was in no "dug-out," or curach, formed of wickerwork and skins, that the monarch Criomthan, who died A.D. 9, after returning from a famous foreign expedition laden with spoils, amongst which (according to the " Annals of the Four Masters ") were wonderful arms " and many other precious articles," had braved the dangers of wind and tide. Not a few other illustrations of the filibustering enterprise of our people in pagan times might readily be referred to, but, for the present, let the one suffice. There can be no doubt that the Irish were well acquainted with such phases of civilization, or, at least, semi-culture, as existed in por- tions of Britain, and in western districts of the European Continent, even in days long anterior to the Gallic campaigns of Caesar. They were ever a quick-witted race and likely to put their experience to account. As to an exclusively " Bronze Age " having existed in the country now called Ireland, there must, I apprehend, when the question shall have been sufficiently considered, be but little diversity of opinion. In his address to the Royal Irish Academy, delivered February 9th, 1857 (see Proceedings, vol. vi., p. 469), Mr. J. M. Kemble, perhaps the highest authority on subjects relating to the antiquities of these islands, spoke as follows : — " There is, as far as I can tell, no evidence whatever of bronze having been used on account of the absence of iron, and not much reason to doubt that the two metals were used contemporaneously."
That they were so used, and, probably, for many consecutive centuries, will, I think, be sufficiently evident to all who may be willing to give the subject a little attention. More — we are not without evidence that flint and stone were largely in request as materials from which certain weapons of war were manufactured all through the presumed, and so- called " Ages of Bronze " and " Iron," even down to a comparatively recent period. It is not my intention at present to enter upon the latter question. I hope, however, to make it the subject of a future paper, in the meantime confining my observation (as promised) to certain early iron remains, and a comparison of them with relics of an admittedly vastly remote epoch usually but vaguely styled the " Age of Bronze."
In almost every collection of antiquities found in Ireland, may be seen small plates of copper formed like wedges, with a broad cutting edge, more or less lunette-shaped. They are rarely more than 6 inches in length, by about half an inch in thickness. Some specimens are scarcely more than an inch and a-half in length, and are thin in proportion ; they appear to have been rudely cast, and are invariably devoid of any attempt at ornamentation. Though commonly classed with a variety of chisel- like implements of bronze, usually and severally styled celts, or paalstaves, they, from the metal of which they are formed, as well as from their singular and exceptional plainness, would seem to constitute an order in themselves. Sir William Wilde, in his " Catalogue " of the R.I.A.
ANTIQUITY OF IRON IN WEAPONS, ETC., IN IRELAND. 241
Museum, suggests that they probably formed a link between the primitive stone hatchets so frequently found in Ireland, and certain bronze imple- ments of somewhat similar form ; he styles them as the rudest, and, "apparently the oldest celts," meaning, of courpe, the earliest metallic implements so-called.
Whether they are more ancient than their analogues in bronze is a question which, with our present knowledge, it is impossible to decide ; but, at any rate, they must be assigned to an extremely early and, with us, perhaps, pre-historic period.
It may surprise many to learn that objects com- posed of iron, in form and general design precisely similar to the copper celts, just described, have been at least occasionally found in Ireland. It would be useless to specu- late on the frequency of such discoveries as, even to this day, articles of iron are not usually preserved by country diggers who may happen to unearth them.
Fig. 1, group i., re- presents, with perfect ac- curacy, an iron celt which was found in one of the Antrim crannogs. It forms part of the collection of the late Canon Grainger, now preserved in Belfast, and was looked upon by that enthusiastic archaso- logist as an object of ex- treme interest. GROUP I.
Fig. 2, same group, is
carefully etched from an example discovered in the great crannog of Lagore, already referred to. It is now in the " Petrie Collection," Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. These, if formed of copper, or even of bronze, would not attract any extreme attention ; they would be considered simply as celts of mere ordinary type.
A fine socketed celt of iron, with, as usual, a loop on one side (see fig. 3, group i.), was found a few years ago in one of the crannogs situate
242 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
in Lough Mourne, Co. Antrim, not far from Carrickfergus. "Where this most interesting example is now preserved I cannot say. It had been seen by Canon Grainger, who, with his usual liberality, bid largely for it, but in vain. Perhaps he appeared suspiciously anxious to conclude a bargain. He, however, succeeded in procuring a sketch which he kindly forwarded for my inspection. From that outline the preceding etching (fig. 3, gronp i.) has been carefully copied. It is not likely that the object itself, which has been figured by Dr. Munro in his work on " Lake Dwellings," can disappear.
Lough Mourne, upon being partially drained in 1883, was found to contain a number of crannogs, four of which in one group, were connected with the mainland by a piled causeway. Amongst the debris of the islands were discovered a variety of antiques, including the iron celt just described, flint flakes, a " dug-out " oaken canoe, crucibles, &c. (See Journal for July, 1883, p. 177.)
Amongst objects composed of bronze preserved by our collectors of antiquities, the paalstave, a chisel-like instrument, is, usually, more or less common. It may be generally described as a cuniform tool with four wings or flanges, two on either side, boldly rising from the angles of its narrower portion, and very frequently converging over the greater surfaces so as it were to grasp a handle, which, straight or curved, was doubtless of wood. A transverse ridge usually stopped the latter from unduly slipping downwards when struck or pressed from above. In many instances, however, this feature is not observable. Implements strikingly similar to these paalstaves, but formed of iron, have occurred in several of our crannogs. It is only reasonable to suppose that not a few " finds "of the kind have been left unrecorded, little or no interest, as already pointed out, having, until somewhat lately, been taken in the preservation of iron remains. A very characteristic specimen of what, I venture to say, must be styled an iron paalstave is represented in fig. 4, group i. It is from the crannog of Lagore, and is now in the " Petrie Collection," Museum, R.I. A., but unfortunately locked up in a drawer, together with a chisel, or iron celt, from same place (fig. 2, group i.).
The Rev. G. R. Buick, M.A., LL.D., M.E.I.A., a Vice-President of this Society, in his most valuable Paper on the Crannog of Moylarg, county Antrim, describes a perfectly similar implement found by him during researches in that structure. He states that during the operation, of laying bare the woodwork of that quondam island, several important finds were made : — l ' Amongst the rest a flint scraper, a badly-formed ' slug,' of the same material, nearly 2 inches long, a good many chips of flint," and other miscellaneous remains. He proceeds: — "Two feet underneath where the scraper was met with, a small implement of iron was found. (See p. 321, fig. 4, Journal for December, 1894.) It is 2^ inches in length, and seven-eighths of an inch broad on the face ; it is socketed by having the upper part beaten out and turned round at
ANTIQUITY OF IRON IN WEAPONS, ETC., IN IRELAND. 243
both edges, and has been either a chisel or a small axe." The^circum- stance of this celt-like chisel, or axe-head of iron, having been found at the depth of 2 feet below the worked flints is highly significant. For- tunately there can be no doubt on the subject. Mr. Buick does not speak or write from hearsay. He was on the spot, anxiously examining every shovelful of bog-stuff thrown up by the labourers, and was able, there and then, to note and book all particulars of the discovery. It would appear that this crannog, which yielded to the spade in all some sixty- three pieces of flint, amongst which the scraper just noticed, and ten other worked flakes are to be ,.
reckoned, was otherwise remark- ably prolific. There were also no fewer than ten " tracked stones," stone axes, and other remains of that material ; a most interesting- bronze strainer with an iron handle, several bronze pins, a knife -blade, an awl or borer, a spear " butt," and not a few fragmentary objects of iron.
Fig. 1, group ii., is etched from an iron two-flanged paal- stave, found with an adze, ham- mer-head, and some other instru- ments of the same metal, in the bottom of an oaken " dug-out" which lay embedded in the mud on the edge of a crannog situate in a small lake at Cor-na-Gall, near Kilmore, Co. Cavan. One half of the canoe had anciently been destroyed by fire. The ham- mer-head is in form very like some composed of stone preserved in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. What other relics the
crannog contained, or contains, has not been ascertained, as, owing to the depth of sludge round its margin, and the pulpy character of the interior, it has been considered that any attempt at exploration would certainly end in failure.
I should not omit to mention that along with the iron remains two very perfect and beautifully -fashioned whetstones appeared. They are about 6 inches in length, quite square in section, and gradually tapering from the centre to the ends. "With the exception of one of these, the canoe remains and the whole of this discovery are now in our Museum in Kilkenny.
GUOUP II.
244 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Gouges formed of bronze have often been found in Ireland. They are generally regarded as belonging to an extremely early, even pre- historic, age, and to have been used contemporaneously with the socketed celt, paalstave, and numerous implements of like material. Examples in iron, differing in no other respect from their bronze fellows, have occurred in some of our lake-dwellings. I am enabled here to illustrate a most interesting specimen which I was fortunate enough to procure during a visit to Lagore crannog, in 1848. (See fig. 2, group n.) Both this and a socketed chisel (fig. 3, group n.) from the same place are now preserved in the Science and Art Museum, Royal Irish Academy (Petrie) Collection.
On the same group, fig. 4, is an etching of a small hammer, or pick of iron, which was secured, together with numerous articles composed respectively of flint, stone, bronze, iron, clay, &c., by myself, during the exploration of a crannog, situate in a small lough at Drumdarragh, near Letterbreen — a small hamlet distant about four miles from Enniskillen. In immediate connexion with it occurred a number of flint cores and flakes, as also a well -formed knife of trap. It would seem quite certain that this spot had been the scene of a manufacture of flint and stone objects ; and it is almost impossible to imagine that the light, slender pick or hammer of iron under notice was used for any other pur- pose than to strike flakes from the cores. The instrument, cores and flakes, iron, scraps of bronze, pottery, &c. — in a word, all the relics dis- covered on the occasion referred to, are individually described in our Journal, vol. viii., p. 378. The originals may be seen in the Grainger Collection, Belfast.
In recent discoveries made at Moylarg, Mourne, Drumdarragh, Lis- nacroghera, and indeed in several other Irish crannogs, of chipped flints associated with iron remains, it is sufficiently evident that in Ireland, at least, the two materials were worked, and used, contemporaneously.
This Paper having extended to an unusual length, will for the pre- sent be brought to a close, but I hope to be permitted to resume my subject on the antiquity of the use of iron with us in a further address to be delivered in the near future.
( 245
SOME FURTHER NOTES ON OTTER- AND BEAVER-TRAPS.
BY ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D., HON. FELLOW. [Submitted JUNE 15, 1898.]
I first drew attention to the similarity between the " antique wooden implement" from Coolnaman, and certain objects found in several localities throughout the Continent of Europe, and variously described as otter- and beaver-traps, models of prehistoric boats, &c., I had only the records of nine specimens before me. Almost immediately after the publication of the " Lake-Dwellings of Europe," in which these objects were described and figured (pages 179-184), two other specimens came to light, viz. one in Wales (now in the Library of St. David's College, Lampeter), and the other in Ireland (now in the Belfast Museum). The former was identified by Mr. J. Romilly Allen from a drawing which appeared, many years ago, in the Archceologia Camlrensisy vol. x., 4th Series, and the latter by the late Canon Grainger, in whose collection it had lain for some seven or eight years as a nondescript object. Since then many other examples have been discovered from time to time, till, in my last review of the subject •(" Prehistoric Problems," chap, vi.), their number amounted to thirty- jive. Through the courtesy of Dr. Conwentz, I am now enabled to announce the discovery of another specimen, the details of which are here subjoined, from the report of a meeting of the "West-Prussian Fisheries Society, in the " Danziger Zeitung " for July 13, 1897 : —
" Before proceeding to the order of the day, Professor Conwentz, Director of the Provincial Museum, exhibited a prehistoric otter-trap which had recently been found in the peat -bog of Adamshof, near Sypniewo, Kreis Flatow, at a depth of 25£ inches below the surface, and presented by the proprietor, Mr. Fritz Wilchens- Sypniewo, to the above-named Museum. This interesting object consists of a flat piece of oak, 25^- inches long, and 8 inches broad, which, in consequence of long deposition in the peat, had assumed a blackish colour, and, notwithstanding its great antiquity, is still very well preserved. In the middle there is a large, long, rectangular aperture, into which two valves, opening upwards, are fitted. When open it is probable that the valves were kept apart by a piece of stick, which remained till removed by some outward agency, when closure followed. Finds of objects of this description are rare in this district, and, till now, the
246 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Provincial Museum contained only one small, univalvular example, which, twenty years ago, had been found at Lubochin, Kreis Schwetz, at a depth of one metre. According to R. Munro (' Prehistoric Problems,' Edinburgh, 1897), who has fully described and figured these prehistoric traps, their distribution extends from Italy northwards to Wales and Ireland. It is, however, still uncertain whether these ingenious machines are to be regarded as otter- or beaver-traps, since, from numerous other discoveries, it is proved that the beaver was formerly not a rare inhabitant of West -Prussian waters." (The ac- companying figure of this newly-discovered otterfalle has also been sent to the writer by Dr. Conwentz.)
The only remark I have to make on the above statement is that the Adamshof discovery finally disposes of the idea that the classification into univalvular and bi valvular has any significance, since it proves that both kinds were used in the province of West-Prussia. It still, how- ever, remains a notable fact, that all the specimens found within the British Isles belong to the former category.
Bivalvular Trap of Oak found at Adamshof, Prussia. (Length, 25^ inches.)
But the mystery which surrounds these machines does not depend on their structure, which, whether univalvular or bivalvular, is readily seen to have the same mechanism — the latter being merely u duplication of the parts of the former. It is their function which, all along, has been the stumbling-block to antiquaries. 2for have recent criticisms, so far as I have seen, done much to elucidate the matter. Thus, a reviewer in this Journal (vol. vii., p. 195) suggests that they were mere floats for catching pike. " We are disposed," he writes, u to the simpler conclu- sion of their being intended to catch pike, of large size, by night-lines. If we are informed aright, somewhat similar arrangements of baited- hooks, attached to a board, were used in the English lakes, and in some parts of Ireland, not many years since, by poachers ; if so, the name ' otter ' would signify something equally destructive to fish at night as that quadruped, or the poacher himself." I wonder if these remarks are intended to apply to the well-known apparatus which goes under
NOTES ON OTTER- AND BEAVER-TRAPS. 247
the name of " otter," and which was formerly used by anglers to carry, far out into a lake, one end of a line, to which, at regular intervals, some dozen or more fly-hooks, on short gut-lines, were attached, while the other was held in the hands of the sportsman on shore and let out, or drawn in, at his pleasure. This " otter " consisted of a flat board, with a thin, sharp prow, and weighted at one edge with lead, so as to keep it edgeways in the water. The line was attached to the perpen- dicular surface of the board in the same manner as that of a boy's kite, and when pulled, the machine moved slantingly in the water in propor- tion as the operator advanced on the shore. Before this method of fishing for lake-trout became illegal, I often used the "otter" with deadly effect on some of our Highland lochs. I have also fished for pike with a baited-hook and a float, the apparatus being merely two or three large pieces of cork penetrated by a slender rod, one end of which projected upwards, and carried a small red flag, so as to be seen at a distance. To the other, or lower end, a short line, with a baited-hook, was attached. Several of these floats were set in the lake, and watched from a boat, and when one was seen to move along, bobbing up and down in the water, it was the signal that a fish had been hooked. Some- times they were left overnight, and I remember, on one occasion, after a strong wind, to find both float and pike stranded on the shore. But none of these apparatuses offer any explanation of the complicated mechanism of the machines now in question — the spring-rods, valves, bevelling, &c., being entirely unaccounted for.
Another reviewer (Antiquary, vol. xxxiii., p. 256) evades the diffi- culty by the following remarks : — " Whether this [trap theory] is the true explanation of these puzzling objects must be left for further investigation. It does not also seem conclusive to us that they are necessarily of what is generally understood by prehistoric date. Their real age seems almost as doubtful as their use, and as ten years have only elapsed since attention was first drawn to them, more conclusive evidence as to their character and age may be looked for in the future."
But if not prehistoric, they certainly cannot be regarded as historic, since both history and tradition are as silent about them as if they were true remains of the Stone Age people. Professor Alfons Milliner, Curator of the Laibach Museum, has already expressed a doubt that any of those found in Laibach Moor reach back to the horizon of the lake- dwellings which flourished in that locality up to the early Bronze Age. On the other hand, the depth of peat in which most of them were embedded, in some instances as much as six or eight feet, clearly points to a considerable antiquity.
A transatlantic correspondent has just communicated to me an ad- ditional suggestion as to their use, which, at least, has the merit of
248 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
introducing a new element into the controversy. I give it in his own words : —
173, ROWLAND-AVENUE,
TORONTO, CANADA,
January 29th, 1898. SIR,
~"'~ A a an interested reader of your " Prehistoric Problems," will you allow me to make a suggestion with the object of dispelling the mystery which still hangs over the so-called " otter- and beaver-traps " ?
From the nature of the locality in Avhich all, or nearly all, these contrivances have been found, viz. on the sites of ancient lakes, or in peat-bogs, or near rivers, it appears to me that instead of being intended for the purpose of trapping animals, their use has been in some way connected with the artificial distribution of water. In a word, my suggestion is that they are sluice-boxes. My theory is that the con- trivance was embedded in a dam, at or below the water-level, in a horizontal position, on edge, with the valves, or valve opening, on the lake side of the dam — the pressure of water being against the valves, and the springs, acting in the same direction, would keep them closed, and practically water-tight. The bevelled aperture on the other side of the "sluice-box " is evidently intended for the insertion of a trough, with a corresponding level to fit the aperture. With this arrangement the flow of water could be regulated at will, either by removing one or both of the plugs, or by keeping the valves open by inserting a gag. The trough could, of course, be continued in any desired dii-ection, or connected with a channel to carry away the water. As an instance, one can imagine these "ancient men" desiring to cut their fuel from a peat-bog into which a stream of water flowed. What could be simpler than to con- struct a dam across the bed of the inflowing stream, embed the "sluice-box" in the dam wall, and convey the water by means of the trough into an artificial channel provided for it. The contrivance is so admirably adapted for this and other purposes (irrigation for instance), that it seems quite unnecessary to seek for any further explanation. The univalvular and bivalvular contrivances are alike in principle and application.
I am sending you a small model of the contrivance, which I have made from the illustrations in your book, and also a trough to fit, which I venture to hope will make my suggestion quite clear. I shall be glad to hear whether you consider the mystery is now solved.
I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
WILLIAM ADDENBROOKE.
ROBERT MUNRO, Esq.
Mr. Addenbrooke's sanguine hope of clearing up the mystery may be held in abeyance till his theory has passed through the ordeal of public criticism. Meantime I see no grounds in any of these later speculations for amending the general conclusions already formulated on the subject. In maintaining this position, I feel rather strengthened by some valuable remarks in support of the trap theory recentlv con- tributed to this Journal (vol. vii., p. 184) by Mr. G. H. Kioahan, which, ooming from such a veteran expert in all manner of field researches, ought to have some weight with antiquaries. In his opinion these machines were " snares to catch a water-animal that consistently travels in one direction." "While not actually excluding salmon and sea-trout, Mr. Kinahan thinks this kind of trap " to be well adapted for catching
NOTES ON OTTER- AND BEAVER-TRAPS. 249
the otter" — a conclusion which he bases on a careful study and analysis of the habits of the animal. According to him the trap should be laid on its side when in use, with the valves opening against the stream, Its modus operandi is thus described : — " To set the trap the door was forced open, and kept open by a trigger, which was probably a short bit of stick ; when the otter saw the opening he tried to push through, but the moment his shoulders pressed against the door the trigger was let loose, and the springs jammed down the door on his back and held him fast." This is a decided advance on all previous explanations of its mode of action, as it dispenses with the necessity of having a bait to allure the animal to insert its head into the trap ; besides, on the same principles, it would be equally effective in trapping the beaver. Indeed, I fancy any animal that could be induced to pass through the valvular aperture might be captured by this apparatus by the mere adjustment of some slender wooden contrivances, which, when disturbed by the movements of the animal, after having passed the opening, would shut the valve, and so lock it in. Such an apparatus, fixed in the lower end of a large creel, and placed in a stream, might be used to catch salmon and sea-trout when running upwards.
The Rev. John Batchelor, in his book on " The Ainu of Japan," figures and describes a spring-bow trap of ingenious construction, which the Ainu use for catching river otters, foxes, hares, &e. " This trap," he writes, "is usually set in the trails of these animals, so that when they step upon a small piece of string they let the spring of the trap loose, and so catch themselves by the leg."
The prehistoric peoples of Europe were, from the earliest times, acquainted with the use of the bow, which readily supplied an avail- able motive-power to be utilized on emergencies, and it is probable that it was used for other purposes than the throwing of arrows. But springs, made of hazel saplings, or other elastic kinds of wood, are very liable to decay, and had it not been for the flint tips of the arrows, so profusely scattered over the land, it would be now difficult to prove the fact that the bow had been a common weapon among the early inhabitants of our country.
NOTE ADDED IN THE PRESS.
Since these notes were written, Dr. Conwentz has published illus- trations of the two traps now in the Provincial Museum under his charge (" Amtlicher Eericht iiber die Verwaltung der naturhistorischen, archseologischen und ethnologischen Samrnlungen des Westpreussischen Provinzial-Museums fur das Jahr 1897," pp. 44-45) : one being that above described, and the other the univalvular specimen from Lubochin, also referred to in these notes, but already described in " Prehistoric Problems," p. 248.
250
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE "BAMBINO" OF KEW ROSS.
BY MICHAEL J. C. BUCKLEY. [Read JUNE 15, 1898.]
the visit of the members of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland to the parish church and cemetery of New Ross in the month of April, 1896, a most interesting and unique sculptured effigy of the "Bambino," or the Infant Christ, was discovered there by the writer. This effigy is well worthy the attention of antiquaries, and
*
The "Bambino" of New Ross.
especially of ecclesiologists, as it seems to be the only antique 'example of this subject remaining in Ireland. Its discovery occurred in this manner. Whilst traversing the graveyard, within about twenty feet from the western angle of the south transept of the ancient and quaint
THE " BAMBINO" OF NUW ROSS. 251
church of New Ross (which is partly over-restored and partly ruined), the writer remarked the top of a broad chamfered slab of limestone projecting a few inches above the grass, bearing on its surface what he took to be, at the time, three large bosses, somewhat like the "ball- flower" ornament on a frieze. Attracted by its unusual appearance, and supposing that it formed a portion of a cornice, or water-table, of an earlier edifice, permission having been duly obtained, he proceeded, with the assistance of some bystanders, to draw, by means of ropes, the large fragment. It proved to be a slab upwards of 6 feet in length, by about 3 feet in width, and nearly 12 inches in thickness, gradually tapering towards the bottom. On the upper part of this slab the follow- ing subjects were carved in high relief, namely : — In the centre the figure of an infant, about 3 feet in length, wrapped in "swaddling-clothes," the arms, as well as the feet, being covered by "bandelettes," or ligatures, just as we see the children wrapped up and swathed, even to the present day, in many Southern countries. The face of the infant was rotund and chubby, with a smiling expression ; the hair, which seemed to be bossed up, with a slight curl all round the head, was cut round in the peculiar "basin-cut" style of coiffure, so popular during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. On either side of this infantine figure, and on a level with its face, were carved two other youthful heads, without any bodies, somewhat resembling the heads which so often terminate the drip mouldings of arches. These two heads, which bore the same joyous expression as that of the Infant, had their hair falling in thick tresses on each side of the face, whilst a " corona," or diadem, raised in the centre, encircled their foreheads, exactly in the same manner as we see coronets on the figures of Cherubim in medieval sculptures and paintings.
The chamfered border of the slab was stopped, or rather "nicked," just on a line with the chins of the two outer angelic heads, so as to afford a sort of cushioned resting-place for them. Prom the feet of the central figure to the end of the slab — nearly 3 feet — was entirely flat, thus leaving a large vacant space at the foot of this curious monument.
It was quite evident that this sculptured stone was not in its original position, and, on inquiry, it was discovered that, some years ago, it had been taken possession of by an inhabitant of the town, who had used it as a headstone to mark the bury ing-place of his family, without the slightest permission from any authority. Such misappropriation of ancient tombstones and portions of ecclesiastical buildings is, sad to say, an ordinary occurrence in a vast number of Irish cemeteries, where no care whatever is exercised as to the preservation of the venerable remains of antiquity so often existing therein.
This remarkable slab has, since the departure of the antiquaries, been again sunk into its present degraded position, instead of being carefully removed, and placed within the walls of the roofless and
JOUK. R. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. III., OTH SER. T
252 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
riiinous chancel of New Ross church. There is no trace whatever of any inscription on the chamfers or other parts of this slab, which is perfectly finished on its four sides, thus proving that it did not lie next the wall, but stood apart on a base, or pedestal, separate from the building itself.
Now in order to fully appreciate the artistic importance of this sculpture, and its bearing on the representations of the Infant Saviour both in ancient and in modern days, we must compare it with existing types of various periods. In looking at the most ancient and venerable of the effigies of the Madonna in the old Greek pictures from the sixth to the twelfth centuries, and which are all of Oriental origin (such as the paintings in the churches of Ara-Cceli, Santa Maria-in-Cosmedino, Perugia, and Padua), we find that the Divine Infant is often repre- sented as swathed in bands exactly like the New Ross example. The famous statues of the Bambinos of Ara-Coeli, in Rome, and of Civitanova, are also in similar " swaddling clothes." That this custom was gener- ally adopted in infantine representations is shown in a painting of the Greco-Italian school, eirca 1300, in the style of Taddeo Gaddi, in Florence, where, in the scene of the birth of the Virgin, the infant is depicted as banded up in this peculiar manner. The Divine Infant, in " swaddling clothes," is likewise seen in a painting of the Nativity by Lorenzo di Credi, in Bologna. In this painting, as in many others, the figures of two angels are seen hovering over the stable, or " crib," at Bethlehem, the birthplace of the Saviour. These angels are almost invariably represented as singing the Canticle of the "Gloria in Excelsis."
Taking all these details into account, it seems most probable that the slab which was unearthed at New Ross, represented the Nativity of Christ, treated in the manner of the thirteenth century, to which epoch this carving belongs, the figure of the Divine Child being flanked on each side by the heads of the two archangels, Gabriel and Raphael (their diadems show that they belong to the Celestial Hierarchy), who were popularly supposed, in the Middle Ages, to have been the leaders of the heavenly choir. In this sculptured slab we see a specimen of the early " cribs" which were generally displayed in the mediaeval churches during the Christmastide, and which representation is commonly shown in Catholic churches on the Festival of the Nativity. Such "cribs" were always surrounded and embellished by lights, draperies, and branches of trees, such as the pine, holly, and box, which were then in season. Carols, or Christmas hymns, were sung before these represenT tations of this sacred event. The long vacant space below the feet of the little figure of Christ in the New Ross sculpture would afford ample room both for lights and flowers. That it stood on a separate pedestal, raised above the floor, there can be little doubt ; it does not seem likely ever to have been the monument of a chrysom, i.e. a child who died
THE " BAMBINO" OF NEW ROSS. 253
before attaining the age of one month, as in the curious brass (date 1580) of an infant in Pinner Church, Middlesex. It was far more probable that in this carved slab we see one of the only extant representations of the Nativity, of an early date in Ireland ; it has got all the firmness and dignity of Norman carving of the best period, and although the faces are mutilated and degraded by time and exposure, they still retain traces of their pristine beauty. They may have been coloured and gilt in parts, but of such decoration no signs remain.
I trust that these remarks on this most interesting relic may attract some intelligent attention to its present neglected condition, and that it may soon be saved from farther vandalism by being deposited in a secure place in the chancel of the church of New Ross, such as is presented by the vacant arch on the north side of the sanctuary, which, in former ages (as in numberless other churches), served as the " Altar of Repose " during Holy Week.
The deeply-recessed arch on the north side of the unroofed and ruinous chancel of New Ross parish church is similar in style to a finely moulded and cusped arch in the ancient church of St. Mary, in Youghal. This arch, which contains the tomb of Thomas Fleming, 7th Lord Slane, was made for a shrine, which served, during the latter part of Holy "Week, for the "reposoir," or resting-place, of the Blessed Sacrament. This arch is also on the "Gospel," or north side, of the choir, just opposite the triple sedilia. It appears to have been originally decorated in coldur and gilding, with figures of "watchers" and angels, in the arched panels of its back and base. Curiously enough a " Staffordshire knot" is cut in the " intrados " of its ogee arch.
The author is indebted to the skill of Mrs. Shackleton, of Lucan, for the excellent photograph of the carved stone, an illustration of which accompanies this article.
[In the discussion which followed the reading of the Paper, doubt was expressed by Mr. Garstin, Mr. R. M. Young, and others, as to whether the figure on this stone could be regarded as representing the Holy Infant, and it was pointed out that, in monumental efiigies of infants, as on the great Chichester monument in Carrickfergus Church, they were represented as swathed similarly to the figure under .consideration.]
T2
254 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE CLANDEBOY O'NEILLS' STONE INAUGURATION CHAIR, NOW PRESERVED IN THE BELFAST MUSEUM.
BY DR. FRAZER, Hox. LIB. R.I.A., VICE-PKESIDKNT. [Submitted MARCH 29, 1898.]
/~\WING to the exertions of Mr. Seaton F. Milligan and some of his Belfast friends, this ancient stone chair has obtained an appro- priate resting-place, after many vicissitudes, not far removed from its original site, where it stood for at least some centuries on the Hill of Castlereagh, about two miles from Belfast, where the O'Neills of Clandeboy had their principal abode and stronghold, and where successive chieftains were duly installed by their clan in full view of the assembled and assenting people.
The Castlereagh branch of the Northern O'Neills sank before the rising power of the English at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The Stone Chair of Inauguration, no longer a centre of attraction and clanship, was thrown down from its original elevation : more fortunate only in this, that unlike similar stones, it escaped being broken into pieces and destroyed, and was merely " neglected." Such demolition was the fate experienced by that other historic stone upon which the senior Northern branch of the O'Neills used to inaugurate their chieftains ; this was placed within a rath — the usual site for similar tribal thrones, near the village of Tullahogue, parish of Disertcreat, county Tyrone, between the more modern English settlements of Stewarts- town and Cookstown. Amongst early references made to the stone, we find in the "Annals of the Four Masters," A.D. 1432, that when Donal Bocc, the O'Neill, was slain by the O'Kanes, " Owen, son of Isiall oge O'Neill, was inaugurated his successor on Leac na riogh, the stone of the kings at Tullaghoge"; and when the Great Earl of Tyrone, Hugh O'Neill, succeeded as O'Neill, Sir Henry Bagenal in a letter, dated 9th September, 1595, referred to his inauguration, " Old O'Neyle is dead, and the traitour (the Earl of Tyrone) gone to the stone to receive that name."
This sacred Coronation Stone, considered of equal importance in the ceremonies attending on Irish chieftains' investiture, as our own throne, sceptre and crown of regality, was subsequently destroyed by the Lord Deputy Mount joy, and broken into pieces. It is stated that some of the broken fragments were preserved up to the year 1768, in the garden of Rev. James Lowry, rector of Disertcreat. Mount joy's doings are thus described : " On the 20th August, 1602, the Lord Deputy took the field,
CLANDEBOY O?NKILLS' STONE INAUGURATION CHAIR. 255
and encamped between Newry and Armagh, and understanding that Tyrone was in Fermanagh, he marched over the bridge neare Fort Mount joy, and placed a ward neare Dungannon, and staid five days at Tullahogue, and broke the Chair of Stone on which the O'Nealls used to be inaugurated."
The main branch of Cinel Eoghain, named from Eoghan, son of Mall of the Mne Hostages, A.D. 379-406, which subsequently became
Front View. Side View.
Clandeboy O'Neills' Stone Inauguration Chair. (From measurements by Dr. Frazer.)
divided into two great tribes, the Northern and Southern Ui Mall — gave from its northern tribe an offshoot in the fourteenth century, when Hugh Buidhe crossed the Bann river, and seized possession of the northern part of Dalaradia, extending from Carrickfergus Bay and the river Lagan westward to Lough Neagh, a portion of which was previously known as Bryan Carragh's country, a chief of the McDonnells, who was its owner when the O'Neills took it.
After being overthrown, the Clandeboy stone appears to have remained uncared for until about the year 1750, when the " Sovereign " of Belfast, Stewart Banks, removed it to that town, where it was built into'the wall
256 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF, IRELAND.
of the butter market, and was used for a seat until the market boun- daries were taken down some time before 1832, according to the state- ment contained in the Dublin Penny Journal for that year. A second time it was rescued from a heap of rubbish and stones when Thomas Fitzmaurice obtained possession of it, and had it removed to a small garden in front of his house, where it remained until purchased by the late Koger Walker, Q.C., of Granby-row, Dublin, and Eathcarrick, county Sligo, who removed it to his residence in Sligo, where it was preserved with suitable care, due to such an interesting monument of Irish clan history. Such is an abstract of Mr. Petrie's Paper, and it is, I believe, an authentic account of the stone and its vicissitudes. Petrie was an intimate friend and constant visitor of Mr. Walker, and the best portrait I have seen of him is at Eathcarrick, painted whilst he was engaged in exploring the great group of cromlechs and stone circles of Carrowmore ; there are also two fine water-colour paintings by the late Mr. Burton, who was another friend and constant visitor at Mr. Walker's. Thomas Carlyle also paid a visit in the year 1826 when making a tour of Ireland ; and at a much earlier date, towards the end of last century, Beranger was there, and has the credit of being the first to recognise and direct attention to these remarkable megalithic remains of Carrowmore. The entire of the surrounding district abounds in special attractions for Irish archaeologists ; the house itself, situated on the north-western slope of Knocknarea, a mountain rising 1200 feet above the level of the sea, has a far-reaching view of Sligo and its bay, opening into the Atlantic. It is crowned by the great cairn of Queen Maeve, one of our remarkable prehistoric monuments, composed of enormous quantities of stones, piled together to form a vast mound, representing an amount of patient toil difficult to appreciate, and fairly comparable with the pyramids of Egypt. The tomb of this traditional fairy queen occupies a site worthy of an empress, and the widespread panorama of land and sea around is noteworthy for its beauty and extent. The more modern rath whence the house is named, is of large size, and fairly preserved ; its enclosure is utilized for a croquet ground, and underneath are the usual subterranean chambers. The property extends westward to the Atlantic ; and, on the southern extremity of Sligo Bay, close to the ocean, partially buried in shifting sands, is the very ancient site of Kilaspugbrone, founded by St. Patrick himself, where was long preserved that " Shrine of St. Patrick's tooth," now a treasured possession of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. Farther out at sea are barriers of treacherous reefs and submerged rocks with jagged summits extending northward, fringing the coast-line up to the Bundrowse river, on which the Armada ships were wrecked, one thousand or more drowned Spaniards strewing the shore, whilst the few who escaped shipwreck were, with rare exceptions, cruelly slain and plundered, as they landed, by the natives. Of those who did manage to survive shipwreck, massacre, and subsequent ill-treatment, we have a
CLANDEBOY o'jNEILLg' STONE INAUGURATION CHAIR. 257
graphic account in Captain Cuellar's narrative. (See his "Adventures in Connacht and Ulster in 1588," lately published by Messrs. Allingham and Crawford, of which a notice was published in our Journal.'}
When visiting in Rathcarrick, some years since, I was enabled to examine the Clandeboy Chair, and take sketches and careful measure- ments ; these, and a recent photograph which Mr. Milligan has kindly sent, enable me to state that the wood-cut shown in the Dublin Penny Journal is not so correct as might be desired. The chair is made from a solid block of pale brown-coloured grit, which is 33 inches high at its back part; the seat is elevated about 15 inches from the ground, and forms the top of a solid block, approximating to a square shape, and gradually widening from the seat downwards ; the seat itself measures 16 inches across where it joins the back, 15 inches in front and 14 inches in depth; whilst at the base it widens to 18 inches in front, and is 18^ inches from front to back at the sides. It resembles an old- fashioned wooden chair with straight back ; and from its shape would not seem of any remote age ; the back rises, widening upwards to a breadth of 19^ inches near its top, and, where it meets the seat, narrows to 13£ inches ; at this point, the slab of stone is 4^ inches in thickness ; towards the upper part, it decreases to about 3^- inches thick.
It is most desirable that such an example of an Irish chieftain's chair for inauguration, having a known authentic history, should find its permanent abode in the Belfast Museum, where, perhaps, it will be far safer than if erected on its ancient site, exposed to the destructive energy of ignorant persons. With this desire of mine, Mr. J. Walker coincided, and he assented to its future disposal being placed in my hands. Some time after, Mr. S. Milligan undertook to interest his friends residing in our Northern Capital, and I had the pleasure of requesting Mr. Walker to accede to their proposals, for I could not ask him to give away what Mr. Roger Walker had paid for liberally, and removed at his own expense and trouble, from Belfast to Sligo. Its homeward journey was an easier undertaking, facilitated by modern railways. I congratulate its present possessors on its acquisition, and hope it will be long preserved in their museum. To Mr. Milligan I feel personally indebted for so energetically promoting my wishes respecting its restoration to Belfast, nearer its original site on the Hill of Castlereagh.
258 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAItlKS OF IKItLAND.
ROSSERK AND MOYNE, CO. MAYO.
BY THE VERY REV. MONSIGNOR O'HARA, V.F. [Read AUGUST 2, 1898.]
ROSSERK.
TN Father Meehan's " Rise and Fall of the Irish Franciscan Monas- teries " we learn that those of the "West of Ireland, particularly Moyne, Rosserk, and Kilconnell, ranked amongst the most famous houses of the Order. The native princes of the North and South, the Anglo- Norman nobles of the Pale, may have built many a fair and spacious monastery for them, but assuredly those built by the Connaught chief- tains— the De Burgos, the O'Kellys, and the Joyces — were in no way inferior.
Rosserk, the wooded promontory of Searc, was built on the left bank of the river Moy, some three or four miles north of Ballina. It is said to have been built on the site of a primitive Irish oratory, no trace of which can at present be found.1 The site of the monastery is low-lying and surrounded by rich and undulating land. It was founded in the year 1400 by a chieftain of the Joyces, a family of Welsh extraction who settled down in that part of "West Connaught now known as Joyce Country. Joyce possessed no land here ; probably he married into the family of Barrett, who was the owner at the time. It was built for the Tertiaries of St. Francis, whose mission it was to educate the youth, and to discharge pastoral duties, such as celebrating Mass and conferring sacraments on the people of the surrounding district. This monastery, in addition to the church, which is 90 feet long by 20 feet broad, had, in connection with it, the usual accommodation of cloisters, library, dormitories, schools, &c. Its architecture and workmanship are much admired, particularly the windows and four high arches, supported by beautifully moulded piers, upon which the tower rests. The grand altar of stone is still remaining, and is almost perfect. To the right of it is a double piscina, divided by a handsome column extending to the ground. Inside each is a small round window, and over one of the piscinae are two carved figures. Under the tower on this side a door leads into the side chapel, which is seen from the nave through beautiful arches almost side wall high. Recessed in the eastern side wall of this chapel are two altars, now almost demolished, each having on the right a
1 It is said that a bee-hive cell, on the banks of the Moy, near Belleek Castle, might have been the cell of Searc, but the style of building of this cell is so modern that it makes this theory untenable.
DOL'BLE ?JSCI>A, ROSSKKK FlUAKY.
Jour. R. S. A. I., vol. viii., pt. 3, p. 260.
ROSSERK AND MOYNE, CO. MAYO. 259
piscina, and in the space between them a recess in the thick wall, three feet by six, and entered by an arched door, five feet high. It has a narrow window and a small opening, about a foot square, in the direction of the altar to the right. Some suppose this was a confessional, but I do not see how it could have served that purpose, as its proximity to the altar would almost make it impossible for the penitent to kneel at the little opening, and the space enclosed seems certainly unfit for the accommodation of the confessor and penitent. I rather think that, as these altars were at a distance from the vestry, it served as a convenient repository for the altar requisites and the sacred utensils. Through the northern arch of the tower, a door leads into the open square formed by the church and the monastic buildings. Here at present there is no arcade, though Father Mooney, Provincial, who saw the place in 1606, refers to the fine tracery of the coupleted cloister. "From this open square doors lead into the halls or cells on the ground floor. Staircases at both ends, four in all, lead to the dormitories and library overhead ; and at the northern end, one at each side, a covered recess leads into a small open space extending to the ground below, which would seem to have served the purposes of modern sanitary arrangements. .No ancient monuments are to be met with here, and but comparatively few graves. This may be accounted for by the fact that Rosserk did not continue very long to fulfil the object of its foundation, for we learn that anterior to 1460, owing to the disobedience of the community in refusing to accept the reform of strict observance, the monastery was placed under interdict and subsequently deserted by the Friars. This might easily account for that comparative want of veneration on the part of the people in which otherwise similar institutions are held.1
Across the hill, a little to the south-east, is a well, enclosed by a stone structure, and roofed in the shape of a small chapel. In the front gable there are two slabs bearing the following inscriptions — the upper slab, which has on top a handsomely carved raised cross, 7 inches high, has : — " This chapel was built in honour of the Blessed Virgin in the year of our Lord, 1798, by John Lynott, of Eosserk." Immediately beneath this inscription is a large figure of a dove, and before it the words " Pax," &c., and after it "Amor." Lower down still, and in Latin: — "Discite justitiam moniti et non temnere divis mortem non timeo mors est in limine nostro Decessem a mundo velut umbra sol ] 801 ." On the lower slab, and in better Latin, is : — " Inhonorem Dei Omnipotentis Beatissimae
1 After the suppression of the monasteries, we find Eosserk, in 1578, leased to James Garvey, gent., for twenty-one years. In 1588 it was leased to Sir Patrick Barnewall, Gratia Dei, Dublin, for forty years. In 1595 the tithe of corn and hay belonging to this ahbey was granted to Edmond Barrett. In 1604 the friary of Rosserk, containing 1 acre, in which there was a church and cemetery and other ruinous buildings, was granted to the Earl of Thomond (Donatus), and demised to Sir Patrick Barnewall. In 1641 this abbey, as well as Belleek, Moyne, and Rathfran, are found in the possession of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES' OF IRELAND.
Virginia sine labe concepts & omnium Sanctorum Ceelestis Curiae me fierrfecit Pr Moriartus CEEHN [M] Augf 30,.1684." Between " Aug" and " 30 " there is a neat little raised cross. This well is an object of great veneration with the people around, and is visited specially on each 15th of August, the feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. It is difficult to understand the meaning of the last word in this Latin inscription " CEEHN." It would seem as if some one, in the endeavour to Decipher it, interfered with the letters. The two last letters are so united as that the second downward stroke of the " H " forms the first of the " N." It might mean a man's name, as people of the name of Crean live in the neighbourhood.
" MOYNE.
In view of the condition of things at Rosserk, to which I have just referred, it became necessary for the Provincial of the day, Nehemias O'Donohoe, to look out for a site for a new monastery in which the rules of the strict observance might be adopted and carried out. At this period the powerful family of Bourkes had got into possession of the country around there, of which the Barretts, the original owners, had been just deprived. The Provincial waited on their chief, Mac William, who, on being asked for the site, readily assented to the request. A curious tra- dition, which reminds one of the selection of the site of the church of " Sancta Maria ad Nives " at Borne, is handed down amongst the peasantry to the present day in connexion with this event. It is stated that at this time Mac "William resided at Rappa, not very far distant from Moyne, and that there the new monastery was about to be built ; how- ever, as people were engaged in deciding the exact spot, the movements of a; dove flying over them attracted their attention ; presently it flew onwards, continuing its peculiar movements, and was followed by the interested observers, till it alighted over Moyne — a place already ren- dered famous many years before by the great battle in which William- More Barrett encountered the assailants .of his protege — and there it delineated with its wings on the dew-moistened grass the foundations of tjie future monastery. Here Mac William, in the presence of his nobles and numerous adherents, laid the foundation stone, and apparently no time was wasted in bringing the building to completion, for we find that, in two years after, in 1462, Donatus O'Connor, Bishop of Killala, was enabled to consecrate the new church under the invocation of St. Francis, and in 1464 a Provincial Chapter of the order was held within its walls. There are some doubts as to the exact date of the foundation of Moyne, as well as of the name of its founder ; but Father Moon ey, who tells us tfcat he had carefully examined the various ancient records bearing on the subject, gives the facts as I have stated them.
The site of this monastery, like that of Rosserk, from which it is distant over a mile ^ towards the sea, is somewhat low-lying. Still from
ROSSERK AND MOYNE, CO. MAYO. 261
its tower, which is over 100 feet high, magnificent views may be obtained, such as the beautiful Bay of Killala to the north ; the entire country along the Ox Mountains to Sligo on the east, and from JSTephin to the sea on the south and west.
The buildings at Moyne are much more extensive than those at Rosserk. It served as a college or novitiate for those who aspired to the habit of the order, and we are told that at no time did the community — consisting of priests, professors, and lay brothers — number less than fifty. The church, as you look from the western door through the arch of the tower, which separates the nave from the choir, is 135 feet long, and, as far as the choir is concerned, 20 feet broad. To the right of the grand altar, which has entirely disappeared, a large and beautiful arch leads into a spacious apartment, which might have served as the choir where the friars recited the Divine office. About four feet from the ground, and opposite each other, are inserted in the side walls of this apartment t^wo finely chiselled stones, each about eight inches square, and on one is inserted the raised letter B, and on the other the letter D. It is sug- gested that those mean the 'initial letters of the names of the great families of Bourkes and Dowdas, and that these stones point out their resting places. Father Mooney tells us that in the crypts of Moyne are interred many of the great families of Tireragh and Tyrawley whose gorgeous monuments he himself had seen in the church. At present none of these monuments can be discovered, except at the left of the grand altar there is a flag 5 feet by 3 feet, with large raised carving, but no in- scription that can be discerned.1 A little below this arch, just referred to, there is in the side wall of the choir an arched recess which might be supposed to have been the space for sedilia, but it seems rather short for this purpose, being scarcely five feet long. On the south side of the open space, under the tower, is a door leading to the staircase which is com- posed of 101 steps of dressed stone ; a little further on is the door leading into the side chapel ; this door is at present closed by an upright slab bearing an inscription indicating the burial place of Matthew Bellew, A.D. 1797. The side chapel contained two altars recessed in the eastern side wall, and between them a small compartment, exactly similar to that in Rosserk, which I have described, already. The opposite or western wall of this side transept is completely opened up by large arches, which open into a space corresponding exactly with the nave of the church proper, and is seen, from it by a series of noble arches, similar to those in front of the altars. This side nave, as I may here call it, seems to have been built at a subsequent period, as the external
1 Thi Richard owner daughter of Oliver "Bourke of Iniscoe, and died about 1626.
It is said that a prince of Spain, a member of the Order, and who had attended one of the Chapters held in Moyne, is buried., near the eastern window.
262 ROVAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
appearance of the masonry is quite different from that of the adjacent building. To the left of the grand altar are two doors leading into the vestry, and between them is fixed a handsome holy water stoup. Oppo- site the entrance to the belfry a door leads out through the tower to a large and beautiful square formed by the church and the other buildings; along its four sides is a handsome ambulatory, the roof of which is supported by carved pillars terminating in arches and supported on a wall over three feet high. Proceeding along the eastern side of the cloister you enter the spacious refectory, inside the door of which you notice the oven to the back of the kitchen fireplace. At the end of the refectory in the north-eastern corner is the usual recess which the reader occupied at the time of meals. On the ground floor all around the cloister a series of doors open into halls, cells, and other various compartments. Over- head are the dormitories, library, and some large rooms over the kitchen. Four stone staircases, just as in Rosserk, lead up to these. To the north of these buildings appear evident traces of others that no longer exist. To the east, and abutting on the walls of the monastery, is a two- storied residence which was built by James Knox, one of the successors of the friars after the suppression. It is curious that the buildings at the rear of the church are built over a stream which is exposed to view within a small yard inside the precincts. It is supposed that it was here the friars kept their supply of fish caught in the bay outside — ever ready for use. Further down this stream may be seen the traces of the mill, and further still stands the infirmary, now known as the kennel, as it seems it was used as such by the subsequent owner of the place. Within the enclosure connected with the infirmary is the well which was once held in considerable veneration by the people, but which at present seems to have lost its sacred character owing, it may be presumed, to its unworthy connexion with the kennel and the hounds. It is a pity that the Board of Public "Works, when renovating this ruin, omitted looking after so venerable a relic of the monastery as its infirmary. Two hand- some gate pillars, quite on the shore, mark the eastern boundary of the monastic holding, which we are told consisted of an orchard and four acres of land, all surrounded by a strong wall, the remains of which may be traced to the present day.
In the reign of Queen Elizabeth evil times overtook the monastic establishments of this country, and Moyne did not escape the disaster. In 1595, after the friars had suffered years of persecution, a grant was made of the monastery and its appurtenances to one Edmund Barrett for ever, at an annual rent of 5s. Barrett does not seem to have enjoyed his grant very long,1 for Mr. Mooney tells us that when he visited the place in 1606 it was in the possession of an English widow, whose name he does not give ; that she had let the church and a few cells to six of
1 In 1605 it was again granted to Richard Barrett, gent.
ROSSERK AND MOYNE, CO. MAYO. 263
the friars, and that they were maintained, and their rent paid, by Thomas de Burgh, a descendant of the original grantor.1 It is to a family named Lindsay, who occupied the place, belongs the obloquy of having dismantled the buildings. It is said they blew up the roof with gunpowder, and sold the bell — a gift of the Queen of Spain — for the large sum of £700. The next in succession whom we find in occupation of Moyne was a family of Scotch origin named Knox. It was James Knox that built the residence to the east of the monastery, and it may well be supposed that the stones used in its construction were those taken from the buildings to the rear, to which I have already alluded. A gentleman named O'Reilly, a native of Meath, who was married to a daughter of Knox, was the last successor of that family in Moyne. It is said he was buried in the centre of the square. In consequence of litigation which ensued after his death, the property was sold and purchased by Charles Kirkwood, of Eartra, and the lands remain in that family to the present day.
It is a curious coincidence that the relatives of Knox, of Moyne Abbey, reside at present at Rappagh, the seat of the founder of the monastery, Me William Burke, and that the old clock of Moyne tells the time there up to the present day. There is also preserved in Rappagh Castle a very ancient relic, called "Mias Tiernan," or offer- tory dish of St. Tiernan, patron of the Abbey of Errew, on Lough Conn, who flourished in the latter end of the fifth century.2 This relic was preserved for generations in the family of O'Flynn, who held considerable possessions in the district, and who were hereditary wardens of the church of Errew. After the loss of their estate, and in a bad summer, when provisions were dear, they sold it to Mr. Knox of Rappagh, whose family hold it in much esteem. It seems it was customary with the peasantry to borrow it from him for purposes by no means edifying, and particularly for that of swearing by it. On one of those occasions it was seized on by the late Dean Lyons, P.P., Kilmore Ems, and restored to Mr. Knox with the understanding that it was not to be lent out in future for any such purpose, and the undertaking, I believe, has been honourably kept. I regret that this curious relic could not be secured for the purpose of exhibition at our Meeting. I hear that it is now in the custody of Mr. Richard Knox.
1 In 1630 it was granted to Sir William Fenton, who transferred it to his brother- in-law, Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who, according to the "Down Survey," was in possession in 1641.
2 It is said to have been found over the breast of the saint when his grave was opened.
264 ROYAL SOCIETY OE ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The Great Cross at Monasterboice.— I send you a short, account of the late occurrences at Monasterboice, in connexion with the taking of a cast of the great cross. On the 8th of July, , a party left my house to visit Monasterboice (consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Adam, Miss Jellett, and Mrs. Pentland). Mr. Adam, who i.s a Scotch artist, had a commission to paint some specimens of ancient Irish architecture, and was anxious to see if the crosses, &c., at Monasterboice, would answer his purpose. He had already visited Clonmacnoise and other celebrated ruins with the same object. When the party arrived at the gate of Monasterboice graveyard, they heard the ringing sound of metal on stone, and found the great cross in the hands of two workmen who were employed in making a cast of it. The base and part of the shaft were already covered with the plaster, and the next panels of the shaft were being prepared for it. The lichen had been removed, and whitish patches showed on the stone as if it had been scraped. The cross was quite disfigured from an artistic point of view by these patches, and Mr. Adam expostulated with the workmen, and pointed out the mischief they were doing. Oil his return to, Black Hall he wrote a letter to the Irish Times on the subject ; and I wrote to the Board of Works, to Colonel Plunkett, and to the Secretary of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ire- land. On July 12th I had a letter from Colonel Plunkett saying that the moulder had orders not to scrape or scratch the cross, that he was only to remove dirt and vegetation, and that he said he was doing nothing more than this. On the 14th July I had a letter from the Board of Works to say that Colonel Plunkett assured the Commissioners that no iron tool had been used on the cross, that one of his skilled assistants had carefully examined it, that it bore no trace of having been scratched by any instrument, and that the artist had been very careful even to pre- serve the lichen thereon. On receipt of this letter I went to Monaster- boice at once. I found that the cross was then coated with plaster up to the arms, so that it was impossible to tell what had been done to the shaft and base. A great deal of lichen had been removed from the upper part of the cross (it was lying in little heaps on the arms), but there were no white patches, and no abrasion of the stone on the part of the cross then visible. I had a long conversation with the moulder, a very intelligent Italian, who unfortunately spoke only Italian and French ; and as my Italian is limited, we used French. He told me in the most positive
CELTIC CKOSS, MONASTEKBOICE, LOTJTH. (Reproduced from "The Irish Tourist" for May, 1898.)
Jour. R rS. A. I., vol. viii., pt, 3, p. 264.
MISCELLANEA.
terms that he had not scratched the cross with any iron tool (" qrfil rfavait gratte la croix avec aucun outil defer "), and then proceeded to show me how he had cleaned it by producing a small steel tool something like a palette knife, and scraping the lichen off the cross with it. At this point I began to suspect that Irish French and Italian French were producing some confusion ; but I believe the solution of the apparent contradiction to be that he meant he had not scratched the stone, but had only scraped off the lichen. I then questioned the woman who has charge of the graveyard. She told me that the lower part of the cross had been scraped, and whitish patches made on the stone, but that nothing of the sort had been done since Mr., Adam's visit. When the cast was com- pleted and the plaster removed, I visited the cross again (August 8th), and made a careful examination of it. The lower shaft and base show very evident traces of the scraping and cleaning of Colonel Plunkett's artist, as the stone is in many places as bare and clean as if it had just come out of a stonecutter's yard, and the whitish patches noticed by Mr. Adam are very visible. The upper part is not nearly so much dis- figured; but the entire cross is spotted and marked with bits of plaster, which adhere to it very tenaciously, and will, I fear, disfigure it for many months and perhaps years. The whole affair seems to me to show that there are at least two strong arguments against making casts of such crosses at all. In the first place, it is impossible to make them without removing the mosses and lichens, which are often an inch or more long, and, to make a good cast, even the small lichens, which clothe the stone like a skin and form its natural coat and protection against the weather, should be removed. This, however carefully it may be done, certainly disfigures, and probably injures, the stone. Secondly, in spite of all the precautions of the moulder, many of the crevices and cracks in these elaborate pieces of sculpture remain filled with plaster, which is nearly as hard and as lasting as the stone itself. Now, if the lichens and mosses are removed to make a good cast, and if all the traces of the cast are removed in their turn (as they certainly should be), the result will be a nice new clean cross, but not the venerable and beautiful object which has commanded the admiration of so many generations.
It is a curious fact that the peasantry of the vicinity believe that moss or lichen from the crosses, boiled and administered internally, is a sure remedy for whooping cough, and to this day emigrants in America send home for it for this purpose.
There is a very fine souterrain at Iktonasterboice, within a few yards of the graveyard, which would be very interesting to visitors, if acces- sible, but it is closed at present. It is in a field belonging to Mr. Donegan, p. L. G., and I believe that he would allow tourists to visit it if it were properly fenced, so as to protect his cattle. — G. H. PENTLAND.
266 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Monasterboice Cross. — The Secretary of the Board of Works was communicated with on 10th August, 1898, in the following terms : —
" The attention of the Council of the Royal Society of Anti- quaries having been drawn to the statement that authority has been accorded, by the Board of Works, to the Science and Art Depart- ment, to make casts of the great Cross at Monasterboice, and as it has been reported to the Council that the carvings were being scraped with an iron tool — a process which is calculated to seriously injure them, and which was discontinued through the intervention of a member of the Society — the Council trust that, in future, such permis- sion will not be granted except under carefully-defined conditions, which the Board, it is hoped, will see carried out, so as to secure the safety and protection of the monuments."
To the foregoing, a communication, dated 27th August, 1898, was received from the Secretary, Board of Works, in the following terms : —
" I am directed to refer to your letter of the 10th inst., relative to the taking of castings of Ancient Monuments in the custody of this Board, and to state such cases have been rare, and the Board have given permission, relying on the special skill of the formatori employed by the Science and Art Department, and the careful instructions given by them. I am to point out that no suggestion of the occurrence of any injury to the monuments has arisen before the late case of the cross at Monasterboice, and in view of what has occurred in this case, the Board has determined to enter into special arrangements with the Science and Art Department with reference to any future work of the kind, and they are assured of the concurrence of the Director of that Department in any arrangement which may be desirable with a view to the safe execution of the work."
Preliminary Programme of the Excursion to the Western and Northern Islands and Coast Highlands of Scotland, June or July, 1899. — The steamer will leave Liverpool for Belfast, where the members of the Society will embark. The places of interest in Scotland to be visited are —
1. St. Kieran's Cave, four miles south-west of Campbelton, in Kintyre.
2. Sanda Island — Cross and St. Mnian's Church (see Captain White's
"Archaeological Sketches in Kintyre and Knapdale."
3. Kildalton Crosses and Church, Island of Islay, seven miles from Port
Ellen (see E. C. Graham's " Sculptured Stones of Islay.")
4. Gigha Island, on the west coast of Kintyre, .and a reputed Ogam-
stone, the only one ever heard of in the west of Scotland.
MISCELLANEA. 267
5. Passing up the Sound of Jura, Kilmartin shall be visited, to inspect
the interesting Prehistoric remains — Cup-marked Stones, Cham- bered Cairns, Cist with Axehead Sculptures, Standing-stones, &c. (These remains are far apart, and may not all be visited unless arrangements can be made for vehicles or ponies.)
6. Oronsay, to see the Priory, Monuments, and Cross ; and Colonsay,
where there is one of the finest crosses in Scotland. (See Mac Gibbon and Ross, " Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland ").
7. Crossing the Firth of Lorn, the well-known Crosses and Ecclesi-
astical remains at lona, west of the Island of Mull, shall be visited and a good view of Staff a shall be obtained.
8. Sailing north, the unique ecclesiastical remains of Tiree and Coll
shall be visited, and passing Ardnamurchan Point, and up Sleat Sound, Glenelg and its Pictish Towers shall be examined (see J. Anderson's "Scotland in Pagan Times").
9. Passing north of Rum Island, the Island of Canna shall be visited, to
see the Ancient Cross (depicted in Stuart's " Sculptured Stones of Scotland").
10. Sailing up Little Minch to the Hebrides, Rodil in Harris shall be
seen (Church with curious Sculptures).
11. Passing through the Sound of Harris, and sailing north, the next
call ^hall be at Callernish, on the Island of Lewis — Stone Circles.
12. Dun Carloway Pictish Tower, on the north-west of Lewis Island,
five miles north of Callernish. Flannan Isles — Ancient Bee-hive Oratory.
13. North Rona and Sula Sgeir, early Christian Oratories (see Anderson's
"Scotland in Early Christian Times"; Muir's "Ecclesiastical Architecture " ; and Mac Gibbon and Ross, " Ecclesiastical Archi- tecture of Scotland").
14. The Stone Circles of Stennis, Maeshowe, and Kirkwall, Orkney
(see J. R. Tudor's "Orkney and Shetland"; Sir H. Dryden's "Kirkwall Cathedral"; and Parrer's "Maeshowe)."
The Sea Excursion shall, it is contemplated, occupy not more than ten days. The steamer will return to the ports of embarkation.
It may be found practicable to call at some places on the return journey ; also to visit some of the Brocks, now being investigated by Mr. Tress Barry, M.P., near Wick, by calling at Thurso, and taking- train there ; or the boat might land the party at Wick, and go round to Thurso.
The foregoing arrangements may be modified. The length of time at each stopping-place may be taken approximately as averaging three hours, but for lona, Kilmartin, Stennis, Maeshowe, at least six hours
JOUR. R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. III., 5TH SER. U
268 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
will be required. An illustrated guide-book and map of the route are in course of preparation.
These arrangements have been approved of by the Council of the Society, subject to such modifications as the Hon. Gen. Sec. may find desirable.
Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898 (61 & 62 Viet. chap. 37, sec. 19) : Powers of County Council as to Ancient Monuments (45 Sf 46 Viet. c. 73; 55 $ 56 Viet. c. 46). — (1.) Where any ancient monuments or remains within the meaning of this section are being dilapidated, injured, or endangered, the county surveyor of any county shall report the same to the county council, and a county council may prosecute for any penalty under section six of the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1882.
(2.) The provisions of section eleven of the said Act (defining " ancient monuments to which this Act applies"), and section one of the Ancient Monuments Protection (Ireland) Act, 1892, shall have effect as if they were herein re-enacted, with the substitution of " county council" for " Commissioners of Works" ; but this enactment shall be in addition to and not in derogation of the existing provisions of the said sections as respects the Commissioners of "Works.
Congress of Archaeological Societies. — The tenth Annual Con- gress of Archaeological Societies was held in the rooms of the Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, on July 6th. There was a good attendance of delegates, representing the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, the Royal Archaeological Institute, the British Archaeological Association, the Folk-Lore Society, the British Record Society, and twenty-one Provincial Societies.
The Report dealt with " National Catalogue of Portraits"; Mr. Gomme's " General Index," for which the names of 300 subscribers have been received, and of which at least one volume will be issued before the end of the year; the " Model Rules for Indexing" ; " Cata- logue of Effigies " ; " Photographic Record Society " ; and the "Index of Papers for 1897," now passing through the press.
The special committee for dealing with the question of a " National Catalogue of Portraits " has issued a circular wherein the advantages of forming such a catalogue are shown, in which it is stated —
" Nearly every family of more than one or two generations possess some family portraits, but neglect, the enforced dispersal of possessions after death, and other circumstances, have cast a large proportion of these portraits into anonymous oblivion.
" Many puhlic hodies, such as colleges, municipal corporations, and other endowed institutions, own collections of portraits of which they are trustees for the time being,
MISCELLANEA. 269
and which they will be anxious to hand down to posterity properly named and in good order.
" In these collections, both private and public, apart from the National Galleries of England, Scotland, and Ireland, there are numerous portraits of the greatest historical interest, and it is considered very desirable that some attempt should be made to obtain a register of them in order that their identity may not be lost.
" Of other and more modern portraits it may be said .that it is impossible to tell that great interest may not some day attach to them as portraits of ancestors of the great men of the future, or as specimens of the work of great artists."
The schedules for the full description of portraits, with instructions, have been printed, and are on sale at Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode's.
The question of the recently-issued report of the Foreign Office on the statutory provisions made hy other countries for the preservation of historic buildings was discussed, and it was moved that the attention of the societies in union be called to this important return, which showed that England shared with Russia the discredit of having no higher authority for the preservation of such buildings than the transitory owners.
The Committee on the Indexing of Archaeological Transactions (Messrs. Hope, Gomme, and Round) brought forward the following rules, mainly derived from those adopted by the Public Record Office, England, which were unanimously approved by the congress : —
"The committee is of opinion that it would be of the greatest advantage to research work of all kinds if a perfectly identical plan of indexing were adopted by every archaBological society, so that each separate index would read into every other index and act correlatively.
11 The conclusions of the committee are as follows : —
"1. That there be only one index of persons, places, and subjects, under one alphabet.
" 2. That the name of every person occurring, both in text and foot- notes (except the authors of books and articles cited), be indexed.
"3. That the name of every place occurring, both in text and foot- notes, be indexed.
"4. That surnames with the Norman prefix 'de,' e.g. l d'Amori,' <de Bohun,' ' d'Eyncourt,' ' de Lisle,' ' de la Tour' (which have often become anglicized by coalescing, as ' Deincourt, " Darell,' 'Delamotte,' etc.), be indexed under D, with cross-references to the eventual sur- name, under which the references will be given, as 'de Braose, see Braose,' ' de Yere, see Vere.'
"5. That surnames with the prefix 'atte,' e.g. 'atte Field,' 'atte Tree,' * atte Teye,' etc., be indexed under those forms, but that a cross- reference be appended in each case to the form without the prefix, as * atte Green, see also Green,' and ' Green, see also atte Green.'
" This rule will apply also in cases of such prefixes as V the,' ' in the,' etc.
U2
270 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
" 6. That surnames with the .prefix ' Fitz,' e.g. ' Fitz Hugh,' < Fitz- alan,' and ' Fil Johannis,' be indexed only under 'Fitz'; except that such a case as « John Fitz llichard of Loughton ' be indexed under ' Fitz Richard' and 'Loughton/
11 It should be clearly understood that this is only a convention for index purposes, and does not determine the actual form of the sur- name.
" Names prefixed by ' Ap,' ' Mac,' ' 0',' ' Van,' or ' Yon,' should be indexed under those prefixes.
" 7. That surnames like l Le Strange,' ' PEstrange,' ' le Tyler,' etc., be indexed under L, with cross-references to the true surname, under which the references will be given, as ' le Tyler, see Tyler.'
"8. That the names of sovereigns be indexed under the personal name, with the numerical title when it occurs, followed by (emperor), (king), etc., e.g. l Henry VIII. (king),' ' Elizabeth (queen),' ' Maud (empress).'
" 9. That names of bishops be indexed under their sees, abbots, etc., under their abbeys, princes and peers under their titles, and so forth, with cross-references from their proper names (as 'Laud, "William, Bishop of London, see London, bishops of).
" 10. That names of saints be indexed under their personal names, e.g. ' Agatha (saint) ' ; but surnames and place-names derived from saints should be indexed under the full name, as 'St. Ives,' 'St. Pancras.'
"11. That Latin names of persons (both Christian and surnames), places, and offices or callings, be translated into English equivalents, e.g. Egidius (Giles), Wydo (Guy), JExtranem (Strange), de Bello Monte (Beaumont), de Mortuo Mari (Mortimer), Bellus Vims (Belvoir), Cestria (Chester), capellanus (chaplain), miles (knight), dominus (lord or dan). But in the case of persons and places, a cross-reference must be given under the Latin form, as l Novum Locum, see Newstead,' 'Bellus Visus, see Belvoir.'
"12. That bearers of the same surname be arranged alphabetically under that surname, according to the first Christian name.
"The Christian names should not run on in block, but each should have a fresh line, with a ' rule ' to indicate the surname, e.g. —
Smith, Arthur, 46, 92, 101. James, 220, 332.
" 13. That in case of a change of surname or style, all entries be indexed under the more recent name, with cross-references from the previous name.
" 14. That place-names (including names of manors), such as ' "West Langdon,' 'Long Marston,' 'North Curry,' etc., be indexed under
MISCELLANEA. 271
,' 'Long,' 'North,' etc., with cross-references to the true place- name, under which the references will be given, as ' Long Marston, see Marston, Long.'
" Field-names need not he indexed separately.
" 15. That contractions such as St. for * saint,' Me for ' Mac,' etc., be indexed in the order of the full word ' saint,' ' Mac,' etc., and not in the order of the contraction 'St.,' ' Me.'
''16. That all place-names be grouped together, as cross-references, under the counties, provinces, districts, or countries, in which they are situated, e.g. l Kent, see Canterbmy, Dover, Maidstone, Reculver.'
" 17. That variations of spelling and Latinized formations of personal and place-names be all grouped together under the entry of the modern name (e.g. Eeynolde, Kaynold, Eeynold, Reignolde, Renold, Ranoulde), with cross-references from the variants, as ' Ranoulde, see Reynolde.'
"18. That every entry be qualified as far as possible by a descriptive reference to its subject, e.g. ' window in,' 'barrow at,' 'excavation of,' ' at Dorchester,' etc.
"19. That names of ships, etc., be entered as a separate heading under ' Ships,' etc.
"20. That books and articles quoted be not indexed.
" 21. That the papers in the transactions of the society be indexed under the author's name by a separate entry, giving the title of the paper, e.g.—
Way, Albert, on 'Palimpsest Brasses,' 121.
" The title of the paper may, if preferred, be given in a special type.
" 22. That the election or decease of members of a society be indexed under the member's name, with the necessary explanatory clause ' election of ' or ' decease of.'
"23. That in the cases of indexes to series of volumes, group- headings be given, such as 'Castles,' 'Field-Names,' 'Pedigrees,' ' Heraldry,' ' Roman Antiquities,' etc., with cross-references to the papers treating of these subjects, in accordance with the system adopted in the annual Index of Archasological Papers published by the congress.
"24. That every index be edited by some person qualified by local knowledge.
" 25. That for general guidance in matters not fully dealt with in these conclusions, the rules adopted by the Public Record Office, and set forth in the preface to the 'Calendar of Close Rolls,' 1307-13137 should be followed."
Ballywiheen Church, Co. Kerry. — In the description of this church published in the Journal for 31st March last (Part 1, vol. viii., 5th Ser.) there are a few inaccuracies, which I think it better should be corrected. In the first place the writer, in my opinion, has given a great deal more
272 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
attention to this church than it deserved from an archaeological point of view. The general character of the masonry, the details of construc- tion and the plan, all point to its being one of a class of structure to he met with very frequently in the old graveyards of Ireland, and its age may date from any time within the last two centuries. It comprised a church and priest's residence under one roof. The residence was at the western end — one apartment, on ground floor, and one over, separated from the church, doubtless, by some light partition. The ground-floor had a fireplace, which is shown on the printed plan, and is mistaken for a window, closed up. The ope has been covered over by a stone lintel, to permit of an adjoining grave being banked against the wall. Two beams ran across between the side walls to support the joists of the upper floor — one alongside the west wall, and one about 9 feet 6 inches out from same. The holes for the ends of beams appear in the side walls ; the author describes them as " locker-like recesses." The beam by the west wall was supported in the centre by a flat flag corbel. This is what is supposed to be "a support for a light, in the absence of any object of ritual with which it could be connected." The small window •in the west gable gave light to the upper floor. The builder was economical, and reduced the thickness of the gable, over the upper floor, by forming a 2-inch offset on the wall inside. The combined church and residence was not uncommon in the district. Up to about forty years ago the priest at Dunquin, in this parish, lived at the end of his church in the same way. — P. J. LYNCH, M.R.I. A. i., Hon. Provincial Secretary for Munster.
Note in reference to the Breastagh Ogam-stone. — With reference to the rendering that the stone is a memorial of a son of Cairbre, son of Amalgaid, there are two Amalgaids who are recorded to have had a son Cairbre, and one Amalgaid, regarding whom no such son is mentioned :
FlACHRA FOLTSNATHACH. I
Amalgaid, died 449 : King of Connaught. Dathi, died 428 : King of Ireland.
Cairbre. Amalgaid. Fiachra Ealgach.
Ninnid. Amalgaid.
Tigernan of Errew. Cairbre.
If Amalgaid, son of Dathi, had a son Cairbre, that son's son is not likely to have been commemorated at Breastagh, because his descendants were settled in East Meath. Rathfran was one of the forts of the kings of the Hy Fiachrach of the Moy, descended from Fiachra Ealgach, and is therefore a place where a memorial of a man of rank
MISCELLANEA. 273
descended from either Amalgaid, King of Connaught, or Amalgaid, son of Fiaehra Ealgach, might be found. Taking the usual period of thirty years for a generation, a son of Cairbre would die about the year 509 or 548. If the stone is a memorial of a son of either of these Cairbres, the date must be the first half of the sixth century.
Searc, who gave her name to Rosserk, was a daughter of Cairbre, who was probably the Cairbre, grandson of Fiachra Ealgach. But as Mac Firbis is not explicit on this point, she may have been St. Tigernan's aunt.
The above notes are from O'Donovan's " Hy Fiachraeh." — H. T. KNOX.
Downpatrick Head. — About ten miles north of Killala lies an ancient fortress, which may almost claim the name oi prehistoric. It lies upon a neck of land projecting into the sea. Towards the land it is guarded by a strong grouted wall, sixty yards long from sea to sea, with one narrow and strong gateway. About 300 feet distant in the sea, a tall rock stands crowned with ruins. From a comparison of the forma- tion of the strata and outline of this rock and the rock forming the face of the corresponding cliff it is thought by many that this rock at the time of the construction of this fortress formed part of the mainland. It is called Dun-briste, or "the broken fortress" in Irish. Its name Downpatrick, and the stone crosses near it at which penances are performed, point to an antiquity coeval with the establishment of Christianity. — GEORGE A. P. KELLY, Hon. -Local Secretary for Co. £os- common.
"Wexford and other Chalices."— Permit me to make a few obser- vations on the admirable Paper by Rev. Mr. ffrench in last quarter's Journal.
1. The "Kilmore Chalice " is a combination of fifteenth and seven- teenth century work, and, it would seem, is of Irish manufacture. The very peculiar knob is identical with that in the De Burgo and O'Malley chalice, dated 1494, while the base and cup belong to the seventeenth century. Here we have the u renovatio " mentioned in the inscription.
2. The u Adare Chalice" is Spanish Renaissance, and is representa- tive of a good few still happily to be found in Ireland. It may be remarked that here in Waterford is probably the finest collection of Spanish Renaissance silver work to be found in the kingdom : it would make South Kensington turn green with envy. It is believed, however, to be pewter — so I judge from the care taken of it.
The church plate of "Waterfcrd and Lismore that may be considered of antiquarian interest consists of one chalice of sixteenth century, some
274 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
fourteen chalices and one ciborium of the seventeenth, and a large number of chalices, ciboria, ostensoria, &c., of last century, besides the above- mentioned Spanish altar ornaments. In a future issue I hope to give a careful study of the whole. — W. P. BURKE.
Downpatrick Head. — Dr. O'Donovan identifies " Eos of the sons of Caitni," with the Ross which is the north-east point of Rathfran Bay, but does not give reasons for that identification beyond reading the note of Tirechan as a statement that St. Patrick passed from Forrach mac n-Amhalgaidh to Ros filiorum Caitni, where he built a church, and cross- ing the Moy at Bartragh put up a cross there. — ("Hy Fiachrach," page 470, and map.)
Tirechan' s note does not seem to me to indicate more than the fact that Patrick built a church at a certain place. There is no old church at Ross Point. But Downpatrick is associated in name with St. Patrick, and there are ancient ecclesiastical ruins on it — the existing ruin on the mainland; and the church on the pillar rock, of which but small traces remain now, where Ca3sar Otway saw a building with inclined jambs and a smaller building west of it. The situation where the pillar was attached to the mainland would answer to Ros of the sons of Caitni.
Dr. O'Donovan, in the "Annals of Four Masters," under the year 1393, gives the following quotation from Mac Firbis. " Isthmo angusto inter Dunrus (in Tiramalgadia) et continentem marinis fluctibus obruta, homines inde nauticorum ope rudentium .i. caolaige cnaibe extracti sunt." This is some evidence that a dun on a point was occupied as a fortress or otherwise in 1393.
Downpatrick seems to answer the conditions for both events, and is in name associated with St. Patrick. — H. T. KNOX.
Dunmoe Castle. — The following communication has been received from Mr. John Hanley : —
"I wish through you to call the attention of the Antiquarian Society to the dilapidated and dangerous state of one of the most picturesque and interesting remains in this county (Meath), viz. Dunmoe Castle. The eastern tower is on the point of falling. I am sure it will not stand another winter's storm and frost. It could be preserved at a very small outlay. Dunmoe Castle is situated on the north bank of the Boyne, about two miles east of the town of Navan."
Mr. J. H. Moore, C.E., Hon. Local Secretary, North Meath, reports that it is an extremely picturesque ruin just opposite Ardmulchan. There is a mill and weir, on the Boyne, and it is one of the nicest bits on the river. There are two circular towers, with a wall joining them, facing the river. I think Sir William Wilde said it was used as a hay -barn, and burned, a good many years ago, and has since been
MISCELLANEA. 275
crumbling to ruin. Cromwell is said to have peppered it as he passed from Drogheda to Athboy. Lewis' "Topographical Dictionary" says it was originally built by De Lacy, and rebuilt in the seventeenth century. It is certainly a pity such an addition to the landscape should disappear. [This and similar objects of antiquarian interest throughout the country, will come within the scope of the new County Councils, now empowered to take steps to preserve such buildings. See copy of section 19 of the Local Government (Ireland) Act), 1898, on page 268.— ED. J
Oratory of St. Columkille at Gartan. — The east gable and window of the ancient little church, or oratory, of St. Columkille, at Gartan, has suffered from a storm, and the upper part of the window is broken and thrown to the ground. The graveyard near it was, some years ago, enclosed with a wall, but the little church was left outside the enclosure. I should be glad to see it put right before the winter, as it would be a great pity such a relic should be allowed to perish. — KICHAKD E. BAILLIE, Archdeacon of Raphoe.
[This also is a class of ruin which should receive the attention of the County Council, under the provision of the new Local Government Act.]
Ancient Wooden Vessel. — A very curious old wooden vessel has been found in a bog about two miles north of Ballinalee, near Edge worth stown. The wood is, I think, " sally." The length is 24 inches ; breadth, 16 inches ; depth, 8£ inches. In shape it is a wide oval, and has a knob at each end with a hole, evidently for putting a round pole through, that two people might carry it, or that it might be secured to a wall for safety. 1 think the interior was excavated by fire. The vessel is far from perfect, as it was a good deal broken by the slade in cutting the turf. I never saw such a vessel in any museum, so think it is a very rare specimen. It must be very old, as it was found eight feet below the surface of the bog, from six to eight feet from the edge of the pas- ture.— MAXWELL Fox (Captain R.N.}.
White Lough Crannoge, Co. Westmeath. — I visited this crannoge soon after its discovery, and found that a local farmer had systematically ploughed up the surface to a depth of twelve or fourteen inches for the sake of the " treasures" which such artificial islands are supposed to contain. I was credibly informed that he sold the antiquities which he picked up — and it appears they were valuable ones — " to a museum." The crannoge is situated in a marsh at the western side of White Lough, townland of Clonekilvant, and parish of Killucan. It is oval in shape, and about 200 feet in circumference. The tops of perpen- dicular oak-piles were visible at irregular intervals around the margin of the crannoge, and a quantity of ashes indicated the site of the
276 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRKLAND.
fireplace near the centre. Bones of various animals protruded from the upturned soil in every direction, and the probing of a stick in the loose surface-mould brought to light a perfectly preserved bronze pin of the ring pattern, a large bead of blue glass, and an iron nail or spike. The remains of a timber causeway were discovered in the adjacent bog about half a century ago. — P. BAEDAN.
Lough-a-trim Crannoge, Co. Westmeath.— This small, though, until lately, well-preserved crannoge, is situated in the dry bed of a lake, in the townland of Knock-a-ville, and parish of Killucan. It was dis- covered in the spring of the present year, and acting upon " information received," I proceeded to the spot, but, alas ! the vandal had already commenced operations, and as the proprietor is as much interested in earthen crannoges as he is in " yellow primroses," its destruction appears inevitable. It is circular in outline, and about 22 feet in diameter. The stockades, which were sound and perfect, consisted of rough-hewn planks, about 9 feet long by 10 inches wide, and 3 inches in thickness, standing close together, and sloping inward at the top. Several square holes were visible in the planks, probably intended for foot-holds. "While the lake was being drained in 1876, a canoe, 22 feet long, with carved ends, was dug out of the mud, but as no one cared to preserve it from decay, it soon fell to pieces. Up to the time of writing, no " finds " have come to light. — P. BARDAN.
Discovery of Coins in Dungannon. — A few weeks ago, when work- men were pulling down a house in Dungannon, they discovered a number of old copper coins and one silver tenpenny. The copper coins are generally halfpence, and are dated from 1722 until the beginning of this century. Besides these coins, some other articles were found, of which the most interesting are leaden casts of several bronze medals which were issued to commemorate the victories of Nelson and Howe. I sent these casts to Mr. Day for examination, and he informs me that three of them were taken oif medals belonging to the Mudie National Series, and one from a design by Jean P. Dyoz. — W. T. LATIMEK, Hon. Local Secretary, East Tyrone.
( 277 )
of
[NOTE. — The works martced thus (*) are by Members of the Society.']
* Devenish (Lough Erne} : its History, Antiquities, and Traditions. By the Rev. James E. M'Kenna, c.c. (M. H. Gill & Son, Dublin.) Price Is. net.
AMONG the most interesting homes of early and medieval religious life in Ireland are the island monasteries of our lakes and coasts. Protected by nature from much of the wanton
H
mischief, or utilitarian attacks, to which the mainland remains are ever exposed, they generally retain their ruins in a condition more complete and instructive. The island remains form in- teresting objects for the anti- quarian tourist, and offer an important field for the student of the past, which has as yet been little worked.
Pew of the island monasteries can claim a more important place than Devenish. Its early oratory, or house, belonging to almost the first period of Irish Christianity ; its round tower, with the rare feature of a sculptured cornice ; and its later conventual churches, containing architectural features, indicating continued use down to the fifteenth or sixteenth cen- tury, form subjects for study of the life of an ecclesiastical com- munity extending over a very lengthened period. Devenish East Window, now in Monea Church.
The present little work is
very well done. The existing remains of the island are carefully studied ; illustrations from other sources are well chosen and thought- fully applied. There are numerous pictures, generally good, and really
Devenish High Cross (West side).
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 279
illustrative. Two of these are reproduced. The high cross is of much interest as it is of a form very unusual in Ireland : and while preserving the general characteristics of a late date, indicates by the large amount of interlacing in its ornament the late survival of the early ecclesiastical school of ornament in this country. The window is preserved in the still used church of Monea, to which it was removed many years ago from the abbey of Devenish.
The only omission to notice in the book is the want of a map of the island. A few typographical errors, sometimes in the printing of names in the Irish character, might have been avoided. The little book, how- ever, forms an exceptionally good monograph of a very interesting site.
The History of the Church and Parish of St. Mary -on-the- Hill, Chester, with an account of the Church of St. Mary-without-the- "Walls. By J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A. 300 pages, 4to. Extensively illus- trated. Price 21s.
THE illustrations are a feature of this work, a large number of which are from drawings specially prepared for the purpose, including a plan of the church, and drawings of the monuments, with shields of arms of the numerous old families connected with the church.
The history of this church from the twelfth century is treated of, and an account of the altars and description of the communion plate and bells is given, together with a list of the rectors from the year 1200, with biographical particulars.
A very full series of extracts from the parish registers, and copies of the remarkable churchwardens' accounts, with a list of the church- wardens from 1536 to the present time, form very interesting chapters. Many of the entries are of importance to students of ritual.
There is a full index of persons, places, and subjects, and the whole is handled in a very masterly manner by the late able editor ; the work is published by subscription, and no expense seems to have been spared in bringing out the volume properly. In the absence of a publisher, Mr. Henry Taylor, F.S.A., Chester, has interested himself in promoting its publication, and will receive subscriptions for the volume.
* The Ancient Franciscan Friary of Bun-na-margie, Itattycastle, Co. Antrim. By Francis Joseph Bigger and William J. Fennell. 4to, 45 pp. "With illustrations ; paper cover. (Belfast : Marcus Ward & Co.) Price 2s. 6d.
THIS is a descriptive and historical notice of the above friary, so inti- mately associated with the Mac DonneDs of Antrim, of which familv
280 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
several generations were buried in the vault attached to the church. There are many interesting historical notes of the different members of this family recorded, and a curious list is given of the inscriptions on six coffins dating from early in the seventeenth century ; the earliest has an inscription in Irish.
The topography of the neighbourhood is given, and also an account of the Franciscan foundation. The church consists of a nave in the form of a parallelogram, 99 feet in length, and 24 feet 6 inches in width. The conventual buildings are to the north, as is very generally the case in Franciscan edifices, but very little now remains in addition to the church, only a small chamber, 18 feet 3 inches by 10 feet 9 inches, separated from the church by a narrow passage ; and north of the chamber before mentioned, is an apartment said to have been the refectory, measuring 35 feet long by 17 feet 4 inches wide. Judicious excavation would probably reveal the existence of the foundation of buildings on the north and west side of the cloister garth.
This interesting little work appears under the cover of the Ulster Journal of Arcliceology, of which publication it is described as forming a special part. The text is by Mr. F. J. Bigger, one of the editors of that Journal, and the illustrations are by Mr. W. J. Fennell.
* Catalogue of early Dublin-printed, Books, 1601 to 1722. Part I., 1601 to 1625, compiled by E. R. M'C. Dix. With an historical intro- duction and bibliographical notes, by C. Winston Dugau. 4to. Price 2s. 6d. (Dublin: 1898. T. G. O'Donoughue, 3, Bedford- row.)
THIS is the second issue, with additions, of the first part of a catalogue, covering the period 1601-1700, and it includes in all forty-three separate entries taking into account the proclamations and broadsides.
The list is arranged in tabular form, containing in order the date of publication, authors, short title, size, printer, and owner or reference ; there are also a number of blank columns wherein the collector may, if so disposed, enter the particulars of any work not comprised in the list, should he be fortunate enough to possess, or know of, a work not already there.
Mr. Dix deserves the greatest credit for attempting to do for Dublin what has been successfully done for other centres, where literary activity was not so great ; and the progress he has made during the two years of his courageous effort, promises well for the satisfactory completion of his task.
The introductory pages by Mr. C. W. Dugan are of much interest, and the period covered is treated of in an able and scholarly manner ; his bibliographical and historical notes are also a valuable addition to Mr, Dix's compilation.
( 281 )
THE THIRD QUARTERLY MEETING of the Society for 1898 -was held in the Assembly Room, Moy Hotel, Ballina , on Tuesday, the 2nd of August, 1898, at 8 o'clock, p.m. ;
JOHN J. DIGGES LA. TOUCHE, M.A., LL.D., M.E.I. A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following Fellows and Members (22 in number) took part in the Proceedings : — .
Fellows. — The Eev. J. F. M. ffrench, M.K.I.A. , Vice- President ; Edward Martyn, D.L., Vice -President ; Principal Rhys, LL.D. (Oxford), Hon. Fellow ; Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I. A., Son. General Secretary and Treasurer; G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I.A.; George A. P. Kelly, M. A. ; James Mills, M.K.I.A.; Thomas J. Westropp,
M.A., M.R.I. A.
Members. — The Very Rev. Monsignor O'Hara, P.P., V.F., Hon. Local Secretary for North Mayo ; Major J. R. Baillie, J.P. ; John Burgess, J.P. ; John Carolan, J.P. ; the Rev. Wilfrid Dallow, P.P. ; Edward H. Ennis, B.L. ; Anthony T. Gilfoyle, M.A., J.P. ; Charles M'Neill ; Joseph H. Moore, M.A., M. INST. C.E. ; P. Newell, B.A. ; the Rev. James P. Sherwin : the Rev. W. S. Somerville-Large, M.A. ; "William Stirling, F.R.I.A.I. ; W. J. Grove White, LL.B. .
The Minutes of the Second Quarterly Meeting were read and confirmed-
The following Candidates, recommended by the Council, were declared duly elected : —
FELLOWS.
Brooke, Rev. Stopford A., M.A., 1, Manchester-square, London : proposed by Robert
Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I. A., Hon. General Secretary. Brownell, Edward Darlington, Royal Marine-road, Kingstown : proposed by Robert
Lloyd Woollcombe, LL.D., M.R.I. A., Fellow. Fogerty, William, M.A., M.D. (Member) : proposed by P. J. Lynch, Fellow, Hon.
Provincial Secretary.
Higgins, Patrick (Member, 1897), Assistant Town Clerk, The Glen, Waterford : pro- posed by the Most Rev. Dr. Sheehan, Lord Bishop of Waterford and Lismore,
Vice- President. Tallon, Right Hon. Daniel, Lord Mayor of Dublin, the Mansion House, Dublin :
proposed by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I. A., Hon. General Secretary. Westropp, Ralph Hugh, B.A. (Member, 1890), Springfort, Patrick's Well, Co.
Limerick: proposed by T. J. Westropp, M.A., Fellow, Hon. Provincial Secretary
for Levnster.
282 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
MEMBERS.
Allen, Henry J., 14, Ailesbury-road, Dublin : proposed by M. Dorey.
Beater, George Palmer, Minore, St. Kevin's Park, Upper Rathmines : proposed by
"William Frazer, F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A., Vice -President. Fetherstonhaugh, Albany, Solicitor, 17, Eccles-street, Dublin : proposed by H. A.
Cosgrave, M.A. Flood, "William H. Grattan, Enniscorthy : proposed by Dr. G. E. J. Greene, M.A.,
Fellow. Gilligan, Very Rev. Michael, Canon, P.P., Carrick- on -Shannon: proposed by B.
Mac Sheehy, LL.D.
Lugton, A. J., Ballinderry, Multifarnham : proposed by James Tuite, M.P. M' Garth y, Charles, 1, Eldred -terrace, Douglas-road, Cork: proposed by Cecil C.
Woods, Fellow. M'Kean, Rev. William, Ballymacarrett, Belfast: proposed by the Rev. W. T.
Latimer, B.A., Fellow. Mahony, Rev. Henry, 55, Belgrave- square, Rathmines : proposed by the Rev.
Professor Murphy, M.A. Scott, W. A., 24, Rathdown-road, Dublin : proposed by J. Ribton Garstin, M.A., F.S.A.,
M.R.I. A., Fellow. Smith, John, B.E., M. INST. C.E., County Surveyor, Ballinasloe : proposed by the
Rev. Canon M'Larney, B.A. Stokes, Henry J., Barrister-at-Law, Ballynariagh, Howth : proposed by H. A.
Cosgrave, M.A.
The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council : —
" The Mace of Athenry, Co. Gal way," by W. F. Wakeman, Hon. Fellow. (Read by Mr. Cochrane.)
"Rosserk and Moyne," by the Very Rev. Monsignor O'Hara, Hon. Local Secretary for North Mayo.
" The Rathcroghan and Breastagh Ogam-stones," by Principal Rhys, LL.D., F.S. A., Professor of Celtic, Oxford University, Hon. Fellow.
The remaining Paper on the list was taken as read, and referred to the Council, viz. : —
" The Antiquity of Iron as used in the manufacture of certain Weapons, Implements, and Ornaments found in Ireland" (Part II.), by W. F. Wakeman, Hon. Fellow.
The Hon. Secretary read a letter from the President, regretting his inability to attend ; also a letter from The Right Hon. The Earl of Arran, inviting the Members to afternoon tea at Castle Gore, on the Thursday following.
The Society then adjourned.
PROCEEDINGS. 283
THE EXCURSIONS.
On Tuesday, 2nd August, the Members visited the ruins of Rosserk and Moyne, also Killala Round Tower, and the Cathedral Church of Killala, returning to Ballina at 6 o'clock, p.m. An opportunity wa& taken on the previous evening to visit Cloghogle Cromlech, near Ballina, Ardnaree, and Kilmore Moy.
On Wednesday, 3rd August, the Members drove to Killala, thence to the Palmerstown Cromlechs, Rathfran Priory,1 Breastagh Stone Circle, Breastagh Ogam-stone, after which the drive was continued to Kil- cummin Head, from which fine views of Killala Bay and the adjoining scenery were obtained. The ancient church of Kilcummin was examined.
On Thursday, 4th August, a drive was arranged to the ruins of Errew Monastery, on the shores of Lough Conn, by way of Pontoon, taking Knock farnaght, near Laherdane, on the way.
As shown on the 6-inch map, Co. Mayo, the " stone-circles and crom- lech" of Knockfarnaght form a very interesting object of most unusual design. Unfortunately a careful examination of the site revealed that the two stone forts represented were merely ^the remains of late sheep - pens, and the circles and earthworks were only the small blocks and heaps of stone and earth of some late enclosures of irregular shape. The cromlech alone is genuine, and it is merely a small and fallen cist of which the top slab lies on the two side blocks, all three being only 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 6 inches long and about 4 feet wide. From this point is a noble view of Mount Nephin, presenting its steepest sides to the spectator, with the bare and rocky channel of the " White River."
West from the cromlech the interesting fort of Lisnagorp (Eort of the Corpse) occupies an abrupt green knoll, round which winds an ancient road.
The fort is a circular earthwork, about 10 feet high, with a foss on the less defended side. The ramparts were faced with stonework, of which patches of large blocks remain. The top measures 96 feet across, and has in the centre the remains of an oval stone chamber.
1 The Very Rev. Monsignor O'Hara, P.P., Hon. Local Secretary for North Mayo, says of this locality : — " On the way to Kilcummin — the site of the French landing in 1798 — you have immediately north of Palmerstown Bridge, on the roadside, the finest ' Giants' Graves ' I have ever seen ; and hard by you have the old Dominican Monastery of Temple Mary — « Rathfran of the Sweet Bells,' as Mac Firbis calls it ; and just at the mouth of the Palmerstown river you have, on the beach, two stones, pointing out where Tressi, wife of Awley, was drowned whilst bathing. A little farther, on the roadside, there is the finest pillar-stone, perhaps, in Ireland, with Ogham inscriptions, indicating the burial-place of the son ' of Carbry, the son of Awley.' This stone was put standing, some thirty-five years ago, by the late Sir Samuel Ferguson. A little further on still you have the site of the ' Wood of Fochuill,' represented by the modern townland of Foghill, connected with the vision of St. Patrick ' — and all of these interesting objects and places are within a radius of a mile."
JOUR. R.8.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. III., 5TH 8ER. X
284 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
At Errew the walls of the church are standing, but the conventual buildings have almost disappeared. Tradition has it that, at one time, there were over a thousand students in residence here, and the round and square mounds about easily suggest the sites of their habitations. It is said to have been founded by St. Tiernan in the seventh century. There is an interesting relic preserved at Rappa Castle, in the neigh- bourhood, called "Mias Tiernan," supposed to be the offertory- dish used by the saint.
After lunch at the Errew Hotel, the return journey was made by way of Crossmolina, where the Right Rev. Monsignor O'Hara, Hon. Local Secretary, who had acted as " guide, philosopher, and friend" to the members, left the party. The success of the various expeditions were due to him, and the reading of his interesting notes at each place of interest during the Excursions was much appreciated. The only regret felt was that so few members of the Society took advantage of the thoughtful and satisfactory arrangements made for their enjoyment and comfort in connexion with these Excursions.
By invitation of the Earl and Countess of Arran, the members visited Deel Castle, a finely preserved feudal residence of about the sixteenth century, which was examined with much interest. Lord Arran showed the secret passages and chambers curiously contrived in the thickness of the floors and walls of the castle.
Afterwards the party were entertained by Lady Arran at Castle Gore, where the fine collection of family and other portraits, and pictures by eminent masters, were shown and described. Nothing could exceed the gracious hospitality of Lord and Lady Arran on the occasion, and, before leaving, the thanks of the Society were conveyed to the Earl and Countess by Mr. Edward Martyn, D.L., Vice- President, Principal Rhys, LL.D., and the Honorary Secretary.
MEGALITHIC MONUMENTS VISITED. l
ClogJiogle Cromlech, properly Cloc a Cogbaile, situate half a mile S.W. from Ballina, just at back of the Railway Station, supposed to be the grave of the four "maols," who were executed on the hill opposite, across the river, for the murder of Caileach,2 Bishop of Kilmore Moy, has a nearly hexagonal roofing stone, supported by three other stones.
1 Borlase mentions ("Dolmens of Ireland," vol. i., pages 113-117) Rathfran,
formed of large stones ; the west side has been removed, and the interior filled up with stones and rubbish.
8 Mr. Knox, in the Journal of the Society for 1897, p. 430, gives some facts which throw considerable doubt on the events in the "Life of Sr. Cellach" supposed to relate to this cromlech.
PROCEEDINGS.
285
The top is nearly horizontal, and measures 9 feet by 7 feet. Close to this monument is a fragment of rock which has evidently been blasted with gunpowder. An illustration will be found in the Journal of the Society for 1887, p. 296, here reproduced.
View of Cloghogle Cromlech.
About three miles northward from Killala, near Rathfran Priory, are two forts. West of the road, near Stoney batter, is a " giant's grave" of two chambers or rings, and two other cromlechs. To the east of the road, in Rathfranpark, two circles or cromlechs stand behind Summer- hill House, and a large one in the adjoining townland of Breastagh, near the Ogam pillar. (See Professor Rhys' s Paper on " Ogam- stones in Connaught," page 233.)
The Rev. Caesar Otway, in " Sketches of Erris and Tirawley," •describes these monuments ; he notices a giant's grave at the four cross- roads of Mullacross : — " In the fine fertile pasture fields to the left of the road, as you descend the hill towards Killala, there are two or three circles. On the right hand of the road there are still more. On the hill beyond Mr. Palmer's house there are two. . . . Altogether I reckoned ten on an area of ground of not more than 100 acres.
" One of them, as you proceed southwards from the cross-roads, and to the left of the road, is remarkable, not only for the great size of the stones, but for its oval form. . . . The stones ' are larger in the western «nd of the oval nearest the cromlech, and generally diminish in size, until at the eastern end they are so small as almost to be buried in the sand.' "
^, " The Ordnance Survey Letters " (MSS. 14, E. 18. R.I.A., p. 1830), after describing the two raths!'jat Rathfran, mention "a monument of huge stones — four on either sides — forming, as it were, two walls . . .
X2
286 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
enclosed by which there is a rectangular hole sunk in the ground with- large stones fixed inside enclosing it, some of which rise only a little- higher than the surface of the ground.
"Between these two walls, on the S.W. side, an opening is left as if for an entrance. As a continuation of these walls towards the N.E. side there are isolated stones."
ARDNAREE AUGTJSTINIAN MONASTERY.
The Abbey of Ardnaree stands on the right bank of the river at Ballina, between the upper bridge and the Eoman Catholic cathedral, the grounds of which it adjoins. It was founded, in 1427, by the O'Dowdas, Princes of Hy Fiachrach, for Eremites of St. Augustine.
The church and buildings are comparatively large, and, though neglected for generations, are in a fair state of preservation. The western door is remarkably handsome. It is in the pointed style, forming am arch of very pretty design. Two human heads, exquisitely carved, are represented on it. Some twenty years ago a spirited Ballina man, Luke M 'Guinness, with the aid of some subscriptions, collected by himself, enclosed the abbey with a handsome railings and gate. For some years past, burials are practically prevented in it. It evidently was possessed of some lands, as the place immediately surrounding is called, on the Ordnance map, " Abbey Half Quarter." It also enjoyed a considerable interest in the salmon fishing in the river.
On the hill a little to the south — the hill of the executions — from which Ardnaree derives its name, there stood a castle of the O'Dowdas, around which many and fierce struggles took place between the owners and the aggressive Burkes, who finally succeeded in wresting it from, them. Here again the same Burkes, in 1586, made a stand against the " English invaders " of the time who, under Sir Richard Bingham, Governor of Connaught, were devastating the entire province. Joined by some two thousand Scotch auxiliaries, who had previously landed in "Ulster, Burke awaited the approach of the dreaded governor. But he, coming on them by surprise, slaughtered almost the entire force, and those who escaped only found relief by jumping into the muddy waters- of the Moy.
KILMORE MOY.
The ancient church of " Kill-mor-Moy " gives its name to the parish in which Ballina is situated. It is distant from that town by less than half-a-mile on the road to Killala. It is comparatively large, and the masonry is of the Cyclopean style. Some say it was built by St. Patrick for his disciple Olcan, but more probably it is of more recent date. The present door is on the south side wall. The western one was closed up on the occasion of building the adjunct to the west, which was done by
PROCEEDINGS. 287
the Lyndseys, of Moyne Abbey and Belleek, for the purpose of a mausoleum, a purpose, however, which it was destined never to fulfil. It is recorded in the Life of St. Patrick that, whilst sojourning in this place, he commanded Olcan, already worn out by his labours in preach- ing the Gospel, to build himself a cell, wherein he might spend the remainder of his life in pious contemplation, and that as he proceeded forth to accomplish this object, he was to construct his cell just in the place where his axe should first fall from his shoulder. And the narra- tive informs us that, when he came to the place, called afterwards " Cill Mor UachtairMhuaidhe," the axe suddenly fell, and there he commenced to build, and, with much sweat, succeeded in constructing a monastery, Ubi factus est in gentem magnam." There is no trace at present of this monastery, and as the axe is more suggestive of his having built a wooden structure rather than one of stone, we may fairly infer that the monastery of Olcan is not to be identified with the Kill Mor. Further- more we are told in the same place, that " St. Patrick, returning towards the east, came to a place called "Leac Fionn Baile," which is
ftc^^ppfeft
Lia na Manach.
above the church of Kill Mor, on the upper bank of the river Moy (Cill Mor Uachtair Mhuaidhe), and there he erected a cross, the triumphal emblem of our religion. But this place began to be called afterwards, by the monks who resided there, " Lia na manach," i.e. " the rock of the monks." Now, at the upper end of the cemetery, a little south of Kill Moy, there is a large, grey, granite rock, on a mound or small rath, and on the face of it is deeply inscribed a cross within a circle. This, I believe, was " Lia na manach," and I have no doubt but it was the site of Olcan's monastery. I believe also that it was from " Cluan Olchain" ("the retreat of Olcan"), which is close to Fochuil of the Vision, that St. Patrick ordered his disciple to go forth to build his cell.
As one approaches " Kill Mor" from the town, St. Patrick's well may be seen on the right-hand side of the road. Here the saint bap- tised a prince of the Hy-Fiachra, and restored to life his wife Echtra. Her grave, Feart Echtra, is on the bank of the stream adjacent to the well, but unfortunately the green mound, which indicated it, was removed lately by an improving tenant, who should have known better.
2SS ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
St. Ceallagh, son of Owen Bel, King of Connaught, was Bishop of Kill-mor-Moy. It was he who was murdered by the four "Maols," who afterwards expiated their crime on the height of Ardnaree.
EOSSERK FRIARY (Eos-sEiucE).1
This edifice was erected about A.D. 1400 by a member of the family of Joyce for a Community of the Third Order of St. Francis, which devoted itself to the education of youth in that district.
The church measures 99 feet by 20, and is crowned by a belfry about 60 feet high. There is a sketch of it in Grose's "Antiquities." The only internal feature to which he refers is the structure which he calls a " confessional."
The district in which this monastery is situate is closely identified with the early history of Christianity in Ireland, and that of the ancient families which, from time to time, claimed lordship there.
Amhalgaidh, from whom the barony of Tirawley is called, a remote ancestor of the sept of the O'Dowdas, and of the Mac-Firbis clan, " the poets of the Hy- Amhalgaidh of Eos-Seirce," had a son Cairbre, whose daughter Scarce was a miracle-working female saint, and from her thia locality and the parish of Ballysakeery are said to take their names.
Dudley MacFirbis, writing in 1650, says, that it was for her that a church and cell, which he mentions as then existing at Eosserk, were built.
Doubtless, these ancient edifices were respected by the Franciscans, as they continued to exist so long after the erection of their monastery there. O'Donovan, whose " Tribes and Customs of the Hy-Fiachrach " was published in 1844, states that no traces of them then remained.
Possibly he did not look for them in the right place ; and it may be that near the old parish church of Ballysakeery, or in the graveyard adjoin- ing it, we may find traces of the cell in which the benevolent " Circe " of the Moy prayed, as historians tell us, for " a blessing on the village and the wood which was at the mouth of Moy."
THE MONASTERY OF MOYNE.
The magnificent ruins here are those of a friary for Franciscans of the Strict Observance, which was founded upon the reformation of that Order in 1460 by a son of the M'William Bourkeof that period, through the instrumentality of Nehemiah O'Donchada, its Provincial Yicar in Connaught. It is alleged by others that the founder was one Thomas- Oge Bourke of Moyne-Culeagh, who died M'William Oughter, and that Nehemiah the Provincial only took possession of the house by licence of Pope Nicholas V. It was finished in 1462, and consecrated by Donatus-
1 The notes on Rosserk, Moyne, and Killala Round Tower are by Mr. George A. P. Kelly, M.A. Those on Killala Cathedral, Rathfran Abbey, and Kilcummin Church are by the Very Rev. Monsignor O'Hara and Mr. T. J. Westropp, M.A.
PROCEEDINGS. 289
O'Connor-Sligo, a Dominican monk, and member of a noble family which gave more than one bishop to the See of Killala. Chapters of the Order were frequently held here during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and it was the resort during this period of students of the higher physical and moral sciences.
The church measures about 135 feet by 20 feet, but is not of uniform width. It possessed a most beautiful eastern window, and upon high and broad arches a graceful tower rises to 90 feet. This tower stands upon the two gables between the choir and the body of the church, the arches being turned on consoles from east to west. There is some much admired stone-work about the church, convent, and cloister. The latter is built on plain pillars placed in couplets as at Sligo.
The name of Moyne1 has not so poetic an origin as that of Rosserk. St. Mucna, Bishop of Killala, was its patron saint, and it seems to have borrowed his appellation in a softened form. The Monastery stands upon an ancient battlefield where the lordship of this territory was suc- cessfully defended by the race of Fiachra under William Mor, of Moyne, in 1281. It was also called Moyne of Kilroe, from a small ancient church of the latter name lying to the N.~W., which, dating from St. Patrick's time, stands on a rocky hillock about a mile east of Killala, and was described by O'Donovan as possessing a small round-headed eastern window.
The well at Moyne was long venerated, and by its flow supplied water to a mill which was attached to the Monastery, and the ruins of which may still be seen.
KILLALA. ROUND TOWEE.
The Round Tower at Killala2 is about 84 feet high, and 17 feet in diameter at the base. It stands upon a plinth about 3 feet high, and 2 feet 8 inches broad. Its doorway is 11 feet from the ground, it is 5 feet 6 inches high, 2 feet 3 inches wide at the base, and 2 feet at the springing of the arch of three stones which forms its top.
The masonry is unusually good, and seems to indicate that it is one of our later round towers. The stones of which it is composed are large, and truly cut to round and batter. One stone is 7 feet 6 inches long.
The tower was struck by lightning early in this century, which knocked off part of the roof, and cracked the wall for about one-half its height. The top was restored, and some repairs done by Bishop Verschoyle about sixty years ago.
Such accidents were not infrequent; the bell tower of the Dominican Abbey of Roscommon was split from top to bottom by lightning in the fifteenth century.
1 It is also said to be derived from maigfn, a small plain. TTIafo" itself is a plain.
2 Mullach a Cairn (Mullach an Chairn) is the hill west of Killala, where the chiefs of the O'Dowdas were inaugurated.
290 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL, KILL ALA.
The medieval cathedral of Killala was so much injured in the troubles of the Cromwellian wars that, after the restoration, Dr. Thomas Otway, the Bishop of the See, munificently undertook the rebuilding of the ruin about 1670. His strong but plain and clumsy church remains with few additions, preserving in its south-wall a richly moulded pointed door as the only relic of its predecessor. Of the Celtic churches which stood on the site, from about 440, when St. Patrick founded the "bishoprick," not a visible trace remains.
The present building is a plain oblong room with four round headed windows to the south, and a modern gothic one, surmounted by a wheel- window, to the east.
A large plain tower, with a stone steeple, also does duty for a west porch, and a vestry projects from the north-wall. The doors of the church and vestry are of several recessed plain orders with semicircular heads, the former is of disproportionate height, a bank of earth having been removed, and the sill lowered. The only monuments of note are : —
1. "H(ic) R(equiescit) I(n) P(ace) | R(equiescat) P(ace) Hen- ricus Hall | SS.T.D. et | hujus olim necnon Achad. | diocesis epis- copus insignis, qui | obiit Julii 19° Anno Dni 1663 | Henricus Aulaeus | Hinc vere salus | sum cinis hie qua sum sed et hie | cinis emptio Christi est | Csetera quae mea pars, pars | mea Christus habet."
2. "Hie Positse, | Eeducem sperant . . . Dominum | et Animam, exuviae | Patris admodum in Domino | venerabilis Johannis Smith | . . . . ecclesiarum Alladensis | et Achadensis nuper, proh dolor | (re) episcopi. Pastoris | vigilantis, concionatoris | facundissimi, hominis in | ... primi obiit 2° Martij | astatis sua3 46 | Anno Dni 1680, S. P."
3. " Here lyeth ye body of John Gardiner | of Clochan near Killala who dyed 23 day | of October 1696 in ye 58 year of his Age. | Here also lyeth ye Body of Mary | Kempster his wife who was born in Abing- don in England and had by her | Four sons and five daughters. She dyed ye 17 day of December 1724 in | ye 90 year of her age."
4. A rather fine monument of grey and white marble with a large urn, is set in the north wall.
" Near this place lyeth interred ye body | of Sir Arthur Gore of New- town Gore in | ye county of Mayo (**e), Bart, second son of | Sir Paul Gore of Magherabegg in the | county of Donegal Bartt. who married | Elinor one of ye daughters of Sir George | St. George late of Carrick in the county of | Leytrim knt. By whom he had issue | Four sons viz. Paul, Arthur, William & | George and eight daughters vizt. Katherine, | Isa- bella, Mary, Lettice, Ann, Elinor, Sarah, and | Elizabeth. He departed this life the | 20th day of December Anno Dom. 1697."
" Near this place lye also ye bodys of | ye above named Isabella who
PROCEEDINGS . 291
departed | this life ye third day of March Anno Dom 1679 | and of Elinor, who was ye wife of Edward | "Wingfeild of Scurmore in ye county of Sligoe Esqre. and Departed this life ye | Seuenth Day of Aprill Anno Dom 1703." Below are the Gore arms : " (rules, a fess between 3 crosses crosslet or, impaling per fess az. and arg. a lion ramp, gules ducally crowned or."1
5. On the south side is another large monument with white marble Corinthian pillars. The epitaph records Francis Palmer of Farrow, county Mayo, Esq., who died June 4th, 1721 (aged about 66 ; he married Charity Annesley, and died *. p.} ; his father, Koger (died October 15th, 1724), and the latter' s second wife, Anne Breasey, mother of Roger Palmer, who succeeded to Farrow. Arms : " Or, three palmers scrips around a chevron sa." The scrips are represented like three-legged pots with handles.
THE SOTJTERBAIN AT KlLLAJA.
In the graveyard, in a position south-east of the cathedral, there is an opening in the ground, popularly believed in the neighbourhood, to be the entrance to a subterrannean passage, which had been formed for secret communication between the cathedral and the round tower. It was explored by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. Cochrane, and Mr. M'Neill, who entered and took the measurements for the diagram on page 292, while the party waited outside for a report of the investigation.
The opening referred to was made some years ago in digging for a grave. It forms a hole in the roof of the circular chamber of a souterrain of the type found in raths, or forts, throughout the country. This chamber measures 6 feet in diameter, and the roof is of the bee-hive form. Two passages lead out of the chamber : one to the west 2 feet wide, and 2 feet in height, starts at a level of 2 feet above the floor, and appears to have become filled up a few yards from the chamber, On the eastern side another passage runs for a total length of 24 ft. 9 in., where it ends with an upward slope, and this was probably the original entrance, as there is the usual obstruction, or barrier, at a distance of 4 feet 9 inches from the end of this passage, always found near the entrance as a means of defence. The county road is now formed over it. At a distance of 13 feet 9 inches from the circular chambar another passage branches off due south ; it has an upward direction, and is also filled in with earth.
On the north side of the passage, and at 9 feet from the circular chamber, there is an opening 2 feet 2 inches in width, 4 feet long, and about 3 feet in height ; it leads into a series of chambers approximately rectangular in plan, and, judging from the appearance of the stones, forming the walls, this portion may be of later date than that just described. The stones in the former have the appearance of having
1 The colours are modern, and, in some cases, possibly incorrect.
292 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
been quarried, -while the latter are apparently surface stones. The
Plan of Souterrain at Killala.
size and position of these chambers are shown on the diagram ; and they would appear to be additions to the original souterrain.
PROCEEDINGS. 293
The rectangular chambers are at a lower level than the long passage, and the floors were under water to the depth of 1 foot ; the roof is about three feet above water level, formed of large flags corbelled out from the side Avails. The last chamber was not fully explored, as time was passing and the party outside were getting impatient. The measurements made under these circumstances (in less than twenty minutes) may be regarded as fairly approximate.
It is most interesting to find such an elaborate souterrain here, as it is evidence of the existence, at some period, of a large rath or fort surrounding it, inside of which the original church was placed, and the site was probably given by some chieftain for this purpose.
The large bank of earth which was removed from the front of the church was no doubt the last remnant of the original fort. The parish church of Glen Columkill, Co. Donegal, has a souterrain adjoining it, which was also within the rath, the boundary of which marks the extent of the present graveyard.
RATHFRAN AND ITS MONASTERY. l
"The rath or earthen fort of 'Brandubh,' " a man's name formerly common in Ireland, was a Dominican Abbey, some two miles north of Killala, on the left bank of the Avonmore river, near its mouth as it flows into Killala Bay. It was founded in 1274, by William de Burgh, surnamed the " Grey." It does not seem to have had many buildings attached, as we find at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries it is said to have had one small house and a mill. It owned, however, a large quantity of land — no less than two quarters — extending to the west, and embracing the modern townlands of Cloonboy and Carrickanassa. Few incidents in connexion with this Abbey have come down to us. It is
1 In 1577 this abbey, with its lands, was leased to Thomas Dexter. Afterwards, in 1605, we find the same leased to Donat, Earl of Thomond, and again to a William Knight. Alter him they seem to have fallen into the hands of the Knoxes of Castle- rea (hard by), and at present they are owned by Sir lloger Palmer, Bart. De Burgho, the historian of the Irish Dominicans, tells us that, after the expulsion of the com- munity from Kathfran, some of the friars settled down in the neighbourhood, keep- ing an eye on the ancient home. He tells us that he visited the place in 1756, and that he found five of them living in a thatched cottage at Mullaghnacroishe, within a quarter of a mile of the abbey, and, as a matter of fact, the site of this cottage, now known as " Faul an t-Sagairt," is still in possession of the Knoxes, though they have long since parted with the remaining possessions of the abbey. I have heard it stated that at Carrowkeel, at the foot of Nephin, the seat of the late Walter Burke, Q.C., a chalice belonging to this abbey was kept. Mac Firbis, in the "Book of Lecan," speaks of the abbey as "Rathfran of the Sweet Bells," and describing the locality, says, " no fairer was the plain of Cruac-han," meaning Rathcroghan, in lloscommon, one of the most fertile districts in all Ireland.
A hundred yards or so to the north-east is Temple-Mary, now a burial-place ; and certainly it is not much to the credit of the Killala Poor-Law Guardians that they still permit the bullocks of the grazier to roam freely over its graves. It is supposed that a Dominican nunnery once existed here, but there is nothing to be seen of it but the foundations. Between the abbey and Temple- Mary there is a well dedicated to St. Brendan.
294
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
recorded that Edmund Burke, of Castlebar, was murdered here in 1513 by Ms own nephews, and Hugh M'Goill, master of novices in the com- munity, was put to death by the Puritans at "Waterford, whither he had gone to resist by his preaching the aggressions on the ancient faith of his countrymen. "Walter Fleming, another member of this community, is said to have met with a similar end.
The monastery occupies a pleasant and picturesque position, being sheltered towards the north and west by low grassy hills, and standing above a tidal creek, occupying a place which, in early times, must have been an important settlement, judging from the earthen forts and great stone " giants graves" lying around the friary.
Rathfran Monastery, from South-west.
The remains, which are very picturesque, are in a frightful condition of decay and neglect, and are rapidly perishing. They are heaped with fallen stones, overgrown with deep and foul weeds, and invaded by cattle, while the usual horror of shallow burials and exhumed remains, bones, skulls, and coffin planks are everywhere apparent.
The ruins consist of a church, with a lateral chapel to the south, and two small ranges of domestic buildings lying to the north. These last consist of a vaulted room, attached to the wall of the church and greatly defaced, and a building two stories high, of late date (probably
PROCEEDINGS. 295
from 1480 to 1520), having a range of small lights, two double, with ogee heads, the third a mere slit, in the eastern wall.
Most of the interest centres in the church. It had a very large and lofty east window, the gable-head and shafts of which have fallen, only the side piers remain, with well moulded angle shafts, whose bases and capitals seem to date from the period of Edward I. Three large and picturesque buttresses support the corners of this gable, and a fourth similar buttress occurs farther down the south wall.
The south windows originally had double lights with plain pointed heads, and were of considerable height. In the first has been inserted a lower two-light window with circular heads. The second is built up. In the third the original heads were removed and utilized for the lower light, the upper part being closed. Three others appear in the wall, but are built up, and the last defaced, probably when the side chapel was added. The other features of this wall are a trefoil-headed piscina with two shelves and two basins ; its arch is boldly and well moulded. Near it is a semicircular sedile, or perhaps tomb recess, with similar mouldings ; these are under a projecting cornice, which drops along the jamb, and projects under the sill of the second window. A curious little piscina, consisting merely of a sill and cinquefoil head plainly chamfered, and with one shelf, is set near the plain door leading to the side chapel.
The north wall going eastward has two plain doors to the northern buildings, and two fine trefoil-headed recesses near the altar. These are of the same period as the piscina and recess in the south wall. One con- tains a slab, carved with a fine cross and a defaced inscription in raised letters. In the centre of the church is another handsomely decorated tombstone with six lions passant.1
The west window is of late date, with two round-headed lights, and a cross bar rudely propped by loose stones. The door beneath it is defaced ; a carving of the crucifixion of our Lord in a long garment, in addition to another carving, appears in the wall above the window.
The side chapel calls for little notice, save for a rather pleasing east window of decorated G jthic, in the lights of which a wall with oblong recesses has been constructed. There are three closed windows apparent, high up the wall between this building and the church.
KlLCUMMIN ANL ITS ANCIENT CHURCH.
Leaving Breastagh we come in sight of a bay, ending in a low boggy tract, over which the tide ebbs and flows. We pass the village of Foghill, preserving in this scarcely recognizable form the name Pochuill, or Foclud. All will remember the pathetic tale told by St. Patrick himself:
1 The theory that these are the arms of O'Brien, because Rathfran was granted to the Earl of Thomond, is in the highest degree improbable; the age of the stone evidently preceding the grant, and the O'Briens never seeming to have resided in Mayo during the short time they held Rathfran.
296 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
" I thought at that very moment I heard the voice of those who were near the wood of Poclud, which is by the western sea, and they cried out thus, . . . * We entreat thee holy youth to come.' . . . And I was very much pricked to the heart. . . . Thanks be to God that after very many years the Lord has granted to them according to their cry ! m It forms the basis of a beautiful section of Sir Aubrey de Vere's " Legends of St. Patrick"—
" ' It was the cry of children that I heard Borne from the black wood o'er the midnight seas — On Fochlut wood.' Thus speaking, he arose And, journeying with the brethren towards the west, Fronted the confine of that forest old.
The oldest wood that ever grew in Eire Was Fochlut wood — and gloomiest."
Now it is open fields and bogs ending eastward in the low cliffs of Killala Bay.
In & sheltered hollow, among cultivated fields, a few minutes' walk from the seashore, where the French under General Humbert landed in 1798, stands the very interesting and well-built church of Kilcummin, probably dating from the tenth or eleventh century.
It is an oblong oratory, measuring internally 29 feet 8 inches by 1 8 feet to 17 feet 10 inches of large well-fitted blocks, the walls being about 3 feet thick.2 It is entered by a door tapering from 2 feet 9£ inches to
2 feet 7 inches. The head is formed of three blocks the thickness of the wall, and is semicircular. There are two windows, one in the middle of the east gable. Both its light and splay are semicircular, the head of the former being scooped out of a single block, that of the latter out of two blocks. The light is from 12 inches to 10 inches wide, and 2 feet
3 inches extreme height ; splay, 2 feet 9 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, and 6 feet 3' inches high. The south window is 5 feet 7 inches from the east wall, and has an angular head of two pitched blocks, measuring 9£ inches wide, 12 feet high from the ground, the splay sloping from 2 feet 3 inches to 1 foot 8 inches wide, and 5 feet 5 inches high. The lights in both cases are high above the outer ground ; there is no provision made for glass. The church was valued at two marks in the Papal Taxation of 1302-6.
North of the church is the saint's grave, marked on the west by two tall stones, 7 feet and 5£ feet high, and a low flag, about 13 inches square, scribed with a cross with knobbed ends, round which are three circular " Patrick's crosses."
1 "Confessio," sect. 10.
2T. O'Conor, in "Ordnance Survey Letters," Mayo, 1838 (MSS. 14. E. 18, R.I. A.), pp. 186-192, gives the dimensions as 37Jby 22 £ feet, but, so far as we checked, O' Conor's measurements are only approximate (differing, in this respect, from 0' Donovan and Eugene 0' Curry) ; his sketches, especially of the cross-scribed slab, are very incorrect.
ANCIENT CHURCH OP KILCUMMIN, FROM SOUTH-EAST.
KILCUMMIN — INTERIOR, LOOKING EASTWARD. Jour.|R. S. A. I.f>ol. viii.,\pt. 3, p. 896.
PROCEEDINGS.
297
As there have been several saints of the name, it is hard to identify this Cuimin. They were all of the race of Hy Fiachra. But it was Cuimin Fada that first blessed the church, and after him the church is named ; and it is Cuimin son of Dioma that was interred in the altar tomb. The tra lition locally has been that the grave of Cuimin is mid- way between the gate and the church. There you see two pillar-stones separated exactly by the length of a grave ; and we are told by McFirbis, in the Book of Lecan, that he was buried at the feet of " O'Sunaigh." Stations are performed there, and a small stone is left on the grave after the station. They refer to some outrage on this grave in times gone by, and this may account for the disappearance of the " uluidth mor." At the grave was preserved, up to some sixty years ago, a flat stone, called
Ground Plan — Kilcummin Church.
" Leac Cuimin," which the peasantry, 0' Donovan tells us, used for many superstitious purposes ; but it was principally used for the purpose of invoking maledictions on wrongdoers, particularly such as were guilty of grave slander. It was to families named Mochan the privilege belonged of manipulating this stone, and the ceremony used in invoking the malediction by it consisted in turning it over. The descendants of the ancestor of this Cuimin were wardens of this church, and hence we may assume that the O'Machans were lineal descendants of his. This stone, O'Donovan tells us, was removed by the late Dean Lyons, p.p., Kilmore-Erris, and caused to be built into the wall of the new cathedral at Ballina, for " certain weighty reasons." The " Leac Cuimin" would appear to have reference to Cuimin Fada. We know that he was recognized by the people as judge and arbitrator in all
298
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
their disputes, and it would be no wonder if, after his death, they would take up this relic of his as symbolic of his righteousness. It might indeed have been his altar-stone. I recollect having heard it described as being about 2 feet by 18 inches. It is also said that only a portion of it is inserted in the Ballina cathedral, and that the remainder is hidden away in the place which is only known to the few who are entitled to possess the secret.
Kilcummin— "West Doorway (outer face).
There is a "Blessed Well," a little to the north of the church, to which persons come from long distances to perform "stations" on the three last Sundays of July each year, and on "Garland Sunday" a " pattern " is held here — a custom very much fallen into* disuse of late. In the absence of bushes, the rag offerings are held down by sea pebbles ; sprays of wild flowers had also been deposited — a more appropriate votive offering than rags and rusty nails.
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND, FOR THE YEAR 1898.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART IY. FOURTH QUARTER, 1898.
WALTER REAGH FITZ GERALD, A NOTED OUTLAW OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
BY LORD WALTER FITZ GERALD, M.R.I.A., FELLOW. [Read JANUARY 11, 1898.]
TTNDER the year 1595 the " Annals of the Four Masters" record the capture and death of a noted outlaw named Walter "Reagh" (i.e. the Swarthy) Fitz Gerald, who they describe as " "Walter Reagh, the son of Gerald, the son of Thomas, one of the Geraldines of Kildare." This short pedigree of him is wrong, as will he proved from quotations taken from contemporary documents given further on.
Walter Reagh was one of the eight sons of Maurice fitz "Walter Fitz Gerald, of Glassealy, which lies hetween Athy and Narragh- more, in the county Kildare. Maurice's father, Walter, was one of the five uncles hanged with their nephew, the "Silken Thomns" (10th Earl of Kildare), at Tyburn, in the month of February, 1537.
Walter Reagh's mother was Honora O'Toole, of a family then seated at Powerscourt, in the county Wicklow. Her will l is dated the 6th of October, 1615, and was proved in the following year; she was buried by the side of her husband, Maurice, in the cathedral church of Kildare.
In the Inquisitions, Walter Reagh is described as of " Cronehorne,"2
1 Vide the Dublin Diocesan Wills, Record Office, Dublin.
2 "County Dublin Chancery Inquisition," No. 8, of James I.
JOUR. R.8.A.I., VOL. Till., FT. IV., 5TH 8ER. Y
300 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
and in the Carew MSS. as of " Ballenehorne," or "Ballenchorne." 1 His wife was a daughter of the famous rebel, Fiagh mac Hugh 0' Byrne, of Ballinacor, in Glemnalure, county Wicklow, by his wife Eose, or Eisse O'Toole.
As early as the year 1583 Walter Eeagh was making himself un- pleasantly notorious; in that year he was " wanted" by the Castle authorities, as well as two or three of his brothers ; consequently his father, ''Maurice fitz Walter, of Glasseley, and Thomas fitz Maurice (Fitz Gerald), of Lackagh," went bail in £200, on the 3rd August, 1583, for the personal appearance of " Walter Eeagh fitz Maurice, and Gerald fitz Maurice, sons of the said Maurice," before the Lord Justices and Council, on the 1st of September following.2
In 1586, Walter Eeagh is mentioned as doing great hurts to the adherents and tenants of Thomas, the 10th Earl of Ormond, and of his brother, Sir Edmund Butler, of Cloghrennan, in the county Carlo w ; he is, at this time, described as abiding in the forests of " Lever oke and Shielella, in Leinster."3
On the 21st of March, 1587, he laid an ambush for Dudley Bagenall, Constable of Leighlin (county Carlow), son of Sir Nicholas Bagenall, in which Dudley, and sixteen of his men, lost their lives.4
The " Annals of Lough Ce " thus describe this encounter : —
" 1587. Walter Eiabhach, the son of Maurice, the son Walter, the son of the Earl (of Kildare), and the sons of Brian, son of Cathair, son of Art, son of Diarmaid Laimhderg (i. e. Dermot, the Eed-handed MacMurrough, King of Leinster, who died in 1417), went on a pre- datory expedition on the borders of Leithglinn-an-droichid (i.e. the Glen-side of the Bridge, now Leighlin Bridge), and committed a depre- dation ; a pursuing band overtook them, viz. the son of the Marshal of the Ibhar (i.e. Sir Dudley, the son of Sir Nicholas Bagenal, of Newry), accompanied by an armament. Walter Eiabhach and his people turned upon them ; and the Marshal's son, and twenty-four of his people, were slain on that field ; and great was the woe on account of that son of the Marshal."
Leagued with Walter Eeagh were several of the disaffected members of the Kavanaghs, and one Connell mac Kedagh O'More. On one occasion they determined to commit a spoil on a certain Edmund Archdeacon, alias Galdie, a tenant of the Earl of Ormond. Archdeacon got information of the intended visit, and so fortified his place with a company of chief kerne ; a fight ensued, but Archdeacon was
1 " Calendar of Carew MSS.," p. 227 (1589-1600).
2 A MS. called "Calendar of the Council Book, 1581-1586," Record Office. Dublin.
3 Hamilton's " Calendar of State Papers," p. 139 (1586-1588).
4 Ib.t p. 287.
WALTEK REAGH FITZGERALD. 301
captured, and his goods and cattle carried off. He remained a prisoner in Walter Reagh's hands until ransomed by Ismaile Browne, his wife.
In consequence of this and other raids, the Lord Deputy apprehended Walter Reagh's father, mother, and two of his brothers, under the statute which compels the father to be responsible for his son, or an elder brother for the younger, and imprisoned them in Dublin Castle, where another of Walter Reagh's brothers had been kept as a pledge for his good behaviour, but had recently been executed.1
Towards the end of this year (1587) a Captain Thomas Lee, a soldier of the Crown, parted with his wife, who was one of "the mere Irish," for the following reason : — Captain Lee was most anxious to distinguish himself by effecting the capture of Walter Reagh by foul, as he could not by fair, means ; so he bribed one of the latter' s followers to betray him. Not understanding the Celtic tongue, Captain Lee employed his wife as an interpreter, and they alone knew of the means taken to capture Walter Reagh. Unfortunately for Captain Lee, his wife was a sympathiser with the outlaw, and managed to warn him in time of his danger. As a result, the plot fell through, and the would-be betrayer was put to death by Walter Reagh.2
In the month of December, Sir John Perrot, the Lord Deputy, wrote to the Secretary of State that Walter Reagh and the Kavanaghs had humbly submitted themselves to Her Majesty's mercy, and were anxious to make amends for their past offences ; and as the long winter nights were now on, he had thought it advisable to pardon them ; he adds that when Walter Reagh had entered the city of Dublin on protection, he was nigh being slain by Ralph Bagenall, one of Sir Nicholas's sons, in revenge for the death of his brother Dudley nine months before ; that with difficulty he was rescued, and that Ralph had been committed to the Castle for contempt of the protection granted to Walter Reagh.3
Two years later (1589), in a list of men of doubtful loyalty in Leinster, appear the names of "Morys mac Walter, and his son, Walter Reagh, two dangerous men of the Geraldines." And again, in 1591, it was suspected that Walter Reagh, who had disappeared from his country, had gone into the north with three O'Neill pledges, who had escaped from Dublin Castle ; hence it was thought advisable that Maurice fitz Walter, his father, should be apprehended, in order to deter Walter Reagh from getting into further mischief against the Crown.4 Two years before this, on the night of the 25th of February, 1589, no less than twenty-two pledges and prisoners, detained in Dublin Castle, managed to effect their escape ; of this number, eleven were recaptured.
1 Hamilton's " Calendar of State Papers," p. 326 (1586-1588).
2 Ib., p. 428. 3 Ibfi p. 447> 4 Ib., pp. 278 and 457 (1588-1592).
Y2
302 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The latter were, almost to a man, natives of Ulster. The names of the- Leinster prisoners and pledges were : —
Kedagh O'Toole, pledge for Walter Eeagh.
Griffin Kavanagh, pledge for Donnell Spaniagh Kavanagh.
Hugh O'Toole, brother of Eisse, Fiagh\
mac Hugh O'Eyrne's wife, Pledges for Fiagh mac
Eedmond O'Byrne, I sons of Fiagh mac [ Hugh O'Byrne.
Brian O'Byrne, ) Hugh O'Byrne. J
Garrett Fitz Gerald. \ , ,, * -m- u. T» i- -u
-r,- -, -, -n.-.L />, n r brothers of Walter Eeagh, but not
Eichard Fitz Gerald, >
James Fitz Gerald, )
These men were prisoners previous to the month of August, 1588 ; they all made good their escape from Dublin Castle.1
For the next two or three years Walter Eeagh seems to have kept quiet, but, in 1593, we find him revenging himself on one of his own name. At this period there was living at Ballyshannon, which lies about five miles to the south-east of Kildare, a Sir Pierce Fitz Gerald, Knt., son of James Fitz Gerald, of Ballyshannon. Sir Pierce had become a Protestant, and was in the Government employ ; he was a bitter enemy of Walter Eeagh's, and, through his exertions, had caused the latter to be banished from his native county of Kildare. In consequence of this treatment, Walter Eeagh took every opportunity of harassing Sir Pierce, and the crisis came on St. Patrick's Day, 1593, when Walter Eeagh, accompanied by Felim and Eedmond O'Byrne, his brothers-in-law, and their followers, proceeded "to a place in the county of Kildare called Ardrie, and finding Sir Piers Fitz Gerald in a little castle that was but thatched with straw, or sedge, set fire to the same, and burned him, his wife, and two of his daughters there."2 Sir Pierce* s wife was Ellis, daughter of Sir Maurice Fitz Gerald (ob. 26th December, 1575), Knt,, of Lackagh ; and his daughters were Ann and Catherine.
Two years later, in January, 1595, Walter Eeagh's father-in-law, Fiagh mac Hugh O'Byrne, " the firebrand of the mountains," and Donnell Spaniagh (i.e. of Spain) Kavanagh, of Clonmullen, were in open revolt against the English Government. Undeterred by his grandfather' a fate fifty years before, Walter Eeagh joined heart and soul in the rebellion. On the 16th of the month O'Byrne's castle, of Ballinacor, was taken by surprise, but its owner and garrison made their escape. On the following day the Lord Deputy, Sir William Russell, publicly proclaimed Fiagh mac Hugh O'Byrne, his wife, Eisse O'Toole, Walter Eeagh, and their adherents traitors, after which he returned to Dublin.3
On the 30th of January, Walter Eeagh, his brother Gerald, and
1 Hamilton's " Calendar of State Papers," pp. 11, 126, and 195 (1588-1592).
2 Gilbert's "History of the Confederation and War in Ireland," vol. i., p. 205.
3 "Calendar of Carew MSS.," p. 225 (1589-1600).
WALTER REAGH FITZ GERALD. 303
eighty followers, made a night attack on the town of Crumlin, which then lay only two miles from St. James's Gate, the then outermost of the Dublin Gates. " They burned and totally plundered that town, and took away as much as they were able to carry of the leaden roof of the church of the town ; and though the blaze and flames of the burning town were plainly visible in the streets of Dublin, Walter Reagh escaped without wound or bloodshed," l in spite, too, of cavalry being sent from Dublin, by the Lord Deputy, to capture the raiders as soon as the attack was noticed.
On the 9th of February, Walter Reagh's brother, James, was captured by Dermott mac Maurice Kavanagh ; on the 15th he was brought in a prisoner to the Lord Deputy's camp at Ballinacor, by Sir William •Clarke, and, seven weeks later (7th April), he was executed in Dublin.2
On the 21st of February news reached the Lord Deputy that Captains Streete and Wyllis, with their companies, assisted by some of the Earl of Ormond's forces, had driven Walter Reagh from his house at Ballenehorne (or Ballenchorne), and that his brother Gerald, Daniel Reerton, one of his chief shot (musquetiers), and another, had been slain. Their heads were cut off, and forwarded to the camp at Ballinacor. This was the usual fate of any rebel that was taken prisoner, and of daily occurrence. After this the Lord Deputy returned to Dublin.3
During the month of March "Walter Reagh made an attack on a neighbouring •castle belonging to a gentleman of his enemies ; hut the gentleman was wary and vigilant, and in readiness against any attack of his enemies. When Walter Reagh and his people attacked the castle, the gentleman came to a hold and fierce comhat with Walter, and they struck at each other furiously and inimically, and Walter was wounded in the leg. His people carried him off to the nearest mountain, and they placed him under cure in a subterranean cave, with the situation of which no three persons \vere acquainted. They left with him only one young physician of his own faithful people, who was wont to go every second day to the nearest woods to gather herbs. A conversation privately occurred hetween this man and a party of Walter's enemies ; and he having leagued with them, betrayed Walter, and led a party to where he was, who bound him." 4
The capture mentioned above took place on the 7th of April. The information as to Walter Reagh's hiding-place was revealed to Sir Henry Harrington by Dermott, Art, Roan, Tibbott, and Garrett, sons of Felini O'Toole, probably to save their own lives, as it was a common practice, even in those days, to offer a free pardon to an informer on condition of his betraying his comrades ; but the sons of Felim O'Toole bouglit their freedom dearly, as in August, in the following year, Sir Henry wrote to Sir Robert Cecil, the Queen's principal Secretary, urgently begging him to at once obtain their pardons, because in
1 "Annals of the Four Masters," anno 1595.
" Calendar of Carew MSS. " (1589-1600). 3 Ib.
4 "Annals' of the Four Masters."
304 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
betraying Walter Reagh, they had incurred the hatred of all the Irish,, and would now have to rely entirely on aid from the State.1
On the 8th of April Walter Reagh was lodged in Dublin Castle ; on the following day he was examined before the Lord Deputy and Council, convicted, and sentenced to be hanged in chains; and on the 10th this sentence was carried out.2
Walter Reagh's father-in-law and mother-in-law both met with tragic ends ; the latter (Risse O'Toole) was captured on the 27th of May,, and was sentenced to be burned ; the former fell, fighting bravely, in Glenmalure, on Sunday the 8th of May, 1597. His body was quartered, and his head spiked on Dublin Castle.3
NOTE. — The " Funeral Entry" from a MS. volume in Ulster's Officer which is given below, refers to a brother of Walter Reagh. It is curious, but not very unusual, to find one brother named Garrett, and another Gerald, in the same family of the county Kildare Fitz Geralds, who were numerous 250 years ago, but are now no more, as most of them joined the Confederate Catholics in 1641, were outlawed, and had to flee the country. Dr. Gilbert, in the Appendix to his "History of the Confederation and War in Ireland," gives a list of persons outlawed at this time for high treason. Among them appear the names, in the county Kildare alone, of the Fitz Geralds of Allen, Ballyshannon, Blackball, Brownstown, Castleroe, Dunore, Glassealy, Kilrush, Lackagh, Mullaghmoyne, Timahoe, and Osberstown.
The " Funeral Entry," dealing with Walter Reagh's brother, is as follows : —
Garrett Fitz Gerald, of Glassealy, in the County of Kildare, Esqr., sometyme Sheriff of the County of Wicklow, 8th sonne of Maurice Fitz Gerald, but by the death of some elder brethren, 3rd sonne of the said Maurice, which Maurice was the eldest sonne of Walter Fitz Gerald, 2nd sonne of Garrett Fitz Gerald, Earl of Kildare. The first-mentioned Garrett tooke to his first wife Anne, daughter of Dudley Kavanagh, of Tyncurry, in the County of Wickloe, Esq/., by whom he had issue one son and one daughter, viz. : —
Dudley, who died an infant, in the lifetime of his father.
Onora, married to Robert O'Farrell, of Bawne, County of Longford, Esqr.
Garrett tooke to his second wife Dame Ellinor Gest, daughter of Patrick Lynch, of the Knock, in the County of Meath, Esqr., and had noe issue.
Garrett tooke to his third wife Ellice, daughter of Henry Davells, of Kil- leshin, in the Queen's County, Esqr. ; she was the relict of Walter Fitz Gerald, of Walterstowne, in the County of Kildare, Esqr., but by her had noe issue.
He died at Glassealy aforesaid about the 10th of September, 1637, and was interred in the cathedral church of Kildare within three days next following.
The truth of which premisses is testified by the subscription of Edward Fitz Gerald,4 gent., nephew and next heire of the male line of the defunct.
10th November, 1637.
1 " Calendar of State Papers."
2 " Calendar of Carew MSS.," p. 228. 3 73., pp. 231 and 259. 4 Son of William, brother of the above-named Garrett.
WALTER REAGH F1TZ GERALD. 305
Of the seven elder brethren of Garrett Fitz Gerald, mentioned as being dead before 1637, in the above " Funeral Entry," Walter Eeagh may have been one ; his brother Gerald, executed on the 21st of February, 1595, another; James, executed on the 7th of April, 1595, another ; the brother executed in 1586 another ; probably Richard, too ; also a brother named William (married to Elenor, daughter of Gerald Fitz Gerald, of Duneany, county Kildare), who died on the loth of May, 1620 ; and the seventh may have been the brother who had a son, John Fitz Gerald, of Eathcoole, in the county of Dublin.
NOTE ADDED IN THE PRESS. — Since the above Paper was written, T have discovered the Christian name of Walter Eeagh Fitz Gerald's wife. It is given in the Elizabeth Fiant, No. 5111, as follows : —
" A.D. 1587. Pardon to Walter reagh fitz Morice, of Glasshelie, Co. Kildare, gent. ; Margery O'Eirne, his wife ; Grane O'Eirne, of Coultowre, in Shilealoghe," etc., etc.
Another Elizabeth Fiant, No. 6664, mentions the pardon of another brother of Walter Eeagh' s, viz. Christopher fitz Morish Fitz Gerald, of Glasshealy, gent., in the county Kildare, in 1602.
306 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
KILELTON IN GLENFAS.
BY MARY AGNES HICKSON, HON. LOCAL SECRETARY FOR SOUTH-WEST KERRY.
[Submitted NOVEMBER 29, 1898.]
" The vale where the lovely Fas fell From her, as ancient records tell, obtained the name Glenfas."
— (Old Irish Poem quoted by Keating.)
A EICCENT article on an antiquarian work int'h.e^EdinburffhJReview, says, "^^ with much truth, that many old place names have been ' ' altered out of all recognition by carelessness, or for the sake of ease in diction, and still oftener through some freak of the popular etymology." (E. 72., April, 1898.) One of the most remarkable cases of the alteration of a place name of almost prehistoric antiquity, apparently through one of those freaks, within the last thirty or forty years, has occurred in the district around the ancient ruined primitive church and beehive houses at the place now called Kilelton, near Kilgobbin and Annagh, in West Kerry. Although Windele in his account of his ascent of Cahirconree more than fifty years ago, published in the Ulster Journal of Archceology, noticed in half a dozen lines the existence of not the beehive huts but the church, which he said dated probably from the fifth or sixth century, strange to say, it was never again noticed by any antiquary. Lord Dunraven and Archdeacon Rowan, who resided near it, and was passionately attached, as we shall see, to the district of Glenfas, in which it stands, never seem to have known that it existed, or that there ever had been a primitive missionary settlement there. Its discovery, or more strictly speaking its rediscovery and rescue from absolute oblivion, was due to my having read in 1879 Windele's article on Cahirconree in the Ulster Journal of Archce- ology for 1860. I at once drove to the spot, and had a photograph taken of the ruined church, which was reproduced with my description of the glen in the Journal R.S.A.I. for April-July, 1889. Then Mr. P. J. Lynch, F.R.S.A.I., was employed by the Society to make a plan of the ruin, and his valuable services greatly assisted my description. But the strange neglect of these very interesting ruins ( Windele never saw or noticed the beehive huts) has not been stranger than the neglect and forgetfulness of the old historic name of the district in which they stand, and the absence of that name on the modern Ordnance sheets. The people of the district told "Windele in or about 1842, that the old ruined fifth or sixth century church stood over the grave of Fas, the pagan princess, wife of one of the leaders of the Celtic invaders of West Kerry,
KILELTON IN GLENFAS. 307
circa B.C. 2000. It is certain that the whole district westward, including the places now called Kilteenbane, Glandine, Curraghduff, and Camp, was then and down to 1858 or 1860 known as Glenfas, sometimes written Glenaish. Yet when I came to inquire for Glenfas or Glen- aish in 1896-7, I found that those names had been utterly forgotten in the district between Kilgobbin and Berry more. Persons of all ranks, long resident in the district, said that they had never heard of a place called Glenaish or Glenfas within its limits. Even Colonel Rowan, whose father the late Ven. Arthur Blennerhassett Rowan, D.D., Arch- deacon of Ardfert, attracted by the beauty of Glenaish and its anti- quities, had in or about 1850 built a small residence there, wrote to me last year as follows : —
"I never heard of such a place as Glenaish ; there is no townland of that name in the barony of Corcaguiny, or, as far as I know, anywhere near it. My place, near Kilgobbin, is called Kilteenbane ; it is on Ordnance Sheets 36, 37, 45, 46, and contains 1186 acres. I believe the glen running north and south across the end of Cahirconree is called Glounglass. This may be the place you want. There is, I know, one Ogham-stone there, and there may be more ; also gallauns, 10 or 12 feet high. There is also a tradition of a great battle there in old times ; and there were some cists or graves exposed in cutting a road there many years ago."
On receiving this letter from Colonel Rowan, I referred him to a graceful little poem written bj* his father, the Archdeacon, and entitled " Lines on revisiting Glenaish." It will be found at page 9 of the first volume of the Kerry Magazine, published in 1854, a local periodical, of which Archdeacon Kowan was the editor, and which he enriched with many very valuable contributions to Kerry history and archaeology, full of extracts from the original State Papers in the London and Dublin Public Record Offices. Colonel Rowan on reading the lines, a copy of which I sent him, said in reply : — " It is clear that my father at all events thought the glen in which his cottage at Kilteenbane is situated was Glenaish ; though I do not remember hearing the name from him." It is indeed quite clear to all who have read Archdeacon Rowan's writings that he never called the site of his favourite residence and the district around it Kilteenbane or anything but Glenaish. I believe that the name Kilteenbane, which seems to be a corruption of the Irish words for the little white corner, or the little white church, dates either from the time when the Archdeacon first built and planted there, or at all events, from quite modern times, while Glenfas, or its corrupt rendering Gleii- aish, is between twenty and thirty centuries old, and comprehended until 1860 the half a dozen or more townlands, now marked on four Ordnance sheets of Kilgobbin parish. As far as I can ascertain, the names of those townlands have quite effaced all memory of the Glenaish of 1860, of which they are merely portions. On the 28th of June, 1858, Archdeacon Rowan read at a meeting of the Royal Irish Academy a long paper on
308 ROYAL, SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the antiquities of Glenaish, which will be found in the seventh volume of the Proceedings of that learned body, page 100, A.D. 1857-1861. In this paper, after quoting Keating's more or less legendary account of the arrival of the Milesians under Heber and Scota and Fas in West Kerry, and the burial of the two last mentioned pagan princesses of the invaders at Glenfas and Glenschoheen, the Archdeacon says : —
" Thus far Keating, in confirmation of whom I can say, that Glenfas and Glenscoheen are localities as well known at this day by * these designations, as any in the country. They hoth run south and north into the Sliahh Mis range, with an interval of about eight miles hetween ; and in Glenfas, much the more con- siderable of the two, are found the following memorials : — The Ogham-pillar, now prostrate ; a companion gallaun, or pillar-stone, standing ahout 11 feet high above the earth ; and on the side of the valley hetween them are an un- ascertained number of rows of cists or graves." — (Proc. ll.I.A., vol. viii., 1857- 1861.)
I must refer my readers to the above-mentioned volume for tbe des- cription of the graves, gallaTms, and Ogham, of which a woodcut is given: my purpose being mainly first, to show that Glenfas was a name well and widely known forty years ago, although it is now virtually obsolete ; secondly, to show that the Glen originally extended from Camp or Maumnaholtora cromlech on the west to Kilelton, on the east where, as we have seen, Windele, in 1840, was told that Fas was buried under a tumulus on which the primitive Christian church of A.D. 500 was erected. Arch- deacon Rowan in his paper of 1858 says he had " lately purchased a small estate in the valley " of Glenfas or Glenaish. This was the present townland of Kilteenbane, still in the possession of his son, who, as we have seen, never heard of the name of the valley in which it lies, though he had heard a faint confused account of a Glounglass 2 to the west of it. This latter name was evidently a corruption of the Glenfas which Arch- deacon Rowan wrote of in 1858 as a valley including the townland of Kilteenbane on which his cottage residence stood. He called that cot- tage Glenaish or Glenfas. The Ogham-stone which he discovered, and some of the cists and gallauns, really lie on the present townland of Camp. On the 9th November, 1868, the late Mr. Brash, the well-known antiquary, read a paper on the Glenaish Ogham discovered ten years before by Archdeacon Rowan. Mr. Brash's valuable paper will be found at page 384 of the tenth volume of the Proceedings of the R.I.A., pub- lished in 1870. He there says that he found the Ogham " lying prostrate in a grass field in the townland of Camp, a portion of Glenfas, or as it is
1 The italics are mine.
2 Glounglass, if any such name exists now in the district, must be either a corrupt rendering of the Irish for the glen of the clear river (Finglas?), or else, as is most likely, of the old Glenfas, surviving only in the far western pait of the glen, while the old name was gradually eclipsed at Kilelton, Kilteenbane, Glandine, and Camp, by the improvements on those townlands, and the partial extirpation of old Irish names. When I first remember tbe west, from Kilgobbin to Brandon, circa 1838, the people thereabouts, many of them at least, could only speak Irish.
KILBLTON IN GLENFAS. 309
locally pronounced Glenaish, under the west face of Cahirconree moun- tain" (Proc. R.I.A., vol. x., p. 384, 1870). Strictly speaking, Camp townland lies under the north-west face of the mountain. Glenfas, in truth, was the valley which ran round the west corner of Cahirconree and along its north-west face to the boundary between Derrymore and Kilelton. On the west side of the valley or glen are the ogham, gallauns, and cists, in which there can be little or no doubt the followers of the Milesian or Scotic invaders who fell in the battle there were interred, while on the east side of this glen the princess Fas was buried under a low tumulus. Archdeacon Rowan gives more credit to Keating' s account of the battle than does Mr. Brash, but both agree that Fas and her chief relatives and followers were real historical personages, and that the valley took its name from her death and burial there. Neither of those antiquaries, however, strange to say, seems to have heard, as Windele did in 1 840, that her grave was under the old ruined church at Kilelton, and therefore all their attention and explorations were confined to the west end of the long valley named after her Glenfas,1 where her companions were buried. However, it is clear, putting Windele's, Archdeacon Rowan's, and Brash's accounts, between 1840 and 1868 together, that the ancient glen or valley known as Glenfas for several thousand years down to 1861, comprised the modern townlands of Camp, Kilteenbane, and Kileltou, and others. I feel assured myself that it comprised Maumnaholtora and its cromlech (where one of the Scotic chiefs was probably buried), the next townland to Kilteenbane and Curraghduff, Glandine, and the glens south of the little hillocks of Knockglass, which all lie immediately west of Kilelton between it and Kilteenbane. Ancient Glenfas in fact ran from the cromlech on Maumnaholtora at the west end of Cahirconree to Kilelton towards the eastern end of the mountain. In his notice of Maumnaholtora, Mr. W. C. Borlase, in his " Dolmens of Ireland," says there was no church near it, but this is a great mistake. There was an ancient church on the land, now and for a long time past called Glandine, a portion of Glenfas, very near Maumnaholtora cromlech ; and a little to the north of this church, of which the site is clearly marked on the older Ordnance sheets of Kilgobbin parish, there are gallauns and a fort called Liosparkeenreilig (the liss of the little field of the relics ?). In fact the whole district between Maumnaholtora and Kilelton to Derrymore is full of pagan and primitive Christian antiquities, some of them now well known, others as yet unexplored, but all within the bounds of the old historic Glenfas. The old church on Glandine was probably of later date than that of Kilelton, and as I have said in one of my papers on Kerry Topo- graphy, it was probably the church named in the Papal Taxation of A.D.
1300 as Glen ( ?) and had become the church of Glenfas after the
primitive church and beehive huts at Kilelton, in the eastern portion of
1 The correct Irish spelling is, I believe, Gleann-Faisi, i. e. the Glen of Fas.
310 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
tlie glen, had fallen into ruins. In 1650 Glandine and other lands in the district were granted by Cromwell to a Mr. Carrique, a Cromwellian official, and he or his sons no doubt swept away the fourteenth century Roman Catholic or Anglo-Irish church on Glandine, to build a mansion house there where they lived for several generations. Then the Irish Roman Catholic peasantry of Glenfas seem to have fallen back for a place of worship on the primitive church at Kilelton, at the east side of the Glen, the secluded and barren mountainous nature of the land making it a safer place in the penal days. When these happily were past, the Roman Catholic chapels at Derrymore and Kilgobbin rose to supply the ecclesiastical needs of the people. Archdeacon Rowan seems never to have noticed the primitive churches at Glandine or Kilelton. Had he lived a few years longer, no doubt he would have done so, and have written on all the antiquities of his " own dear lonely mountain glen," as he calls it in the lines before referred to in the Kerry Magazine of January, 1854. The commons of John Carrique's estate of Glandine, as the Ordnance sheet shows, are only separated from Kilelton by a mountain stream, which runs into the sea near Bunavoundur, the end, as I believe (see Journal, September, 1894, and July, 1896), of the Dur of Ptolemy. Having now shown from the evidence of ancient records and the writings of Win dele, Archdeacon Rowan, and Brash, that the ancient Glenfas (although two at least of those three antiquaries seem to have been unaware of it) extended from Maumnaholtora cromlech on the west to the grave of Fas in Kilelton on the east, it only remains for me to correct what I am now disposed to think was an error in my descrip- tion of the ruined primitive church at the latter place in my Paper in the Journal for July, 1889. I there wrote of the raised ground or little hillock on which the fifth-century church stands, as the remains of a fort or lios. But I am now convinced that it was never a fort at all, but that it was, as the tradition related to Windele in 1840 surely indicates, a tumulus placed over the grave of -the pagan princess Fas. The shape is circular or oval, there is no trace of the earthen rampart and fosse found in the old Irish forts and Hoses, the low sloping sides of a tumulus are clearly discernible through the brambles and long grass and ferns growing on them, and so is the ring of standing stones at the base of the tumulus. Some of these have been displaced, and lie flat, but others stand firmly rooted in the earth. The existence of the circle is clear. It is only reasonable to suppose that when this circle of smallish pillar-stones at the base of the tumulus was perfect in pre- Christian times, that a gallaun or cromlech stood on the summit, over the pagan grave, and that pagan rites, funeral games (the origin of wakes), or sacrifices took place there. Then came the first Christian missionaries, who, in accordance with their invariable rules in Asia and Europe, endeavoured to divert the attachment and reverence of a pagan people, from pagan places of worship, by setting up Christian rites and
KILELTON IN GLENFAS. 311
oratories or churches for Christian teaching on those same places. In some cases they suffered the pagan temple or tumulus or rude stone building to stand until it could be turned into a primitive Christian church. The result was some good, not unattended by serious evils, which the Christian Church found it hard for ages to stamp out all over Europe, as well as in Ireland.1 Her Councils thundered against stone 'worship, tree and well worship, in early times, with laudable persever- ance, but the most she has ever been able to do is to abolish the two first and to turn the third to a Christian purpose.
If it were possible, as I fear it is not, at the present day, to explore thoroughly the ground under the sixth-century ruined church at Kilelton, as Mr. W. C. Borlase explored the ground under the ruined little church or oratory at Carn Brea in Cornwall, where Irish missionary saints of primitive times were so actively carrying on their holy labours, I am inclined to believe that, as at Carn Erea, the remains of a pagan grave would be discovered beneath the old Kilelton church. (See "Age of the Saints," by W. C. Borlase, published by J. Pollard, Truro, in 1893.) It is to be regretted that the spade is not more freely used in Irish archaBological researches. Ancient MSS., however valuable, are not free from errors and prejudices, the spade, as Mr. Borlase says, is "the true needle to guide archasological research . . .the section of a tumulus is to the antiquary what a railway cutting through an aqueous strata is to the geologist." ("Age of the Saints," Preface, p. viii. ; "NaBnia CornubiaB," p. 3.) It is possible that the recent discoveries of Colonel Rice in a district in North Kerry may result in proving the so-called Lios there to be a barrow like that at Chapel Euny in Cornwall. ("Naenia Cornubias," p. 77.) Professor Max Miiller told Mr. Borlase that if he wished to understand Cornish antiquities he must study those of Ireland.
Having written to Mr. Lynch about my change of opinion on the nature of the site of Kilelton church, and given some of my reasons for that change, he wrote to me in August, 1897, as follows : —
" It is strange that Mr. "W. C. Borlase did not note "Windele's very important statement about Kilelton. ... I noticed the standing-stones you refer to around the site of the old church there. Your point is a very good one, and your argu- ments in its favour are very strong ; and as to you alone belongs all the credit of having brought this interesting old church to light (I was well pleased to be only of some small assistance in exploring it), you should certainly call attention in the Journal to your change of opinion as to the nature of the site, and its being not a lios, but a tumulus."
Mr. Lynch makes too light an estimate of his own valuable plans and sketches, etc., at Kilelton, and too high a one of my rediscovery, rather
1 In Brittany Christian churches of the present day stand on the site of pagan graves. (See Mrs. Macquoid's " Through Brittany" for the difficulty, in the last century, the bishops had in eradicating stone worship in that province.)
312 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
than discovery, of the primitive ruined church. Save for the three or four lines in Windele's account of his ascent of Cahirconree in 1840, where he just noticed the little ruin at foot of the great mountain, I should never probably have been led to examine it. Certainly no one else ever noted his few words on the subject, which in 1880, forty years after he wrote them, made me go there and have a good photograph of the ruin taken for the Journal. Circumstances over which I had no control delayed the publication of my paper and the photograph until July, 1889, when it appeared supplemented by Mr. Lynch's very valuable sketches and plans. I understand he has now a paper in preparation on Cahir- conree with a photograph of the artificial or natural (as some say) cahir or collection of huge stones on its summit. This is likely to be my last paper on the antiquities of Kerry or any other subject for the Journal, age and failing health forbidding me to attempt more ; but I trust to live to see Mr. Lynch's paper in print, feeling assured it will be interesting and valuable. Although he is to me personally a stranger, I, like other members of the 11. S.A.I., am well acquainted with his work as an archaB- ologist. I trust also that Mr. W. C. Borlase may once again visit Glen- fas and examine the old ruin at Kilelton. I rather think there is no churchyard at the ruin, and that the people of the little village bury their dead at Annagh, so that it may not be impossible to dig into the tumulus and explore the ground under the church.
I ought to mention that on the Elizabethan map of lands around Tralee in 1587, preserved in the Public Record Office, London, a copy of which I had made for the Journal in 1879, Kilelton is marked Kilelty. This may have been merely an English mapmaker's misprint, but it is possible that is a corrupt survival of the pre-Christian name of the town- land Coill-Eilte the wood of the doe (see Joyce's " Irish Place-Names," 1st Series, pp. 290 and 42 7), which, in the fifth or sixth century, became Kileltan, a Saint Eltan's Church. See an interesting paper in the Journal in 1894, by llev. D. O'Donoghue, P.P. of Ardfert, and Hon. Local Secre- tary for Kerry. Mr. Borlase writes in his "Dolmens of Ireland" of Glen Scoheen as " adjoining" Camp and Kilelton, and close to the Finglas river, but in truth Glen Scoheen is very distant from either townland of Glenfas. And he seems, like many others, to have forgotten or overlooked the fact that there are two rivers popularly known by the name of Finglas ; one running through the west part of Glenfas, and one seven or ten miles east of it in Glenschoheen. Curry, I think, doubts that the former was anciently known as Finglas, but this is a question on which I cannot venture to express an opinion. Mr. Lynch may help to solve it. The mythic Fin Mac Cuil has a table and a chair, huge blocks of stone, above Glenfas, and the people have many legends about him. The Yen. Archdeacon Rowan was largely assisted in his explorations of the antiquities of Glenfas by the llev. John Casey, a learned parish priest of Kerry in 1857.
KILELTON IN GLENFAS. 313
I may conclude this paper by reprinting the Archdeacon's graceful and patriotic lines on this old historic glen, whose associations ought not to sink into oblivion. These lines were written after a rather lengthened tour in France and Italy.
ON REVISITING GLENAISH, January 1st, 1854,
There's a deep joy I cannot speak
Springs up within me, as again Thy'fresh breeze strikes upon my cheek,
My own wild, lonesome mountain glen ; Thy river sends its gentle hrawl
Like friendly words upon my ear, And from thy hoarse -voiced waterfall
Something like welcoming I hear.
Old rugged mountain range once more
I hail your furrowed heath-clad face ! True, since our communing before,
I've looked on many a foreign grace — Graces which men say they have found
Their truant hearts from home -ties stealing ; Yet trust me, ne'er on foreign ground,
Felt I one loosened homestead feeling.
I saw the vine -clad hills of France,
And climhed the steep Vesuvian mount, Then laid me down in classic trance
By Numa's Roman nymph-named fount. The southern sunshine brightly fell
On classic lands and hills of vine ; I loved its glow, but would not dwell
Away from this dear glen of mine.
"What tie is this ? so strong, so strange,
Which distance strengthens, time can't part — A "lengthening chain," where'er we range,
Linking mute nature and man's heart ; A chain which gold nor makes nor buys,
"Which lives through want, can time withstand. What is it ? alljthe magic lies
In three short words — " OUR NATIVE LAND."
314
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE LAKE AND CHURCH OF KILMAKILLOGE, THE ANCIENT CHURCH, HOLY WELL, AND BULLlN-STONE OP TEMPLE FEAGHNA, AND THE HOLY WELL AND SHRINE AT SAINT FINAN'S, COUNTY KERRY.
BY FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, M.R.I.A., FELLOW. [Read OCTOBER 11, 1898.]
LAST July, during the Conference of the Irish Field Club Union in Kenmare, I found opportunities to visit the interesting pre-Chris- tian and Christian remains at Kilmakilloge and Feaghna in the ancient kingdom of Kerry. The former is situated in a townland of the same name close to the little harbour of Bunaw, on the Kenmare river, in the parish of Tuosist, the latter in the townland of Garranes in the adjacent parish of Kilcaskan, and both in the barony of Glanarought. I visited Kilmakilloge on Friday, the 8th July, the second day of the
•N&1I&. a-y^icK
\J „ r_f
<r^p g fffio7' ri plap
^xfalB
illoaECfe/fete^
Patron held there, and was well rewarded for my visit. I have ridden over many of the roads in Ireland, but for beauty and variety of scenery. I have travelled none to surpass in grandeur the road from Kenmare to Bunaw, along the coast of the Kenmare river. Not far from Kenmare, between the road and the sea, I noted a small stone circle, then a little further, on a height above the shore, the ruins of Ardea Castle, once a stronghold of the O'Sullivans. Part of the extensive keep has tumbled into the sea, being undermined by the action of the waves. The
BULLAN STONE, FEAGHNA, Co. KERRY.
Photo by Mr. J. St. J. Phillips.
SAINT FINAN'S HOLY WELL, KENMARE. Photo by Mr. R. Welch.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. viii., pt. 4, p. 314.
CHURCH OF KILMAKILLOGE, ETC., CO. KERRY. 315
numerous islands enhance the variety of the scene, and upon this hot summer day the blueness of the water rivalled Lake Como in its inten- sity. The ancient church of Kilmakilloge stands on a rocky eminence a little north of Bunaw, and at it I made my first considerable halt. Its architecture leads me to consider it a twelfth century structure — its medium size, rude masonry, narrow east window, with a smaller one in the south wall, and its round-headed south door, all confirm this view. Its interior length is 37 feet, and its breadth 15 feet, the walls being 2 feet 7 inches thick. There is a small opening high up in the western gable and a rude ambry in the north wall close to the east end. Some faint mouldings can still be traced on the exterior stones of the east window, which was only about 6 inches wide on the outside and 55 inches splayed inside and 38£ inches high. The south window has lost its top stone, but appears to have been square-headed — it was 6 inches wide outside, splayed to 27 inches inside. The ambry is 27 inches wide and 1 6 inches high. Burials have been very numerous in the interior of the church, and many bones and portions of coffins are strewn about, in fact rude earn burial seems to be a common practice, as I observed in many cases that a heap of stones or a rude slab were placed over the coffins, which in one instance had become displaced, allowing the leg bones to protrude. The grave stones clearly denote the overwhelming pro- portion of 0' Sullivan to any other name, ana one curious monument to the east of the church bears an inscription worth recording. This monu- ment is a high square altar tomb, raised on steps and supported on four caryed pillars, the intervening spaces being filled with stone panels. On the east end is the following inscription : —
i - H - s
THIS
MONUMENT CONTAINS THE LAST REMAINS
OF THE LATE Mc FININ DIJFFE
HE DEPD THIS LIFE THE 1 DAY
OF SEPT. 1809 AGED 53 TEARS
PATER PATRIE.
Now this McFinin Duffe was a remarkable man in many ways; although the description Pater Patrie may be a little high sounding, yet his fame still survives in the land. He was an O'Sullivan, the last of his line, although the epitaph omits the family name, and only gives his local designation, McFinin Duffe. One of the old stock, an O'Sullivan, on his way to the Patron, came and chatted with me for some time, " knowing," as he said, " I was a stranger in these parts, and appeared
JOUR. R.S.A.I., VOL, VIII., PT, IV., 5TH 8F.R. Z
316
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
to faiicy the place." He told me " McFinin Duffe had a commission in the army, and was a great gentleman, the head of all the people here- abouts, and had the power of getting off a prisoner from capital punish -
ment every Assize," and my informant gave two instances, with names, of this "being done. Lord Lansdowne now owns this O'Sullivan land.
CHUHCH OF KILMAKILLOGE, ETC., CO. KEKRY.
317
IPFinin Duffe was found dead .beside his horse at llathcahill, in the county of Limerick, whether the result of foul play or an accident was never known. His funeral from lluthcahill to Kilmakilloge was a huge pageant, all the country taking part in it. From the old church a short walk south to a hollow swamp beside the rocky knoll brought me to the holy lake of Saint Mochionlane, and here was a great concourse of people, although not so many, I was informed, as on the previous day, the first of the Patron. I had heard that there had been some fun the first day and a little fighting, but I was too late for this, and saw none, and no evidence of any save one lad who was being taken to Kenmare on a cart with a very badly smashed face and head. The lake itself is a poor swampy looking place in the middle of soft turfy ground, with the site, now scarcely noticeable, of an ancient cloghaun or hermitage on the east side.
Kilmakilloge Church and Lake (N.W. view of Church).
Around the edges of the lake are hummocks of grass, which it is said move about in the water in a miraculous way, for what reason I failed to discover. I saw none of this levity on their part, except when I incautiously stepped upon one from the bank, and then something did happen, but it was to myself. The Rev. Daniel O'Donaghue of Ardfert, our Hon. Secretary for South Kerry, writes to me as follows : —
" Lough Mochionlane seems to be the proper form of the name of this curious lake, and it is also commonly called Lough Cuiniann. O' Donovan in his Kerry letters writes the name in this way, and says it means the Lake of St. Mokilloge, or St. Killian, whose ancient church .stands in ruins in the vicinity.
" I visited this lake about forty years ago, when I was curate in the .adjoining parish of Kenmare, having heard much of its extraordinary
Z2
318 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
phenomena, and the legends about them. The then curate of Tuosist accompanied me in my visit, and we spent some hours examining the lake and its surroundings, especially those singular clumps or masses of luxuriant reedy growth on its banks, known as the Tussachs. On the day of my visit I counted five of those on the side of the lake adjoining the ancient hermitage, the ruins of which remain on a rising ground beside the lake. Those tussachs I saw were of various sizes, and appa- rently of various ages and stages of growth, some clinging closely to the border of the water, some partly afloat and detached, but one, the largest of them, about 4 feet long and 3 feet wide, was quite detached from the bank and afloat on the water. While I was looking on, a young lad from the locality came up, having in his hand a long pole, which he- brought from a boat on the neighbouring sea-shore, and he volunteered to board this large tussach and push out with his pole, into the deep. He floated pleasantly for a while, but he had pushed too far, beyond the reach of the pole, and soon found himself near the centre of the deep pool, becalmed and motionless, without any means of working back the tussach to the bank. Here he had to remain for some time longer than he bargained for, and though he was full of courage he was plainly uneasy and at his wits' end for a way to get back. I told him to work his pole as a paddle towards the bank, and by doing so he gradually moved his singular float to its former place, to which it seemed to be anchored by long fibrous roots passing into the depths of the lake. He did not venture to get afloat again, and we had no further motion of any of the other tussachs. The growth and formation of these is very strange and curious. They spring from the bank of the lake, which is a mass of reeds, sedges, and peat, overhanging the water, and from which many fibrous knarled roots strike into the mud below. From the edges of this bank the tussachs have their birth. They gradually increase in size, until they, by their weight and the action of the winds on the reeds growing upon them, are detached from the bank and get afloat on the lake, where they float for years, moving about occasionally, until in the course of gradual decay, they lose their buoyancy and sink to the bottom, which they are, no doubt, slowly but surely silting up. The depth of the lake has not, as far as I know, been properly fathomed, or sounded, at any time, but it is remarkably deep for a lake of its dimensions.
"The most rational explanation I have seen of the curious pheno- mena of the tussachs is given by Dr. Smith in his ' City and County of Cork 7 (vol. i., p. 275) in a note on a lake in the parish of Kilmaceba. He quotes from Dr. E. Halley, in the Philosophical Transactions, who wrote about some lakes of this kind in Wales. He says ' that he was on board a floating island in one of them. The lake being scarce half a mile about, environed with a boggy, turfy soil, a piece of which, about six yards long and four broad, floated on the water, being five or six inches above it, but more than eighteen inches deep within the water, having broad,.
CHURCH OF KILMAKILLOGE, ETC., CO. KERRY. 319
•spreading, fungous roots on its sides, the lightness of which buoys it up.' '
This description fits in perfectly with the large tussach the Tuosist lad floated on Loch Kinlane, and explains its buoyancy satisfactorily.
The following extract is from a MS. history of Kerry, written in 1754 l)y a priest of the 0' Sullivan sept : —
^ Loch Macinlane, i.e., the lake of St. Matalogm, in that part of Glanaroch, called Tuosist, is very remarkable for pilgrimaging and devo- tion, especially on the Patron days, in the parish of said Tuosist, and •several pieces or parcels of the banks of said loch, to the size of a large sheaf of wheat, and some larger, separate themselves from said banks, generally to the number of six, seven, or nine, which, without either storm, flood, or wind, go in motion, sailing from one side to the other, where they close into the bank in such a manner as that no distinction can be made. They are called by the inhabitants of said place Tussocks.
" I have seen of them but three in such motion as aforesaid, and on such a still and calm day that I could not imagine a breeze of wind strong enough to blow a feather from one side of the loch to the other. . . . One of the said Tussocks goes seemingly lame or limping, which is called the ' Lame Tussock,' occasioned, as is generally reported, by a soldier going by the loch, who threw his pike or spear thereat, and thus caused that limping. 'Tis further reported still in the neighbourhood that said soldier was drowned soon after in the rivulet flowing from the lake.
" It is certain that a good many sick people own to having improved in their healths at the loch, where the motions of said tussocks are by many, besides the natives of that country, taken to be miraculous ; but the secret thereof I can't presume to define." 1
The approach to the lake was lined with beggars who freely offered their prayers for a small gratuity, and seemed to understand that the visitor would derive no benefit until he parted with some of the current coin of the realm as a sort of offering.
1 saw very few men at their devotions, but many women and girls travelling around the lake and kneeling on its margins and bathing different portions of their bodies in its waters. The adjoining rocky knoll was much used for going round, some on their feet, others on their knees using their Rosaries. At one side they stopped and knelt, facing the summit in front of them ; some poor creatures, women, girls, and
1 The lake is also mentioned in "Historic Catholicse Iberniae," cap. viii., De Ibemiae mirandis, where the following statement is given from the pen of IX Philippe O'Sullevano Bearro : —
" In Bearrae principatu tres cespites virides et juncosi solent nare durante patrum nostrorum memoria, et saturni diebus praecipitante sole, sese conferre in illam stagni oram, quae proximo sacello propinquior est, indidemque redire diebus solis sub ves- peram, etiamsi ventus ad versus spiret."
320 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
children, were extended, as if dead or sleeping, with sores and diseased portions of their bodies displayed to view in the glaring sunlight, a pitiable sight to see. At this place Mass was formerly said.
From the Holy Lake I turned to Bunaw ; now Bunaw is a very small place, consisting of a public-house and a small harbour. The latter was the landing-place for numerous boats crossing the river from different places, affording a very picturesque sight — the towering mountains and the glistening waters, with the long boats, crowded with occupants bent on piety or pleasure, or a mixture of both. The public-house, owned by an 0' Sullivan, had great booths thrown out on every hand, and still seemed unequal to supply the pressing demands for porter. This hostelry was the centre of the Patron ; for every one I saw at the holy water I saw ten drinking porter. Along the road were lines of tents with oranges, lemonade, gingerbread and religious articles, with hundreds of people moving about amongst them until the music was started and the dancing commenced. There were also numerous games of chance, thimblerigging, roulette, and card tricks. Many people were .drunk, and there was a good deal of fooling and indiscriminate courting.
I was not favourably impressed with a Kerry Patron, and I much fear that if things are now as they used to be, the old romancists only stated facts when describing such scenes.
On a later day I visited Temple Feaghna1 (Cearnpull peachna), where there was less life on the ground, but more of genuine interest. On. this occasion I was lucky in falling in with a young peasant, John O'Shea, a youth shy at first, but as I subsequently found, intelligent and full of interest. He informed me of many things I could not otherwise have known. Yery little of the old church of Feaghna remains, a mere frag- ment of the east wall ; but the churchyard is still a favourite place of burial, particularly by the O'Shea family, of which my informant was
1 The following account of Feaghna was told to me by John O'Shea, of Garranes : —
"Feaghna was founded in 363 by Saint Feagbna, who lived at Ross Carbery, in Cork. He had six brothers, all of whom were priests, and became bishops, and founded several other churches, including Kilmakilloge, in Tuosist, and Killmacumoge,. in Kealkill, and others throughout Munster. The saint only visited Feaghna every three months to say Mass, arid every three years for confirmation. He held the farm adjoining Feaghna as a glebe, and had a woman there to mind the cows and make the butter ; but suspecting her honesty, he came purposely to watch her, and found that she went to Dunmanway market to sell the stolen butter, there being no nearer market. The saint could not stand this, and so he turned the dishonest women into a stone beside the road where she was passing, and changed the butter-rolls into pebbles, and placed them near the church, where they can still be seen. The churn and the other vessels that were used in the butter-making were also turned into stone, and placed beside the butter- rolls, where some of them were found when the field was being tilled.
" The woman had forgotten to leave the rope behind which she used to tie cross cows with, and the stake to which it was attached grew into a tree, and is there at the present day."
This most remarkable legendary account of Feaghna is fully believed by the peasantry, and has numerous features which makes it well worth recording, as they give rise to much speculation as to primitive manners and beliefs.
CHUECH OF KILMAKILLOGE, ETC., CO. KERRY. 321
a very excellent sample. Two in particular of the tombstones in the churchyard bear remarkable sculptures ; both are O'Shea graves, bearing the dates 1815 and 1816. The mixture of the secular and the sacred elements in the larger one is very remarkable. I consider them both excellent examples, although debased, of the survival of the ancient Irish custom of blending symbolically the particular characteristics of deceased or his family with the most sacred symbols of his religion. The art is native, done by a local sculptor from instructions, or of his own invention.
A Patron is held here on Good Friday, Saturday, and Easter Sunday. A visitor commences his devotions at a low stone in the middle of the south wall of the old church, where he makes a cross with a pebble on the slab (which is quite worn with such marking), then he goes around the church three times, then halts at a rude shrine in the east wall, after which he goes to the graves of his relatives, then to the holy well, and finally to the bullan stone to the south of the church. The well, Tober- feaghna, almost dry when I saw it, lies to the east of the church across the road, but by far the most interesting feature of the place is the bul- lan rock, if I may so describe it. This rock appears to be in its natural site on a sloping bank, the north side is level with the earth, and the south side about 3 feet 6 inches high above the earth. Upon its surface are eight holes or depressions varying in size, two or three of them being very slight, and three or four of them good sized basins. In each cavity is a worn oval pebble resembling and locally known as " butter lumps." In the centre is the upper half of a quern, found not long ago in a neigh- bouring field, but having nothing to do with other stones. "When the devotees arrive at this rock they sometimes move these stones and other- wise use them, but do not take them away, in fact it is firmly believed that they could not be taken away. Several have tried to do so but always failed, the stones being found in their places next morning. One time a young shopboy from Kenmare took one of them, but his horse would not cross the bridge out of the parish, so he deemed it wise to leave it back again. As I only had a bicycle I tried no such tricks, and had a smooth passage home. This rock is 7 feet 2 inches by 6 feet 10 inches on its surface, and the larger basins are about 13^ in diameter by about 5 inches or 6 inches deep.1 The present bullan seems to me to be u very remarkable example, something intermediate between what one sees in Inismurry, where the altars are covered with pebbles, and an ordinary bullan stone which may have been first used for domestic pur- poses before a sacred use attached to it, first pagan and then Christian. Temple Feaghna lies east of the Sheen river, with Coomeelan stream to
1 See " On the Bull^n as found in Ireland," by "W. F. "Wakeman (Proc. R.I.A., 3rd Series, vol. i., p. 257) ; also Paper by Miss Hickson, in Journal £. S.A.I., vol. i., 5th Series, Part i.
322
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the south, where there is a waterfall close to Drehidoughteragh bridge, Deelish mountain, 1242 feet high, overtopping the lovely intervening valley of Commeen Shroule. The Baurearagh river and the Coomeelan
A
""^ 4"7 -
IN d
stream unite at Gearha to form the Sheen river the bridge over which at Drumagorteen, on the road between Kenmare and Glengariff, leads to Temple Feaghna.
CHURCH OF KILMAKILLOGE, ETC., CO. KERRV. 323
In conclusion, when dealing with the Kenmare district, Ijaddj|a word or two about Saint Finan's old chnrch and holy well at Sheen bridge. The graveyard here is a large overcrowded place, with the ruins of a small church close to the shore, and a holy well on the shore itself with the sea ebbing in and out of it, so that it can only be approached at low tide. This well is much frequented, and many votive offerings are placed around ; on the top of a slab over the well crosses are marked by the worshippers with a pebble, the same as at Feaghna, the stone being quite worn with the custom. The little east window of the ruined church has been made into a shrine, and is much use I as a place for prayer. On the sill is a great variety of objects, a small figure of the Virgin in delf is placed in the centre, and around that image are fragments of human bones, broken rosaries, and old scapulars, coins, beads, trinkets, buckles, buttons, crucifixes, and a great number of small personal trifles, all worn and battered and of no intrinsic value. The various reasons for their being placed here are only known to the donors, if even to them, and the custom is doubtless a survival of some old-world idea. I wish to express my indebtedness to my friends, Messrs. K. J. Welch and J. St. J. Phillips, for the photographs, and Mr. W. J. Fennell for the measured drawings from which this Paper is illustrated.
Mi\ P. J. Lynch, Hon. Provincial Secretary, Munster, contributes the following interesting note on Kilmakilloge : —
The original church of Kilmakilloge, to which the existing east and south windows, and possibly the door, belong, was much smaller than the present structure. The original work, which is of an archaic character, remains to be seen on the east and south walls, and the church would appear to have measured about 21 feet by 13 feet 6 inches wide. The roof had a very quick pitch — which can be traced on the exterior of the east gable — with the peculiar gargoyle-like brackets projecting from the corners of gables, which have been preserved.1 This church, from the extreme plain- ness of its Romanesque details, I should say was a little earlier than the twelfth century, as this period may be considered as affording the best examples of the Hiberno-Romanesque style. At a subsequent period, this church was increased in width and length to its present dimensions, and roofed to a lesser pitch; the door, which was, no doubt, in the west end originally, and I am inclined to think had a square head, being then altered and placed in its present position, and the east window moved to the centre : this last alteration may be seen on the inside. This arrangement, by which a space is left to the west end of the church, together with the fact of a window being formed high up in
1 "Early Christian Architecture," by Miss Stokes, p. 46.
324 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the west gable, would suggest provision being made for some residential accommodation at the west end, though most of the other details usually found in connexion with such an arrangement cannot now be traced here.
Some of the incidents described by J. A. Eroude, in " The Two Chiefs of Dunboy," relate to this locality : amongst others the funeral of a Macfinian Dhu, in the 18th century. Macfinian Dubh was a branch of the 0' Sullivan Bear family. Miss Hickson1 describes how Tuosist was restored to the O'Sullivans. I believe that, for want of proper regis- tration of title, it reverted to Lord Lansdowne, the representative of Sir William Petty.
The ruin of the oratory of St. Killian stands on a grassy knoll about fifty yards south of the lake. The portion remaining is filled in nearly level with debris and soil, but the interior area is defined, and measures, where exposed, 15 feet 6 inches by 10 feet, lying east and west. The door cannot be seen.
The land on the south and east banks of this lake, for from fifteen to twenty yards, is a floating bog. The line of separation can be seen on the surface ; and I was informed by the farmer who holds the field, that it lifts in time of floods, and the tussachs move also. These tussachs (three) are large ; one measures about 30 feet by 10 feet.
1 Journal R. S.A.I., vol. i., 5th Series, Part i.
( 325 )
NOTES ON DUNBEG FORT, COUNTY KERRY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTION BY GEORGE Y. DU NOYER.1
BY P. J. LYNCH, M.E. I.A.I., FELLOW, HON. PROVINCIAL SECRETARY,
MUNSTER.
[Submitted NOVEMBER 29, 1898.]
Du Noyer visited this fort in 1856, the entrance was partly filled up with debris, and did not admit of the same accurate measurement and examination in detail, as may he made since the repairs were executed. His description, therefore, does not agree, in some respects, with the accompanying drawings, prepared from measurements recently taken hy me.
Du Noyer's plan shows the fort as a straight line across the headland. This is not strictly correct as the line of the wall is curved towards the eastern end. The original wall extended, no doubt, very much farther in this direction — presumably a continuation of the curve — than at pre- sent, as the sea is encroaching on this coast. On portions of it, to my own knowledge, as much as from eight to ten feet of land has disappeared within twenty years. Last year portion of the western end of the fort wall fell away from the same cause ; so, judging by experience, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the area of ground, originally enclosed by the wall, was very much larger than at present.
The plan in the Archaeological Journal shows the wall as joining the eastern cliff. At present there is a passage between the fort and the cliff at this end — formed, no doubt, by the removal of the stones byroad con- tractors, and for building purposes. An old man whom I questioned on this point, informed me that he remembered " hundreds of tons of stones " being taken out of it. The return portion of eastern end, shown on my drawing, is not a part of the original fort ; a similar block of stonework was formed at the western end, but has disappeared with the recent landslip.
There are now no traces of the walls along the west cliff, or end of headland, shown on Du Noyer's plan ; but, having regard to the sea en- croachment before referred to, it is safe to conjecture that these formed no portion of the original fort.
The original entrance was 7 feet wide on ground line, reducing towards the lintel in the usual way. It was reduced to 3 feet 6 inches
1 Published in the Archaeological Journal, vol. xv.
C
3 C
fosse
fifify*-^ ?•*•"" Xa~<.4-<*' &/»<«*,'*?
Plan of Dtmbeg Fort, Co. Kerry.
[320]
SUCTION ON LINE B B
PL»N ar ENTRANCE
Scan of fecr
Sections of "Wall and Plan of Entrance, Dunbeg Fort, Co. Kerry.
[327]
328 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
wide, and an additional barricade formed, at the same time that the rampart was strengthened by an additional thickness, measuring 7 feet 4 inches at base. Portions of this stonework, for reducing the doorway, have been removed from the inside, the remaining stones forming what Du ISToyer mistook for a seat in the passage (see section). The portion of the filling remaining still covers the original " squint " from guard-room to left of entrance (standing outside). These " squints," at both sides, 8 inches square, are very regularly formed in the stonework. The entrances to both " guard-rooms " are from the area of the fort. The opening into the passage from the guard-room to the right of entrance, mistaken by Du Noyer for a door, was to take the rough-hewn log of timber, which was fixed across the passage, behind the barricade, to defend the entrance. A similar open- ing, at opposite side, is shown on section through entrance. This room, at the right, must have been formed chiefly for the purpose of wedging against the end of the log when fixed in position, across the passage. "When the fort was open, this barrier lay in the recess formed in the wall of the fort, and was drawn across when required. The plan explains this more clearly.
The two narrow passages in the thickness of the wall, described by Du Noyer, and shown on his plan, do not exist. "What he mistook for passages were recesses, similar to those last described, to take a cross barrier fixed inside the outer barricade. On the left hand this recess stops at 8 feet, while on the right, where the barrier lay when not in use, I traced it for 25 feet. As a proof of its purpose, when examining the top of the wall, I noticed a circular opening, or well -hole, communi- cating with the recess underneath, and which enabled the defenders to wedge the end of the log, without which it would, of course, be useless for defence purposes. This hole was probably filled up with stones after the barrier was secured in position.
The rampart was also strengthened at the eastern end, which is not shown on Du foyer's plan.
I have accurately shown the remains of the stone gateway in each vallum.
The subterranean passage, from entrance outwards, as indicated by the dotted lines on plan, is not referred to by Du Noyer. It was discovered when the fort was being repaired recently.
The cloghaun, inside fort, is drawn as it now stands, after recent repairs. It differs in plan from what Du Noyer supposed it to be. The plan — one side of chamber being curved, and three sides straight — is unique. I have measured most of the cloghauns at Fahan now remain- ing, and hope to send some notes and plans of them at a future date.
( 329 )
MOUNT MEKBION AND ITS HISTORY.
BY FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.R.I.A. [Bead OCTOBER 11, 1898.}
"IVTouNT MERRION, the Irish seat of the Earl of Pembroke and Mont- gomery, can compare with many of the great places of England, and has few rivals in this country. Entering by the high gates, on the road from Dublin to Sfcillorgan, a straight drive, with wide borders of closely shaved grass and rows of lofty elms on either side, leads to the picturesque house, with its quaint old fashioned windows peeping through verdure of every kind. Across the gravel sweep stand the great stables, which form three sides of a square, and further south we enter the gardens through gates which recall the father of the present owner, the lamented Lord Herbert of Lea, whose monogram they bear. Beyond a smooth lawn, lies to the west a thick wood, intersected by winding walks, and adorned with structures of various kinds, while through the park stretch away two drives, 'one, now disused and grass- grown, leading under an archway of noble trees, to Foster's Avenue, and the other commanding lovely views of Dublin and its bay, leading to Mount Anville and Dundrum.
The lands on which Mount Merrion stands are probably those which were known at the time of the Norman Conquest as Cnocro, or the red hill, and which were then granted to Walter de Bideleford, Lord of Bray, one of the most valiant of the invaders,1 together with a large extent of the surrounding country.2
Subsequently they appear to have formed part of the townland of Owenstown,3 and in 1532 we find the hill of Owenstown, or Mount Merrion, selected as the place of assembly for a hosting of the levies of the county Dublin, or review of the archers and horsemen, whom the proprietors, who held their land by military tenure, were bound to raise.4
1 See " The Complete Peerage," vol. i., p. xiii., and Mills's "Norman Settlement in Leinster " in the Journal for 1894, pp. 163-65.
2 See a deed in the Christ Church collection by which Walter de Rideleford con- veys a carucate of land in Donnybrook, near the highway from Dublin to Thorncastle, adjoining his land of Cnockro, " 23rd Rep. Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Ireland,?' p. 80. With regard to the identification of the lands on which Mount Merrion stands I am indebted, for much assistance, to M. J. M'Enery, Esq., of the Public Record Office.
3 In the map of the parish of Taney in the "Down Survey," preserved in the Public Record Office, Owenstown appears to have included the greater part of the lands of Mount Merrion.
4 See D'Alton's " History of the County Dublin," p. 701.
330 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
In the fourteenth century, Owenstown, together with the manors of Dundrum, Thorncastle, Merrion, and Bagotrath came into the possession of the Fitzwilliam family, from which Lord Pembroke is descended in the female line. The first member of the family to settle in Ireland is said to have come over with King John, and we find in the succeeding centuries many of his descendants occupying prominent positions. In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Thomas Fitzwilliam, who was then in possession of the estates, and occupying the great castle which his ancestors had built near the seashore at Merrion, where the Asylum for the Female Blind now stands,1 was raised by Charles I. to the peerage, as Baron Fitzwilliam of Thorncastle, and Yiscount Fitzwilliam of Merrion, in consideration of the nobility and antiquity of the family from which he was descended in England, and of the services rendered to the Crown, both in peace and war, by himself and his ancestors. During the rebellion he was apparently loyal to the English Govern- ment, and it was to his castle at Merrion that Sir Simon Harcourt was brought, after he had received his mortal wounds at the storming of "Walsh's Castle at Carrickmines. With his two sons he went subsequently to the assistance of Charles I., and after the restoration, his son Oliver, then 2nd Viscount Fitzwilliam, was raised to the dignity of an Earl, under the title of Tyrconnel. On his death, as he had no children, the earldom became extinct, and his brother 2 succeeded to his other titles. They passed a few years later to his brother's son, Thomas, the 4th Yiscount, who joined the army of James II., and displayed more bravery than did many of that monarch's followers.3 By his wife Mary,4 daughter of Sir Philip Stapleton, a sturdy and prominent parliamentarian,5 he had a son Bichard, who succeeded, on his father's death, in 1704, to the estates and titles.6
Richard, 5th Yiscount Fitzwilliam, was probably educated in Eng- land and found a wife there, a daughter of Sir John Shelley, Bart.,7 about the time of his father's death. Some years later he was, however, in- duced to come to this country— probably through a desire for political life
1 In his grandfather's time, Sir Henry Sidney made frcm it, having come there from Dalkey where he had landed, his entry as Lord Deputy into Dublin. During the civil war the castle fell into decay, hut must have been restored by Thomas
-Fitzwilliam's son, the Earl of Tyrconnel, as he was residing there at the time of his death. Harris's "History of Dublin," p. 35 ; Lodge's " Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica," vol. ii., pp. 529-68; Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 51. Some portion of the old castle is, I believe, to be found in the present buildings.
2 "William, 3rd Yiscount Fitzwilliam. For a curious and most interesting account of his funeral expenses see Blacker's "Sketches of Booterstown," p. 314.
s See " Hist. MSS. Com., 10th Rep.," App., Pt. v., p. 161.
4 There is a picture of her, and also one of her husband, in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge.
5 See notice of him in " Dictionary of National Biography."
6 For further information as to the* Fitzwilliams see Lodge's " Peerage of Ireland," edited by Archdall, vol. iv., pp. 306-21, and Blacker's "Sketches of Booterstown," pp. 108-14, et passim.
7 Portraits of her and of her husband are in the Fitzwilliam Museum.
MOUNT MERRION AND ITS HISTORY. 331
— and, having taken his seat in the Irish House of Lords at the beginning of the session of 1710, he became one of the most constant attendants at its proceedings.1 He took a house in Dublin,2 and, as the castle at Merrion had become uninhabitable, commenced to build Mount Merrion as a country residence. No part of his property afforded a more beautiful site, and probably, though most of the present trees date, I think, from that time, it was not even then devoid of timber. The back portion of the present house is built in the same style of architecture as the stables, which bear the date 171 1,3 and was evidently the whole of the original structure. Though small, it contained one or two fine rooms, now divided, and its deep window-seats, curious door-frames, and moulded cornices, show it to have been a handsome dwelling.
The Archbishop of Dublin, the learned and good "William King, who was numbered amongst Lord Fitzwilliam' s friends, availed himself on more than one occasion4 of the calm and repose which Mount Merrion afforded for literary work. At the time of Queen Anne's death he was staying there, and seeking relief in the revision of one of his books5 from the annoyance to which he was subjected as a supporter of the succession of the House of Hanover, and from his many other cares — the non-residence of his episcopal brethren and of many of the clergy, the want of churches and of money to pay clergymen, as in the case of the neighbouring church of Stillorgan, which he had rebuilt, but which was unprovided with a curate,6 and, in a less degree, the management of the choir, which then, as it did until recently, served the two cathedrals, and which he says gave him and the two Deans great ado to keep in order, so different, he adds, is the effect of music on the minds of men in modern times, to what the ancients observed.7 He was not long left undisturbed, however, for soon after the accession of George I. he was appointed, with the Earl of Kildare, then staying close by with his brother-in-law, Colonel Allen, at Stillorgan, a Lord Justice. And one of the first uses they made of their power was to obtain the appoint- ment of their hosts, Lord Fitzwilliam and Colonel Allen, to the Privy Council.8
Lord Fitzwilliam continued to attend assiduously in the Irish House of Lords, excepting during one session, until 1725, when attracted by
1 " Journals of the House of Lords, Ireland."
2 His children were baptized in St. Andrew's parish.
3 On a window frame directly opposite the hall door of 'the house.
4 As will be seen he was there in August and September, 1714, and we find him also dating letters from Mount Merrion in August and September, 1718. See Arch- bishop King's Correspondence in Trinity College Library.
5 " The Inventions oi Man in the Service of God."
6 Stillorgan was one of the churches dependent on Christ Church, and the Arch- bishop's right to visit them was then in dispute. For information as to Stillorgan Church see the Journal for 1898, p. 21, note 4.
7 See letter from King to Dr. Charlett of Oxford, dated February 19, 1714, amongst the Ballard MSS. in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, 10794-33.
8 See Mant's "History of the Church of Ireland," vol. ii., pp. 270-7.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. IV., 5TH 8ER. 2 A
ROYAL 'SOCIETY; "OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the wider field for political life, and probably influenced by his wife's desire to live in her own country,1 he went to reside permanently in England. In 1726 he was returned to the English House of Commons as member for the borough of Fowey in Cornwall,2 and about the saiue time his third son, who is depicted playing with his two brothers in the grounds of Mount Merrion in a large picture now hanging in the drawing- room there, was appointed page of honour to the Prince of Wales, soon, to become George II.,3 and his eldest daughter, who married the 9th Earl of Pembroke, maid of honour to the Princess. She is mentioned by Lady Hervey in describing the ladies of the Court under the guise of books as a volume neatly bound, and well worth perusing, called, " The Lady's Guide on the Whole Art of Dress," and is frequently alluded to by Lord Chesterfield in his letters to Lady Suffolk.4
After a time Mount Merrion was let to one of the Barons of the Exchequer, the Honourable John Wainwright, a judge who is remarkable for having met his death while discharging his official duties. Although an Englishman, promoted direct from the English bar to the Irish bench,5 through the influence of Pelham Holies, Duke of Newcastle, and after- wards Prime Minister, whose schoolfellow he had been at Westminster School,6 and of Mrs. Clayton, the confidential friend of Queen Caroline, whom he styles his guardian angel,7 he soon acquired a high reputation
1 hi a letter written from abroad after her husband's death, to the Duke of New- castle, asking for the release of the Earl of Tyrconnel, of the Biownlow (-real ion, who" had been arrested when accompanying the army of the Pretender, she expresses re- gret tbat her health does not permit her return " to her dear country." See Newcastle Correspondence in British Museum, Add. MS. 32707-386.
a He represented the borough from January, 1726, to 1734, " Parliamentary Return of Members of Parliament."
3 While acting as page of honour to the King he had the misfortune to fall one day with his horse among the coney burrows when the royal family were hunting. "Letters of Henrietta, Countess of Suffolk,'' vol. i., p. 376. In a letter from his brother, the 6th Viscount Fitzwilliam, to the Duke of Newcastle, written in 1759, with regard to him the Viscount says that he had been an officer twenty-seven years, during thirteen of which he was in the cavalry, • and that he served throughout the whole war, he hopes with credit. Erit. Mus. Add. MS. 32889-223-7. For an account of his extraordinary disposal of his property see Blacker 's " Sketches of Booter^town," p. 316.
4 "Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon " by Mrs. Thompson, vol. i., p. 107, and " Letters of Henrietta, Countess of Suffolk," vol. ii., p. 9, and vols. i. and ii. passim.
5 He was a member of Lincoln's Inn, and was appointed to the Irish Exchequer, on the death of Baron Pocklirigton, in June, 1732. He landed in Dublin on August 31. In the previous year he had tried to obtain a seat in the Irish Common Pleas vacant by the death of Mr. Justice Bernard, an ancestor of the Earls of Bandon. Srnyth''s "Law Officers of Ireland," PUB'S Occurrences, Mrs. Thompson's " Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon," p. 86.
6 He went, as a student from Westminster School, to Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1708, and took his B.A. degree in 1712, and his M.A. in 1715. He was appointed a trustee of the Busby trust in Westminster School in 1729. Welsh's " Scholars of Westminster," and Foster's " Alumni Oxonienses."
7 The Duke, whose friendship he retained through life, had previously obtained for him some employment about the Court where he probably made the acquaintance (if Mrs. Clayton. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32692-413. The principal sources of infor- mation about him are his letters, written in a fine bold hand, to the Duke which are preserved in the "Newcastle Correspondence " in the British Museum, and his letters
MOUNT MERRION AND ITS HISTORY. 333
in this country, being in character discerning and discreet, of even temper, and attractive manners, and of a most charitable disposition.1 He was a scholar of no mean attainments, although Mrs. Clayton advised him to let his attempts at English verse cool, and he had hoped to have some leisure here for literary pursuits,2 but he found the Exchequer had more business than any other court, and that his spare time was occupied by attendance at the Castle, on Parliament, and at the Old Bailey, as he calls the City Commission Court, and by the circuits. The latter were to him a dreadful employment, and on the Connaught, which he went frequently, he was often, he says, for fifteen hours a day taking notes of the lives and conversations of robbers and murderers, his only relief being the wild scenery through which he passed.3
In Dublin he had many friends. The great Bishop Berkeley was one of the most intimate. He had known him before his expedition to the Bermudas, and had had some idea of accompanying the Bishop there ; and the inscription on the monument, which Wainwright erected in Chester Cathedral to his father and grandfather, who had both filled the office of Chancellor of that diocese,4 is written by Berkeley.5 On his behalf, before
to Mrs. Clayton, afterwards Lady Sundon (see notice of Lady Sundon in "Diet, of Nat. Biog."), published in her memoirs.
1 See " Verses occasioned by the death of the Hon. Mr. Baron Waiuwright" in Faulkner's Lublin Journal, April 25-28, 1741.
2 Some verses of his were included amongst poems published by his school on the death of Queen Anne. His letters to the Duke of Newcastle constantly contain classical quotations and sometimes original Latin verses. He greatly admired Dr. Friend's dedication of his brother's works (see notice of Robert Friend in " Diet, of Nat. Biog."), and wrote verses upon it. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32688-1.
3 In a letter to the Duke of Newcastle, dated from Mayo on April 18, 1736, he says he is now for the third time on the Connaught circuit, in a country and among people not much removed from a state of nature ; he mentions the mountains of Croagh Patrick andNephin, Joyce's country, where he says the men are of very great stature, though their common food is milk and the hlood of their cattle, Lough Corrib and its fish, particularly the gillaroo trout, and the subterraneous river. "Wainwright delighted in beautiful scenery, and gives in one of his letters an account of the Waterfall at Powerscourt, which he says looks like the moving silks that makes the sea in an opera. In another letter he gives an account of the North-east circuit, and mentions that the country was well cultivated, but not improved, the ruined castles and the scarcity of trees making it appear as if an army had marched through it : any new plantations were of fir, with a few ash trees. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32690-121, 32688-1, 204.
4 His grandfather, John Wainwright, was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1635-51 ; admitted an advocate of Doctor's Commons, 1650 ; appointed Chancellor of Chester Diocese, April, 1661. Fenwick, in his "History of Chester," p. 311, says there is a monument to him in St. Mary's on the Hill, but I could not find it when recently in Chester. His daughter married the Rev. Richard Wright, Curate of Bidston, and Canon of Chester Cathedral. Baron Wainwright' s father, Thomas Wain- wright, became a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, in 1672, and was appointed Chancellor of Chester Diocese in 1682, on the resignation of his father. In accordance with a wish expressed in his will he was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Chester, on October 2, 1720, and left by his wife Rebecca two sons, John, the Baron of the Exchequer, and Thomas, who died in 1721. See Foster's " Alumni Oxonienses,'' Gastrell's "Notitia Cestriensis," vol. i., p. 22, "Cheshire Sheaf," 3rd ser., 1896, p. 35.
5 A copy of the inscription is given in Ormerod's " History of Chester," vol. i., p. 244. The monument, which is a medallion ornamented with foliage, and supported
2 A2
334 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
his appointment to the episcopacy, Wainwright had earnestly solicited Mrs. Clayton's interest,1 and subsequently, through the same channel, he tried to obtain for him the Vice- Chancellorship of Dublin University. The Lord Lieutenant, the Duke of Dorset, was very civil and attentive to the Baron, and his secretary, the well-known Bubb Dodington, sought his advice. The unorthodox Bishop Clayton, a relation of Mrs. Clayton's husband, was his constant companion,2 and we find him dining with Bundle, Bishop of Derry, and meeting other old Westminster boys, including Stone, then Dean of Derry, afterwards Archbishop of Armagh, and Lord Middlesex, the Lord Lieutenant's son.3 "With Swift's friend, Mrs. Pilkington, he was also acquainted, andshe relates in those marvellous memoirs, how, when visiting the Baron and his wife, they praised some verses of hers, believing them to have been written by a girl of twelve years old, and how she lost no time in claiming them as her own, quite forgetting that the age of the author might make a difference in the judgment on their merit.4
After seven years work here Wainwright unsuccessfully sought removal to the English Exchequer.5 He had narrowly escaped being shot by a sheriff's officer at his house in William-street soon after his arrival in this country,6 and was only spared to close his career in almost as terrible a way. The famine, appalling in its severity, which devastated the country in 1740, was followed by fever of the most malignant kind, and in Munster its ravages were especially severe.7 This was the circuit
by figures, was designed by William Kent, whose employment by the Pelham family probably led to his being consulted by "Wainwright. See, for an account of this fashionable oracle, " Dictionary of National Biography."
1 He combats the idea of insanity spread in Ireland by Berkeley's rivals, and says it is an extraordinary thing that a madman should have been employed to write the inscription under the statue of George I. (now in the Lord Mayor's garden), and sent to wait upon George II. when he accepted the Chancellorship of Dublin University. Mrs. Thompson's " Memoirs of the Viscountess Sundon," vol. ii., p. 177. See also mention of Wainwright in Eraser's "Life of Berkeley," p. 215.
2 Mrs. Thompson's " Memoirs of the Viscountess Sundon," vol. ii., p. 221. Also see Mrs. Delany's " Life and Correspondence," vol. i., p. 403.
3 "When Latin verses written by the Duke of Newcastle on tobacco were read by Dean Stone. Wainwright subsequently wrote some on the same subject. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32690-89, 91.
4 "Memoirs of Mrs. Letitia Pilkington," vol. i., p. 73.
5 The appointment was given to Sir James Reynolds, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, an office which Wainwright says was a sinecure. In one of his letters he says — " There is an upright bench of judges, and a learned bar here," and though strongly pressing his own claims he does not depreciate Reynolds' merit. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32692-405, 413, and Mrs. Thompson's "Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon," vol. ii., p. 179.
6 " On Tuesday last one Burnsides, a servant to Henry Hart, Esq., one of the present sheriffs, went in a chair to the house of Mr. Baron Wainwright in "William- street, and pretended he had something of importance to communicate to the baron in private, who brought him into the parlour, but he said that place was not private enough for his business, which gave the baron cause to suspect he had some ill design, and he immediately had him apprehended, and found a brace of pistols loaded in his pockets. He was brought before the Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor who committed him to the Black Dog Prison." Puis Occurrences, May 29-June 2, 1733.
7 See Lecky's " History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century," vol. i., p. 187.
MOUNT MERRION AND ITS HISTORY. 335
which felltoWainwright in the spring of 1741, and in the crowded courts he contracted the fatal disease and was brought up to Mount Merrion to die there a few days later, when only fifty -two years of age. His body was taken to Chester, where it was received with every mark of respect, and was interred with his father's in Holy Trinity Church.1
Almost immediately after "Wainwright's death, Mount Merrion was taken by the Lord Chancellor, Robert Jocelyn, then only two years appointed to that high office. He was an Englishman2 like Wainwright — a grandson of Sir Robert Jocelyn, Bart., of Hyde Hall, in Hertfordshire — hut he had, unlike him, practised at the Irish bar, to which hu was called in Hilary Term, 17 19,3 before receiving office. In the society which his countrymen, who then filled so many of the highest positions in Church and State, made amongst themselves — into which he had the entree — he became acquainted with Dr. Timothy Goodwyn,4 Bishop of Kilmore, and little more than a year after his call to the bar he was married to that prelate's sister-in-law in Kilmore Cathedral.5 To the bishop's influence he owed, no doubt, his return some years later for the borough of Granard,6 which, in conjunction with the all-powerful friend- ship of Philip Yorke, afterwards Lord Hardwicke, and Lord Chancellor of England, with whom he had been in chambers in London,7 led to
1 He arrived in town on April llth, 1741, died on April 14th, and was buried at Chester on April 24th. See Registers of Holy Trinity Church, Pile's Occurrences for April 11—14, and 14-18, and Faulkner'' a Dublin Journal for April 25-28, in which it is stated that, while the body lay at Parkgate, the Dublin yacht had her colours hoisted half-mast high, and as soon as the funeral began to move she fired minute guns, her example being followed by all the ships in the harbour. He left a widow, but no children. In his will he mentions an aunt and cousins called Goodwin, a sister or sister-in-law called Jackson, and his tried friend Thomas Corbett, to whom he leaves his pictures, and expresses a wish that he should leave some of them to Christ Church, Oxford. " Prerogative Will " in Dublin Public Record Office.
2 Bishop Downes writes to Bishop Nicholson on January 15, 1719-20 — " Yesterday four foreign [i.e. of English birth] Bishops, my Lord Chief Baron, Mr. Manley, and Mr. Jocelin, dined with our sister Kildare [the wife of Welbore Ellis, then Bishop of Kildare]." " Letters to and from Bishop Nicholson," vol. ii., p. 502.
3 " Barrister's Oath Rolls " in Dublin Public Record Office. He signed the roll on January 27th. He was admitted in 1709 to Gray's Inn.
4 See notice of him in " Dictionary of National Biography."
5 In his valuable collection of extracts from diocesan and parochial records, my friend the Rev. William Reynell, B.D., has the following entry taken from the Kilmore Grant Book : — " Robert Joslyn of city of Dublin, arm. and Sharlot Anderson, of par. of Kilmore, spinster, M.L., 4 July, 1720." Goodwyn, in bis book plate, has the arms of Anderson joined with his own, and in his will mentions " his dear brother Robert Jocelyn." Also see references to Jocelyn's marriage in " Letters to and from Bishop Nicholson," vol. ii., pp. 525-27. It appears from them that Isaac Manley, the post- master, so frequently mentioned by Swift in his journal to Stella, was a great friend or relative of Goodwyn, and the latter appoints him one of his executors. See "Prero- gative Will of Timothy, Archbishop of'Cashel."
6 He represented Granard from 1725 to 1727, and Newtown, in the county Down, from 1727 to 1739.
7 See Harris's "Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke," vol. i., pp. 27 and 53, et pasxiin. Hardwicke and Jocelyn were about the same age. On Hardwicke's promo- tion to the Attorney -Generalship, Jocelyn writes that he hopes the increase of business may not interrupt his good health, "which every day grows more necessary to the public and not less useful to his friends." Jocelyn certainly benefited much by Hard- wicke's influence, and especially as regards the Chancellorship, when he had for hie
336 EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
his appointment as Third Serjeant,1 and subsequently as Solicitor- and Attorney-General.2
The amiable and charitable disposition of both Jocelyn and his wife3 must have made them most popular in the neighbourhood, in which they had long lived in a house near Donnybrook Green,4 and their continued residence in it must have been gratifying to their friends. Their only child, their son Robert, probably shared in their popularity, for he was fond of country life, and part owner of a pack of hounds, which were kenneled at Kilgobbin. Those were the days of the Kilruddery Hunt, and young Jocelyn, no doubt, often covered the ground which is described in the fine old song.5 The Kilgobbin pack had also their bard, who has described in a wonderful poem, dedicated to young Jocelyn, their sad fate when overwhelmed by a mountain torrent.6
Four years after Jocelyn' s appointment to the Chancellorship he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newport, of Newport, in the county of Tipperary, a place in which we find one of his sisters married and settled.7 In addition to the office of Chancellor, he was invariably one of the Lords Justices, who were then treated with all the state and ceremony of a Lord Lieutenant, and who, owing to the difficulty of communication, were the real rulers of Ireland during his absence. The Lord Lieutenant only stayed in this country while the parliamentary session, which was held every second year, lasted, and thus Jocelyn, for two-thirds of the
rivals Bowes, the Solicitor- General and Sir James Reynolds. This fact may have accounted for Reynolds' promotion to the English Exchequer instead of Wainwright. See ante, p. 334, note 5. The Duke of Newcastle also supported Jocelyn for the Chan- cellorship. See Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32692-356.
J He had previously sought unsuccessfully the post of counsel to the Revenue Com- mission, Harris's" Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke," vol. i., p. 107.
2 While Attorney -General he frequently acted as Judge of Assize, as was' then usual, and we find him in 1730 setting out, in January, for Cork, to try Timothy Croneen and his accomplices for the murder of Mr. Andrew St. Leger and his lady, and on March 17th, trying, at Sligo, with Baron St. Leger, William Ormsby, Esq., for the murder of Catherine Coneghane. Irish Pamphlets in Trinity College Library.
3 In his will Jocelyn desires the charities she had given to he continued during the lives of those to whom she had given weekly and fortnightly allowances.
4 See Slacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 162. It is now known as Ballin- guile, and is the residence of H. B. White, Esq.
5 It will be found in Croker's "Popular Songs of Ireland," Gaskin's "Irish Varieties," and Peek's "Poetry of Sport" in the Badminton Library.
6 "An Elegy on a Pack of Hounds, whose kennel was situated at the foot of Kilgobbin, written at the request of several gentlemen, on the 1st of January, 1748, and in- scribed to the Hon. Mr. Jocelyn, now Earl of Roden, by the late William Chamberlaine,. Esq.," in Sleater's Dublin Chronicle for July 10, 1787.
7 Jocelyn had four sisters, who all married South of Ireland men ; one married Samuel Waller, an ancestor of the Baronets of that name, who settled at Newport ; another William White, of Ballinguile ; a third, Sarah, in 1740, the Rev. Alexander Alcock, Archdeacon of Lismore ; and a fourth, Henry Alcock, Clerk of the House of Commons. From this circumstance, I am inclined to think Jocelyn's parents must, as well as himself, have come to Ireland. My friend, Dr. Alcock, of Innishannon, who has kindly given me much information, says that there were Jocelyns living near Waterford from about the year 1700. Jocelyn, when at the bar, went the Munster circuit.
MOUNT MERRION AND ITS HISTORY. 337
seventeen years during which he held the Great Seal,1 was also one of the chief governors of Ireland. But I cannot now stop to dwell on the troubled and peaceful times during which he earned the reputation amongst his contemporaries of being a great and good Chancellor.2
To Jocelyri's interest in historical research and Irish antiqnities, I must, however, not here omit to refer. It is best known through his having filled for a time the president's chair in a society called the " Physico-Historical Society," which was formed in Dublin in April, 1744, to promote inquiries into the history of our country. The Society had undertaken much, but accomplished little, and when Jocelyn suc- ceeded to the presidency, in November, 1747, it was rapidly declining. The meetings became more and more irregular during the next three years, and, after that, there is only one other meeting — in March, 1752 — recorded in the minute-book.3 The previous presidents had been Lord Southwell and the Earl of Chesterfield, and amongst those who had taken chief interest in the Society were Henry Maule, Bishop of Dromore, and afterwards of Meath ; Bishop Clayton, Dr. Samuel Madden, the philan- thropist ; Thomas Prior, the founder of the Dublin Society ; the curious Dr. Kutty ; John Lodge, of genealogical fame ; Charles Smith, the county historian; and Walter Harris, the editor of Ware's works. The Society had projected descriptions of all the Irish counties : "Fermanagh and Monaghan were actually assigned to Dr. Madden and his former curate, Philip Skelton ; Armagh to two clergymen, called Burton and Hacket ; and Dublin to various persons, of whom Dr. Rutty4 alone displayed any activity. A survey of the latter county was undertaken by Mr. Gabriel Stokes,5 but no map appears to have been made, unless the survey may have been the basis for the one published by Eocque. All that remains to record the existence of the Society are Charles Smith's histories of Waterford and Cork, which were undertaken under its auspices.6 Jocelyn attended only one meeting of the Society, and on another occasion sent an ancient gold plate for exhibition ; but a letter written by him to the then Karl of Clanricarde shows what deep interest he took in the objects it was formed to promote,7 and Walter
1 H e was nine times sworn into office as a Lord Justice, and not ten or twelve times, as has been incorrectly stated elsewhere. See " Liher Munerum."
_2 See letter to Hardwicke from his relative, William Yorke, a Judge, and afterwards Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, in Harris's "Life of Lord Chancellor Hard- wicke," vol. iii., p. 107.
3 The Minute-book is preserved in the Royal Irish Academy.
4 Dr. Rutty also exhibited vials of mineral water on several occasions, and reported that he was making progress with his work on that subject.
5 An ancestor ol Sir William Stokes. In Archbishop King's letters in Trinity College Library there is an account of an eclipse of which he took observations in the Arch- bishop's palace of St. Sepulchre. See vol. v., p. 36.
6 Any financial assistance Smith received from the Society was very small. The whole income of the Society in 1747-8 was £46 3s. 4d. As well as the works which he published, Smith had some idea of writing a history of the county Tipperary.
7 " Memoirs and Letters of Ulick, Marquis of Clanricarde," Lond. 1757, p. xix.
338 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Harris in his will acknowledges himself infinitely bound to him for favours received, and in fulfilment of a promise, and out of perfect grati- tude, leaves all his papers to him for disposal.1 Smith, also, in the pre- face to his History of Kerry, speaks of his noble collection of manuscripts relative to Ireland, which he says is by far the largest and most curious of any he was aware of.
In 1747 Jocelyn had the misfortune to lose his wife. She was buried in Irishtown Church, then a royal chapel,2 of which his chaplain and confidential friend, Isaac Mann, afterwards Archdeacon of Dublin and Bishop of Cork,3 was the minister. Two years later, we find from Mrs. Delany's letters, he invited the newly appointed Lord Lieutenant, the Earl of Harrington, to stay with him at Mount Merrion ; but Har- rington did not come over at that time. Perhaps it was as well, for where he and his staff were to be accommodated in the original house it is difficult to imagine ; but, as we shall see, it was not the only time it was thought of as a viceregal residence. In 1754, Jocelyn' s son, who succeeded him, and became the first Earl of Roden, was married after banns had been called, then a most unusual proceeding, to a daughter of Lord Limerick, afterwards Earl of Clanbrassil, who was supposed to have no great fortune, but who eventually brought to her children large estates.4 He had been returned to Parliament in 1745, as member for the borough of Old Leighlin, and became secretary to his father, and Auditor-General.5 In character he was all a father could desire;6 and, in addition, Mrs. Pelany pronounces him to have been a very pretty man. Early in life his father had taken for him Brockley Park, near Stradbally, and he had given him the old house near Donny brook Green, where he had passed his childhood.7
After his son's marriage, Jocelyn took to himself a second wife, the widow of the first Earl of Rosse, of facetious fame, who even on his death-bed could not refrain from buffoonery, and caused a letter of good
1 He suggests, however, that Jocelyn should place them in the Library of St. Sepul- chre. If Dr. Stokes were with us, what a strong case lie would have made for their removal from the National Library to his custody ; but, alas ! no more shall we hear the voice which so often resounded at our meetings, or receive the kindly encouragement and help by which so many of us, and 1 myself in an especial degree, have benefited" so greatly. Harris read various chapters of his History of Dublin before the Physico- Historical Society, which tends to show that Sir John Gilbert, in his notice of him in the " Dictionary of National Biography," is mistaken in assuming that what he had written was not intended for publication.
2 His cousins, Lieut. -Colonel George Jocelyn and Major John Jocelyn, were after- wards buried in the same vault. See Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 75.
3 See Cotton's "Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicae," and Brady's " llecoids of Cork," where it is stated he was educated by Jocelyn. Jocelyn left him " his Louvre edition of the Byzantine Historians," and his second wife left him plate and a portrait of her husband.
4 Mrs. Delany's " Life and Correspondence," vol. ii., p. 535 ; vol. iii., p. 178.
5 " Life and Times of Henry Grattan," by his son, vol. i., p. 426.
6 His father in his will says he has entire confidence in his honour and prudence.
7 See List of Members of .Parliament in the "Liber Munerum," where he is described as of Brockley. Park, and Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 168.
MOCJNT MERKION AND ITS HISTORY. 339
advice, which he had received from his rector, to be re-directed, and sent on to one of the most upright noblemen of the day. She was a handsome woman, and in every way Mrs. Delany thought the marriage one calcu- lated to put the Chancellor in good humour.1 He continued to reside much at Mount Merrion; in 1754 we find him joining in a fund to re- pair the church of Stillorgan, which had not been used from the time of Archbishop King, and to provide a clergyman, and, in July, 1755, entertaining Lord Harrington at dinner there, who had come all the way from Castletown, where he was then staying.2 A few months later in that year Jocelyn was raised to the dignity of a Viscount, under the title of Yiscount Jocelyn. But he only lived a short time to enjoy his fresh honours and felicity. The gout, to which he had been long subject, assumed a more acute form, and having gone to London for medical advice,3 he died there on December 3rd, 1756, in the sixty-eighth year of his age.4
Mount Merrion, was now once more in the hands of Viscount Pita- william. The 5th Viscount had never returned to Ireland, and had died in Surrey, in 1743. He was succeeded by his eldest son, who bore the same name, Richard, and who had served in the army under his brother-in-law, Lord Pembroke.5 His father mentions him in his will in very contemptuous terms,6 but he was made a knight of the Bath, and an English privy councillor, and Lord Chesterfield, during his viceroyalty, in recommending him for an Irish privy councillorship, speaks of him as an unexceptionable person.7 He had married a daughter of Sir Matthew Decker, Bart., who is chiefly remarkable for having feasted George II. on pine apples, which he is said to have been the first person to grow in England ; and for his piety and benevolence which were so great that, according to Horace Walpole, a foolish son of the then Duke of Bolton was persuaded by some wag that Sir Matthew was the author of St. Matthew's Gospel, and left him a large legacy on account of that excellent work.8 The 6th Viscount was always returned in the
1 See O'Flanagan's " Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland," vol. ii., pp. 78-79.
2 Seethe Dublin Gazette, June 22, 1754, and Pue's Occurrences, July 26-29, 1755.
3 See Harris's " Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke," vol. ii., p. 50, and vol. iii., p. 107.
4 He was buried with his ancestors at Sawbridgeworth, and there is a monument to him in the church. See Clutterbuck's "History of Hertfordshire," vol. iii., p. 218. His will, though unsigned, was afterwards proved. His town residence was in Stephen's Green, between Proud' s-lane and York-street, now divided into three houses. See Irish Guilder for 1894, pp. 196-8. Jocelyn's son refused £300 a year for it from his father's successor, Bowes. See Letter from Chief Baron Willes, Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 29252.
5 In a letter to the Duke of Newcastle, he says he passed twenty-four years in the service without asking a favour. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32889-223.
6 See " The Complete Peerage," vol. iii., p. 364.
" Lansdowne Papers," Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 24137-119.
8 See notice of him in " Diet, of Nat. Biog.," and " Letters of Henrietta, Countess of Suffolk," vol. i., p. 293. There are pictures of Sir Matthew and his wife and daughters in the Fitzwilliam Museum.
340 ItOYAL SOCIETY- OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
lists of absentees, as was his father, and he did not attend to take the oaths in the Irish House of Lords, after the death of his father, until 1751, an,d his name does not again appear in the proceedings until 1764, when on the last day of the session he again took the oaths after the accession of George III.1 He was not, however, unmindful that property has its duties as well as its rights, and in the spring of 1758, the Dublin Gazette held him up as a noble example, worthy of imitation by the great and opulent, for having given orders for 1000 yards of cloth to be bought in Dublin, and distributed amongst the poor of both sexes on his estate.2 In 1761, a friend of Horace Walpole expresses in a letter to him, great admiration of the beauty of the site of Lord Fitzwilliam's villa,3 and in 1767, it was reported that the house was being got ready for the Earl of Bristol, who was appointed Lord Lieutenant, but who never came to this country, and the next year it was said to be preparing for Lord Town sh end, his successor, who, however, went to Leixlip, where he found, no doubt, more accommodation.4 Towards the close of his life Lord Fitzwilliani was making great improvements at Mount Merrion as we learn from a letter in the Freeman's Journal? The front portion of the house was then probably built, and the avenue to Mount Anville made.6 The writer of the letter commends Lord Fitzwilliarn for employ- ing Irish workmen, who, he says, can execute as good work as artizans of any nation ; but the front portion of the house, if built by them, is anything but a monument to their skill. Lord Fitzwilliam then appears to have come to reside, and it was at Mount Merrion, in May, 1776, that he died. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Richard, who had been educated at Cambridge.7 He took his seat in the House of Lords, the year after his father's death, and occasionally attended its proceed- ings.
Mount Merrion was, however, soon to have another distinguished temporary resident. About the year 1784, it was let to Mr. Peter la Touche, M.P. for the county Leitrim, the ancestor of the La Touches of
1 " Journals of the House of Lords, Ireland."
2 Blacker' s " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 415.
3 George Montague, who caine to Ireland as Usher of the Black liodwith his rela- tive, Lord Halifax, on his appointment as Lord Lieutenant. See Hist. MSS. Com., 8th Rep. App., Partii., p. 114. The editor of the correspondence had evidently never heard of the Irish Fitzwilliams, and marks the date of the letter with a query, believing it must have referred to some residence of the Earl of Fitzwilliam in England. Also see for notices of Mount Merrion about this period " The Phoanix Park: a Poem," by John Leslie, Lond., 1772, and Pococke's " Tour in Ireland in 1752," edited by George T. Stokes, D.D., p. 163.
4 Pile's Occurrences, 1767, January 3-6; March 17-21; Freeman's Journal, 1768, May 10-14, July 16-18.
5 Of Sept. 1-3, 1774.
6 The avenue to Mount Anville is not shown on Rocque's Map of the county Dublin. The old deer park adjoined the Xilmacud-road, and the present one was made, I sup- pose, at the same time as the avenue.
7 See letter from him while there to the Duke of Newcastle, promising to support the second Lord Hardwicke for some office in the University. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32956-402.
MOUNT MERRION AND ITS HISTORY. 341
Bellevue, but on the death of his first wife in 1786, he gave up the place,1 and it was taken by the Right "Hon. John Fitz gibbon, His Majesty's Attorney -General for Ireland, better known in history as Lord Clare. His coming to live at Mount Merrion, where Jocelyn had resided, was a curious coincidence, for his father had inhabited at Donnybrook the very house in which Jocelyn had lived, and which he rented from Jocelyn'fc son.2 Another curious coincidence was that, soon after Fitzgibbon had taken Mount Merrion, some sheep "belonging to him were barbarously treated — when we find him, with the liberality which was one of his characteristics, giving the police guard who took the perpetrators, a reward of fifty guineas — and some sheep belonging to Jocelyn had also Jbeen killed soon after he went there.3
Fitzgibbon had then just married Miss "Whaley, daughter of Mr. Richard Chapel Whaley, whose method of writing a cheque must have been slightly confusing to his banker —
" Mr. La Touche, Open your pouch, And give unto my darling Five hundred pounds sterling, For which will be your bailey Richard Chapel Whaley."
His exploits, however, pale before those of his son, Jerusalem "Whaley,4 who astonished the inhabitants of the holy city one day by playing ball on the walls thereof. But Mrs. Fitzgibbon had none of these eccen- tricities, and was no less remarkable for her qualities of heart than for her beauty of person —
" See smiling Fitzgihbon in negligence "bright, With a person of elegance, eye of delight, Behold how she swims through the mazes of fashion, No stranger, though gay, to the joys of compassion ! Her charms are confessed, yet more bright they appear, When refreshed hy the dew of benignity's tear." 5
1 Dublin Almanacs for 1784-86, under Members of Parliament. Burke' s "Landed Gentry " edition 1847, p. 694.
2 See Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 170.
3 See Sleater's Dublin Chronicle, 1787, May 8 and 19 ; and PUB'S Occurrences, 1742-3, Jan. 11-15.
4 O'Flanagan's " Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland," vol. ii., pp. 195-96.
5 " The Mirror," in vol. 572 of the Haliday Pamphlets in Royal Irish Academy. Also see in vol. 538, "The Promenade or Theatre of Beauty," where Mrs. Fitzgibbon is thus described : —
" With loveliest form F-tz — bon next is seen, Grace rules her step and elegance her mien ; The sweet impression which our hearts pursue, In her resplendent meets the admiring view, Strikes the quick sense, in majesty array'd, And casts each nearer beauty into shade ; Not with more swiftnesss darts the rapid course Of fires electric shot with fiercest force."
342 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
She was ever foremost, we are told, in promoting every charitable purpose and in liberally assisting every public amusement that had humanity for its object, while her private charities exceeded those which example required should be made public.1 Her dress was elegant and brilliant,2 but she did not seek to heighten the charms she possessed by artificial means, an example which we find the Lord Lieutenant, the Duke of Rutland, begging his wife to imitate.3 It is said she greatly attracted the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV., when attending the Court in London, which she did two years after her marriage, and on other occasions, and it was whispered that she had almost detached him from the famous Mrs. Fitz Herbert.4
Fitzgibbon was himself a good-looking man, and in the short-lived, but gay court, of the Duke and Duchess of Rutland, the young couple must have made a handsome figure. The Duchess is said to have been a great admirer of Fitzgibbon's, and even after her husband's death to have assisted Fitzgibbon in obtaining the object of his ambition — the Chancel- lorship of Ireland. Lord Lifford, the previous holder of the office, whose country seat was the neighbouring one to Mount Merrion, Stillorgan Park, died in April, 1789, and after a period of some doubt Fitzgibbon, while actually pleading in court, was handed one day in June by an aide-de- camp the King's letter appointing him to the custody of the Great Seal. The appointment of an Irish man was the occasion of great rejoicings, and addresses and freedoms of cities were showered upon Fitzgibbon. His position gave occasion for the exercise of the stately magnificence which was so congenial to him, and we find him, when sworn into office as Lord Justice — an office for which there were then much fewer occasions than in Jocelyn's time — appointing his nephew his aide-de-camp, and making preparations in the most superb style for the celebration of the Prince of Wales's birth-day at Mount Merrion, and then setting off on a royal pro- gress to Limerick where he was received with a guard of soldiers, and with general illuminations, and where he offered to knight the mayor and sheriffs.6 Shortly before, his carriage had been attacked by some of the footpads, who then abounded in the neighbourhood of Dublin, while he was returning one evening from town to Mount Merrion, but his attendants were armed, and the marauders had to retreat without their expected booty.6
1 See notice in Walker's Hibernian Magazine for 1789, which is accompanied by a charming picture of Lady Fitzgibbon seated before a spinning wheel.
2 See Sleater's Dublin Chronicle for Sept. 11, 1788, where it is stated that her dress attracted the eyes of everyone at a drawingroom at St. James's.
3 In June, 1787, the Duke of Rutland writes to the Duchess that he had seen Mrs. Fitzgibbon at the theatre, and adds, "she wears but very little rouge, which, believe me, increases her beauty wonderfully. I wish I may be able to make you believe so ; I detest it put on without mercy." Hist. MSS. Com., Rept. 14, App., Ft. i., vol. iii., p. 394.
4 "Auckland Correspondence," vol. ii., p. 231. 6 See Sleater's Dublin Chronicle, passim.
6 See Sleater's Dublin Chronicle, Sept. 22, 1789. Yet another coincidence as regards
MOUNT MERKION AND ITS HISTORY. 343
Afterwards we find him and Lady Fitzgibbon giving great dinners, and balls, at which the Lord Lieutenant was a constant guest; but the thing for which he became specially remarkable was his state coach. It was a vehicle unparalleled for its splendour, and had been procured in London at a cost of 2000 guineas. Crowds flocked to see it as it lay in Fitzgibbon's stables, in Baggot-street, at the back of his house in Ely- place, and it was freely shown to all, his servants being under strict orders to accept no gratuity for its exhibition. The body was superbly carved with female figures at the corners, supporting festoons which encircled the roof, and in which the arms of Ireland and of Fitzgibbon were inserted at intervals. In the centre of the roof three figures of boys sup- ported a coronet, while underneath lay a mace and sword, which were all shattered to the ground one day when the carriage was passing under the Castle gateway. The body was hung on leather springs, which issued from allegorical figures, and the spokes of the wheels were made to resemble reeds. The panels of the coach were decorated with paintings, executed by William Hamilton,1 a royal academician, for which he received five hundred guineas. The front panel bore a representation of commerce, the hind panel one of agriculture ; on one door national pros- perity was pourtrayed, on the other justice, while on the footboard the royal arms appeared. The whole coach was richly gilt in different shades of gold. The state harness was of red and blue leather, adorned with arms and various devices, and decorated with ribbons, and the ser- vants were attired in state liveries alike elegant and splendid.2
A.bout the year 1793 Lord Fitzgibbon, as he then was, left Mount Merrion and went to reside at JBlackrock House. Mount Merrion then became the residence of Mr. Richard Yerschoyle, who had married Miss Barbara Fagan, agent to Lord Fitzwilliam, as her mother had been before her — a fact which is worthy the attention of the advo- cates of women's rights. Though professing different religions, Mr. and Mrs. Verschoyle were devotedly attached, and the seat is still shown in Mount Merrion where she used to sit and watch for her husband coming up the straight drive.3
Lord Fitzwilliam had been returned to the English House of Commons, in 1790, through the influence of his cousin, Lord Pembroke, for the borough of Wilton, which he continued to represent until 1806, and he probably seldom, if ever, visited this country. During his time a number
Jocelyn arises here, but in his case the attack was by the guardians of law and order. See account in Pue>s Occurrences for September 21-25, 1742, of his postilion being stabbed by the Poddle guard, when he was returning in his coach from Tallaght.
1 See notice of him in " Diet, of Nat. Biog."
2 See long description in Sleater's Dublin Chronicle for July 29, 1790, et passim . The coach is now in the South Kensington Museum.
3 See Ball and Hamilton's "Parish of Taney," p. 147; also Blacker' s " Sketches of Booterstown," pp.30, 438. In Exahaw's Magazine for October, 1789, the death, on Usher's Island, of Mrs. Fagan, " many years agent to the late mid present Lord Viscount Fitzwilliam," is announced.
344 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
.of paintings and drawings of views in Mount Merrion demesne were done for him by William Ashford,1 the first President of the Royal Hibernian Academy, of whom he was a generous patron, and these are now pre- served in the museum which he founded at Cambridge, and which is called by his name. His life was spent in collecting rare books, illumi- nated manuscripts, pictures, drawings, and engravings, which he be- queathed to the University of Cambridge, together with £100,000 for the endowment and building of the museum. He was a man of an enlarged and liberal mind, kind and compassionate, and being easy of access to all, his great collections were, during his lifetime, ever open to the view of those who cared to see them.2 On his death, in 1816, his estates passed to his cousin, George Augustus, eleventh Earl of Pembroke, and eighth Earl of Montgomery, and the titles to his two brothers suc- cessively, on whose death, without issue, they became extinct.3
In the Plate, three cf the views of Mount Merrion, taken by Ashford, are reproduced. In No. 1 we see the house as it exists to the present day. The front portion, as I have said, was probably built by the 6th "Viscount Fitzwilliam. The more ancient structure — the home of Wainwright and of Jocelyn — is at the back. It is surmounted by a small belfry, and comprises three stories, while the front, which is on a higher level, contains only two. At the side of the house appear some of the trees which border the drive leading to Foster's Avenue. No. 2 is a view taken in the park. The trees, which in the picture are com- paratively small and thickly planted, are now lofty and wide-spreading. In No. 3 we see the northern wing of the stables, with the yard beyond. This wing faces the hall-door of the house, and is now concealed from view by a thick plantation of evergreens. In all, Ashford's pictures of Mount Merrion, preserved in the Fitzwilliam Museum, number thirty. Six are oil paintings, and twenty -four are drawings, bound together in book form. They show that, in whatever else Ashford may have failed, he was, as has been said, happy in his trees and foregrounds.
1 See notice of him in " Diet, of Nat. Biog.," and Blacker's " Sketches of Booters- town," p. 440
2 See Playfair's "British. Family Antiquity." vol. v., p. 44, and notice of him in "Diet, of Nat. Biog."
3 See "The Complete Peerage," vol. iii., p. 364, and Blacker's "Sketches of Booterstown," to the pages of which, full as they are of interesting extracts and references, I would refer the reader for further information respecting the Eitzwilliams and the Herberts.
MOUNT MERRION.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. viii., pt. 4, p. 344.
( 345 )
A LIST OF (PRESBYTERIAN) MARRIAGES COPIED FROM "THE SESSION-BOOK OF THE CONGREGATION OF ARMAGH."
BY WILLIAM FRAZER, F.R.C.S.L, A VICE-PRESIDENT. [Submitted March 29, 1898.]
HPnis MS. volume, if perfect, ought to contain, according to a list of contents on its title-page : — " The records of all judicial proceed- ings. In the first part of the book to page 71." I regret to say that this portion, which would afford valuable historical information, is destroyed, having been cut out of the volume, and totally lost. After this follows a list " of the Collections and Distributions of Charity in the second part, from page 71 to page 335." It contains lists of all church collections and expenditures, duly balanced from time to time. These possess no special features demanding consideration. Perhaps the follow- ing extract of a written memorandum, dated July 11, 1721, preserved on the page preceding that of the title, deserves to be mentioned': — "There was borrowed from ye poors box for ye building of a new meeting-house £8 3s. 6d. Also borrowed for paying arrears of ye building due to Mr. Johnston, January 6, 1725-6, £3. More borrowed July 30, 1726, to pay Mr. Johnston £7. More borrowed for ye same use, July 11, 1727, £8." The total being £36 3s. 6d. No doubt this was duly repaid in subsequent years to the poor box, and would be found entered in the next session book if examined.
The last portion of the contents of this volume consists of " A Register of Baptisms and Marriages from page 335 to the end." These records are written with scrupulous care, for many successive years. It will be noticed that towards the termination of the lists of marriages, there are a few remarkable omissions, one of the contracting parties being mentioned, instead of both names. The cause of this I am unable to state, but it was a time when civil disabilities pressed heavily on Presbyterians, and we observe an unaccountable falling off in the number of yearly marriages, entered especially towards the latter portion of the Register,
It appears most desirable to publish these records so far as they relate to Presbyterian marriages contained in the private session book of such a well-known and flourishing congregation as Armagh must have been. The list will interest many persons in our own kingdom, and also in the United States, whose ancestors were formerly connected with Armagh, especially as no other possible evidence of these marriages exists, or can be consulted.
346 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The ''Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical" enacted in the year 1711, by the Archbishop, Bishops and Clergy in Dublin, contain, in its fifth article, an order for "Public Penance for all concerned in any marriage solemnized otherwise than by the Church of Ireland " and an obligation under "pain of excommunication for refusal to discover the persons that married, or pretended to marry them " which appears sufficient to explain the omission of names mentioned, and the remarkable decrease in the number of marriages recorded in the latter parts of this list. These "Constitutions and Canons " elucidate the Ecclesiastical history of the reign of Anne and George I. in Ireland, when an extensive emigration took place of the Presbyterians from Ulster to America, that subsequently became an important factor in the development of the American Colonies, and of their separation from Great Britain, and from the descendants of those emigrants many of the Presidents of the United States have sprung.
The following is a copy of the list of persons married in the Congre- gation of Armagh from December, 1707 : —
"1707. Dec. 1. Adam Gettie and Isabel Graham.
16. Joseph Young and Mary M'Allen.
23. Richard Singleton and Barbara Oats.
25. James Geerie and Elizabeth Cord.
Jan. 6. Hugh Oliver and Jane Parke.
15. Brian O'Lappan and Margaret Burrell.
29. James Gray and Janet Gordon.
Feb. 4. John M'Kennall to Agnes Lemon.
5. James Graham to Elizabeth M' William.
6. James Wier to Elizabeth Donaldson. 10. Robert Wallace to Elizabeth M'Kaile."
(Anno Domini One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eight.)
" 1708. April 13. Edward Henderson was married to Mary Armstrong.
30. Andrew Dick to Isabel Aikin.
May 5. Bryan O'Kerrall to Erances Eobison.
6. Thomas Airdry to Elizabeth M'Cullogh.
27. Patrick M'Eerran and Rachel Davison.
July 27. Andrew Young and Sarah Armstrong.
Sept. 2. William M' William and Agnes Ramsay.
Nov. 24. James Murray and Margaret Murray."
(Anno 1708 — Marriages Solemnized.)
" 1708. Nov. 11. John Stewart and Margaret Eerguson.
Dec. 2. Joseph Patterson and Isabel Eager ; also George
Eord and Elen Millar. John Balantine and Elizabeth Eoster.
LIST OF (PRESBYTERIAN) MARRIAGES, ETC. 347
" 1708. Dec. 2. Thomas Field and Isabel M'Kinstry.
Henry Fitzsiraons and Elizabeth Allet. 8. Thomas Hamilton and EtiphemiaEwart. William Smart and Agnes Colzer. Robert Morrison and Agnes Duncan. 16. Thomas Howart and Sarah Carmichael.
Andrew Mathers and Jane Thouburn. 28. John Harvey and Esther Kennedy. Jan. 6. Henry Dobbin and Jane Dobbin. 13. Robert Colter and Martha Watt.
William M 'Median and Jane Dickie. 18. William Hamilton and Lily Wier. Feb. 8. John Williamson and Sarah M'Allen. 23. George Wilson and Jane Sloane. James Draffan and Marg* Legate. Robert M'Mullen and Mary Thompson. Josiah Roberts and Margaret Alcinere. March 1. James Aikin and Elen Blainy."
(Anno Domini 1709. — Marriages Solemnized.)
"1709. April 13. Jonathan Liddall and Jane Dobbin.
David Patterson and Mary Sloane. 20. David Beggs and Sarah Duchart.
27. Thomas Mulligan and Martha Gillespy. May 3. John M'Allen and Agnes Lowry.
5. John Mason and Mary M'Bride.
10. William Blackwood and Jane Cummin.
16. John Watt and Mary Waugh.
17. William Witherspoon and Margaret Loughrigge. 26. Robert Homes and Jane Gordon,
June 21. John Barre and Ellen M'Maister.
23. James Lamb and Margaret Graham.
John Gerran and Jane Waters.
John M'Mechan and Sarah Hunter. July 7. William M'Cullagh and Sarah Lucas'.
28. James Bothuell and Margaret Livingston. Aug. 8. Walter Trumble and Agnes Armstrong. Sept. 8. Thomas M'Cracken and Margaret Eagen. Oct. 7. Jaraes Gray and Jane Murray.
20. John Sampson and Margaret Millar. Nov. 24. David Richie and Sarah M'V "
(Anno 1709 and 1710. — Marriages Solemnized.)
" 1709. Dec. 1. Francis Bailie and Margaret M'Nish. Jan. 12. David Palmer and Agnes Dunlop.
JOUR. R. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. IV., OTH 8ER. 2 B
348 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
1709. Feb. 2. March 8.
1710. June 15.
29. 18. 20. 25. 15. 10. 17. 23. 28. 29. 20. 1.
July
Aug. Oct.
Nov.
Dec. Jan.
1711
April 3,
11.
12.
19.
May 9. July 3. Aug. 28. Sept. 4.
27. Oct. 5.
15. Nov. 13.
14.
22.
Dec.
28. 6. 13. 20. 4.
«1 anuary.
March 4.
1712. April 10.
22.
May 6.
8.
June 16.
llobert Waugh and Maiy Hamilton.
John Millar and Elizabeth Gillespy.
Patrick Taite and Elizabeth Taite.
Samuel Martin and Katherine Mitchell.
John Coleman and Margery Campbell.
John M'Cullogh and Jane M'Cullogh.
Henry Pinkerton and Mary Duchart.
Alexr. Donaldson and Mary Pall.
James Bigham and Mary M'Menniray.
John Blair and Margaret Lawson.
"William Murray and Isabell Hill.
John Huggins and Mary Bailie.
George Hamilton and Elizabeth Fairies.
James Cosen and Jane Burrell.
George Middleton and Mary Hunter, by Mr. Mulligan.
Wm. Thomson and Mary Burrell, by Mr. Boyd.
John Cole and Jane Shaw."
(Anno 1711 and 1712. — Marriages Solemnized.)
David Buckley and Sarah Blaney.
William Chapman (?) and Catherine Crampton.
James Brown and Mary Masster.
John Gray and Katherine M'Allan.
John Balantyne and Jane Brownlee.
David M'Kee and Sarah M'Caldon.
Alexr. Caldwell and Mary M'Niely.
David Anderson and Margaret Lemmon.
James Houston and Sarah Bull.
Eobert Duffe and Elizabeth Prentice.
Malcom Anderson and Isabel Hunter.
Archibald M'Cammond and Sarah Dickie.
Samuel Williamson and Mary Harre.
James Dongan and Grizell M'Allen.
Also from Teinan. — Hugh Keny and Mary Crawford.
Eobert Henry and Elizabeth Oliver.
James Dobbin and Mary Ogilvie.
John M'Cracken and Isabell Anderson.
John Hackett and Grizell Twiss.
David Kirker and Elizabeth Maister.
William Dodds and Jane Duncan.
William Johnston and Elizabeth Forrest.
Thomas Morray or Morrough and Janet Henderson.
John M'Kee and Elizabeth Johnston.
Patrick Hamilton and Elizabeth Thomson.
John Charles and Margaret Charleston.
Israel Rickie and Jane Stevenson.
LIST OF (PRESBYTERIAN) MARRIAGES, ETC. 349
" 1712. June 26. William Clarke and Marjory Clarke.
July 3. Roger Grier and Margaret M' Alexander.
Nov. 13, John Dickson and Barbara Johnston.
Oct. 29. John Irwin and Elizabeth Shiels."
(Anno 1713 and 1714. — Marriages Solemnized.)
4t 1713. April 23. Horn and Jane Anderson.
June 11. John Scot and Margaret Charles.
25. Robert Scot and Grizel Livingston.
Aug. 20. Ephraim Armstrong and Mary Mosman.
25. Moses Lawson and Margaret Hamilton.
Nov. 26. Daniel Glenny and Elizabeth M'Cullogh.
Jan. 7. Archibald M'Cullogh and Grizzel Pettigrew.
Feb. 2. Samuel Blakeley and Elizabeth Dobbin.
1714. June. Andrew Lindsey and Margaret M'Narry.
Jan. 6. James Patterson and Jane M'Glamery.
Dec. 23. William Rowan and Anne Hamilton.
Mar. 31. John Palmer and Martha Clark.
James Baird and Elizabeth M'Clonachan."
(Anno 1715, 1716, and 1717. — Marriages Solemnized.)
"1715. April 28. William Gillespy and Catherine Rennison.
May 5. James M' Bride and Mary Dickie.
Thomas Mcle Roy and Elizabeth Cunningham.
19. David Kennedy and Agnes Little.
June 2. Gavin M'Murdy and Elizabeth M'Dowell ah. Lucas.
June 16. Samuel Grier and Margaret Martin.
Sept. 27. Samuel Stuart and Mary M'Cane.
Oct. 6. Quinten Ireland and Mary Moffet.
Nov. 15. Alexander Prentice and Agnes Headhorn.
Dec. 1. William M'Dowall and Katherine Glasse.
5. James Trumble and Jane Macl Roy.
15. Robert Pall and Mary Scot.
Jan. 26. Andrew Brawford and Margaret Gumming.
Feb. 13. James Gordon and Agnes Walker.
1716. April 19. William M'Narry and Martha Prentice. July 12. James Moffet and Janet Ireland.
17. Matthew Walker and Margaret Brice.
25. William Blair and Lettie Neal.
Nov. 20. John Johnston and Agnes Eagar.
29. Nathaniel M'Cullogh and Agnes Man.
Feb. 8. Thomas Oats and Anne Murray.
1717. May 23. John Sloane and Mary Waugh. Sept. 26. Robert Henry and Agnes Stuart.
Oct. 22. Benjamin M'Clelhan and Frances Morrison.
2B2
350 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND,
"1717. Oct. 31. William M' Call and Mary Spier.
Jan. 13. "William Donaldson and Mary Glasse. Feb. 13. Matthew Murray and Elizabeth "Wat.
<1718.May 15. 29.
Aug. 5. 7.
Oct. 2. Nov. 20. Jan. 27. Feb. 19.
1719. April 1. July 30. Aug. 6. Sept. 3. Jan. 29.
1720. June 16. July 12.
Nov. 25.
1721. Oct. 3.
1722. April 24.
Aug. 7.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
3.
6. 19. 12. 17. Mar. 10.
1723. June 13. Dec. 18.
1724. June 11.
29.
Nov. 26. January.
1725. Nov. 23. Dec. 7. Jan. 6.
19. Feb. 21.
(Marriages Solemnized. Anno 1718, &c.)
William Clark and Jane Layburn. John Ker and Maclellan. William Coleman and Eliz. M'Cullogh. John Livingston and Eliz. Geery. John M'Cleery and Mary M'Aleine. John Stirling and Jane Livingston. Henry Ferguson and Margaret Mills.' "William Ferguson and Agnes Millar. Robert Aikin and Elizabeth Paterson. Andrew Brown and Martha Oliver. Robert Campbell and Elizabeth Toomster. James Armstrong and Jane Marshall. Samuel Glass and Anne Ford.
( ) and Ruth M'Knight.
William Dobbin and Jane Burrell. John Stirling and Widow Park.
John Frame and ( ). (No name inserted.)
James Hunter and Agnes M'Canne. William Waugh and Elizabeth Hamilton. David Humphrey and Sarah Sanderson.
( ) Galbraith and Anne Glover.
Richard Fleukar and Elenor Oliver. James Watson and Anne Caldwell. John Barre and Anne Park. Alexander Henderson and Elizabeth Aikin.
( .) (No name inserted) M' Archer.
Andrew Rowan and Isabel M'Cally. John M'Clure and Margaret Martin. George Hamilton and Jane Hamilton. John Kennedy and Mary Dickson. James Henderson and Isabel Henderson. James Waring and Margaret Airdry. John Cadow and Rachel Ireland. Andrew Dick and Agnes Newell. Robert M'Murdy and Elizabeth Hamilton. James Lindsey and Anne Baird. James Magill and Mary Moor. David Wilkins and Martha M'Bratney.
LIST OF (PRESBYTERIAN) MARRIAGES, ETC. 351
"Mar. 10. Samuel Graham and Margaret M'Dowel.
Mar. 29. Alexander Whitley and Martha Henderson.
John Moffet and Agnes Mills.
1726. Oct. 25. Edward Henderson and Jane M'Narry.
Nov. 3. John Graham and Elizabeth Coltsman.
Dec. 2 1 . John Simpson' and Agnes Moor.
Jan. 5. Matthew Gilmor and Jane Clark.
19. James Forrest and Agnes Hatty.
1728. May 9. John M'Narry and Margaret Wightman.
Xov. 15. James M' William and Janet Harvev."
\lh!i%
ra^*ssfMr
^^-'froienS^/
Garraclowv, /'
Dooayvanian, a
Cahernfivauohto* Baur *
•> .• * r.
fBallymurphy
fW&yffflf
^ ParKnabinaia
+.CKvrcK.
t. Cross.
1 Castle.
= -Old Road
®,«,« -Forts. n. CromlecK* 1. Pillar.
DIAGRAM OF ANCIENT STRUCTURES NEAR CAHRAN AND KILCORNEY.
(Dotted Lines represent Parish Boundaries, and Thick Lines represent Modern Roads.)
i. Cahercommane. 2. Castletown. 3. Fanygalvan Forts. 4. Carran Ridge. 5. Cahermackirilla Ridge. 6. Moheramoylan. 7. Cahergrillaun. 8. Cahermackirilla/ 9. Poulcaragharush.
10. Poulawack cairn. n. Caherconnell. 12. Caherlisaniska. 13. Caherlisananima. 14. Cragbally- conoal. 15. Ballymihil. 16. Cahercashlaun. 17. Cahernamweela. 18. Caheranardurrish.
19. Poulnabrone. 20. Poulanine. 21. Kilcorney.
( 353 )
PREHISTORIC REMAINS IN THE BURREN, COUNTY CLARE (CARRAN, AND KILCORNEY).
BY THOMAS J. WESTKOPP, M.A., M.E.I.A., FELLOW. [Read JUNE 15, 1898.]
BURKEN BARONY, a great upland of limestone capped in some places by shale, forms the north-western corner of Clare. On three sides it falls into those steeply terraced ridges which show so far across the bay and plains of Galway ; on the south it sinks into the low green hills and heathy bog-land of Brentir and Corcomroe.
It lacks the towering height and noble outlines of the Kerry and Connaught mountains, but its weird grey ridges and valleys are very impressive in their suggestiveness of age-long loneliness and long vanished tribes. Some of its glens are even beautiful — hemmed in by cliffs, whose walls are varied by strange domes and buttresses, by clefts and caves. Its rocks are wreathed with ivy, ferns, and exquisite flowers, brightened by the gauzy sheets of little runnels and waterfalls : at their feet lie here and there a blue pool or deep thicket. We often get glimpses of the lowlands and the Atlantic from their summits. Wonderfully beautiful, too, are the lights and cloud shadows and the effects of the sunsets and slowly gathering gloom on the long ridges and valleys.
Over all these solitary places of old Thomond abound an amazing number of forts and cromlechs.1 Some 400 cahers appear on the maps, though many are omitted or marked as ' sheepfolds.' Dozens are levelled to the ground, dozens are rebuilt and hopelessly modernized. Apart from human violence, natural causes combine to overthrow them : the filling bulges out the facing till it bursts the wall and pours out like meal from a torn sack ; the ash and hazel tear the walls asunder, and waving in the breeze throw down the masonry ; nevertheless numerous examples remain. Whence came the population that built and needed so many cahers ? Even if their construction spread over many centuries, and if we consider the slighter ones to be mere cattle pens, enough remain to form an enigma. Burren is never named as very populous, and one may now walk for several miles across the crags and meet at most some solitary herdsman, but we sometimes find a caher in every few fields, or several very massive ones
1 The terms ' fort ' and ' cromlech ' are used for convenience, not as implying the exclusively military use of the one class of remains, or the superiority of- the other term, to « dolmen,' &c. In the same way « caher,' and other anglicised forms, are used. The spelling of the names is that of the Ordnance Survey maps, except when (as at ' Tully common ') the ancient name and modern pronunciation are hoth violated by following Petty's " Name Lists."
354 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
lying together.1 Why did not fewer forts suffice ? Were the older ones deserted for some superstitious reason, and, if so, did the * tabu ' extend even to their material? If not, did each townland possess several impor- tant men ? So many ' strongholds ' were scarcely needed, for, as we know that several2 were the centres of villages, so they would evidently be available to the surrounding country as places of refuge in cases of sudden alarm. Indeed we seem to have a case of this in " The battle of Ventry," where three duns destroyed by the King of Spain were crowded with people, horses, and dogs.3
The time has not come for elaborate theories, still less for positive statements ; we must for many years collect and arrange facts, a less brilliant but more useful task than theorizing on insufficient data. The present paper is therefore only a survey (and not even a very complete one) of a district hitherto undeseribed.
ANCIENT BUURKN.
A noteworthy fact is apparent in all our records : the Barren is practically unaltered from pre-Christian times, the same families predomi- nate, and we find the same rich pasturages and lonely crags. All this is much in favour of the survival of ancient customs and modes of building.
The history and early legends are of little consequence. The name Burren (" the great rock") is apparently of obvious origin, but the Dind Senchas finds the word ' not difficult ' to derive from the name of an ancient hero. " Boirenn, son of Bolcan, son of Ban, out of Spain, he came to Boirenn Corcomruad."4
Then we hear of the settlement of the sons of Huamore — BeraatFinn- vara, Irgus at Black Head, Daelach in Dael — and of invasions by the High-kings Fiacha and Cormac Mac Airt, but beyond the verge of written history the families which claimed descent from Kory, son of Maeve by the great Fergus mac Koigh, and which were named in later days the O'Conors and O'Loughlins, held these hills. The Dalcassians obtained at the most a cattle tribute, and there was probably a servile race of Firbolgic descent ; the rest is vague and unreliable, or mere names of chiefs and dates of battles.
The later O'Briens invaded Burren in 1267 and 1317. John, son of Eory MacGrath, the historian of these wars, gives us a picture true to nature after six centuries. " The white-stoned hills," " the caher begirt tracks," " the close border paths and rugged margins of Dubhglen," " the
1 The 1891 census gives, in the portion of Car-ran here explored, only 13 inhabited houses ; in Kilcorney 20 ; portion of Eathborney 5. Total 38 ; against this we have noted over 100 forts. After the war (1641—52), the population of Burren is given as 823.
2 E.g. Cahermacnaughten and Cahergrillune.
3 The legendary nature of the poem does not alter the value of this fact, which possibly was based on the poet's own experience.
4 " Revue Celtique," xvi. (1895), p. 135. '
PREHISTORIC RRMAINS IN THE BURUEN, CO. CLARE.
long glen and widespread crags," " Barren's hilly grey expanse of jagged points and slippery grey steeps, nevertheless flowing with milk and yield- ing luscious grass," and ''the dorsal ridge of the rough plain that showed its bleached face, varied with dark irregular seams," are all named, and we recognize the (so to say) photographic accuracy of this ancient picture.
War, revenge, and the sea form the background of most of these records. "When we recall the story of Liamuin 'fair robe' and her sisters with their ill-starred lovers, or the weird tale of Maelduin, son of Ailill, a native of these hills, going out into the "great endless deep,"1 we feel how much the life in strongholds and the perpetual presence of the mystery of the unexplored ocean affected the men of the Corcomroes. Indeed we probably owe a great chapter in the world's development to the attempts of our western boatmen to " pluck out the heart of the mystery " of the unknown sea ; for the Sagas of Brendan, Bran, and Maelduin went out into the world, and fostered a belief which no theo- logical prejudice could destroy, that glorious islands lay beyond the untracked sea. These legends from Clare and Kerry never rested till they sent Columbus and his successors across the outer ocean to find islands -and wonders such as the mind of monk or bard had never conceived.2
It is therefore far from improbable that this feeling and the kindred love of nature so deeply rooted in the Irish, led to the selection of sites, sacrificing commanding neighbouring positions for those with a distant glimpse of the sea or of some notable mountain.3
Whether the Clan Rory or the Eoghanachts or some earlier race built the forts of Burren is now impossible to decide. The finds are most equivocal, flint weapons, bronze ornaments, moulds for a bronze spear, iron coins of the Plantagenets and Tudors. The absence of kitchen middens and entire clochauns deprive us of other possible sources of knowledge.
Querns, so far as can be learned, have not been found in these forts j bullauns occur, and some consider these an older form of * mill,' but, as these basins appear on upright or steeply slanting stones, we cannot be too sure of their use. In most cases the cahers rest on nearly bare crag, and in the case of the alleged finds of deer bones, nothing is proved. Venison must have been a staple food from the earliest times, and the Burren abounded in deer from the time when the " Colloquy of the Ancients "4 told how, in the bitter winter, " the stag of Slieve Carn lays not his side to the ground, and no less than he — the stag of frigid Echtge's summit — catches the chorus of the wolves." It is evident that these
1 "Revue Celtique" (1894), p. 321, and (1888) p. 451. "Voyage of Bran," vol. i., p. 14. "Thrice Fifty Islands." The islands of Brazil and St. Brendan figure on most early maps.
2 Columbus had at least one Irish sailor in his crew, a Gal way man.
3 As at Cragballyconoal, to command the one striking vie\v of Slieve Carn. * " Silva Gadelica," vol. ii., p. 192.
356 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
forts have been built and patched and rebuilt at very various dates.1 The nature of materials, not the race or age of the builders, determined the style, while the names, though in many cases at least mediaeval, give us no reliable aid to the actual builders or earliest owners of these note- worthy structures.2
THE DISTRICT OF CAKRAN AND KILCORNEY.
In our examination of the Clare cahers,3 we passed from the huge forts round Quin to the district round Inchiquin Lake, and then along the southern border of Burren. We now turn to the largest (if not the most interesting) group extending from Bally ganner and Tullycommane northward. We may define it as lying in the parishes of Carran and Kilcorney, west of the road from Castletown to Turlough, with some remains in the adjoining townlands on the northern and southern borders.
The district contains several shallow valleys in which lie the most massive and interesting of the forts, those upon the ridges being usually small, with slight and coarse walls, now nearly levelled. The cromlechs (with two exceptions) lie on the plateaux, and have not yet been de- scribed. In Mr. Borlase's valuable work a curious misapprehension appears with regard to this district. He writes, " Blocks of the size and symmetry of those used by the dolmen builders would nowadays be far to seek." On the contrary, blocks as regular, and of the size usually found in the cromlechs, occur over many acres of crag. Some of those employed in the existing structures are dressed to a straight edge. In Parknabinnia, in the field adjoining that in which four cromlechs stand, we find what was very probably a " cromlech factory." Two slabs have been raised from the rock bed, propped at one edge on rounded blocks, but otherwise in situ. They are practically rectangular, owing to the natural cleavage of the slabs, and measure 12 and 13 ft. long by 8£ ft.
1 See our Journal, 1896, p. 148. "We find records of forts built and repaired in later times, e. g. Grianan Aileach, 674, 973, and 1101. Dun Onlaig " construitur," 714. Forts built or repaired by Brian Born, c. 1000. Grianan Lachtna, c. 840. Cah er built by Conor na Catbrach O'Brien, c. 1120. Caisteal mac Tuathal, in Scotland, built by Tuathal, a chief, who died 865. Stone fort of Kincora, built c. 1000, demolished and rebuilt in 1062 and 1098. While Cahermore-Ballyallaban, Caherahoagh, and Cahermacnaughten, in county Clare, Cahercugeola, near Eilmac- duach, &c., Lave late gateways; and Ballyganner and Cahercloggaun have mediaeval castles.
2 To give a few examples earlier than 1400 :— Catbyrnachyne (Caherkine). 1287. Inquisition. Cahercrallaha (near Crughwill). 1317. Wars of Tur lough. Cathair in daire (Caherderry), Cathair medain (Cahermaan), Cathair polla (Lismoran), Cathair mec ui ruil (Cahermackirilla), Cathair an lapain (Caherlappane, alias Cahermackerrila in Killeany Parish), Cathair seircin (Cahersherkin), Cathair mec oilille sella (unknown), Cathair da con (Cahercon), 'Caitir' Urthaile (Caherhurley), Trans. R.I.A., vol. xv., pp. 37, 38, all in rentals of 1380. Cahercottine, 1397, Tulla Inquisition. In Clare we nowhere find the tendency, so apparent in county Kerry, to call the forts after modern owners ; even such names as Cahermurphy and Caher- shaughnessy and these are at least pre-Elizabethan.
a Our Journal, 1893, pp. 281, 432 ; 1896, pp. 142, 363 ; and 1897, p. 116.
PREHISTORIC REMAINS IN THK BURREN, CO. CLARE. 357
broad. Similar raised slabs occur at Ballykinvarga, Noughaval, and Ballymihil, all near cahers and cromlechs.
PARKNABINNIA (Sheet xvii., No. 2, Ordnance Survey 25-inch map). — These curious remains, lying on the very border of Carran, have not hitherto been described, and are not marked on the maps of 1 839. The four northern cromlechs lie in a field sloping northward. A long and very narrow old bohereen leads from the direction of Roughan fort through Caherfadda, while a huge boulder, some 16 feet high, marks their position from a distance. The N.E. cromlech must have been a very fine example. The south side is 5 ft. 9 in. (at the west) to 2 ft. 3 in. high, 15 ft. 10 in. long, and 9 in. thick; a long " plank " of the top slab leans against it, and the fallen north side has strangely regular natural channels across it. West from it is a small wrecked cist 6 ft. square; due south from it is a fine cromlech 17 ft. 10 in. long> tapering eastward from 6 ft. 4 in. to 5 ft. 6 in., with a curious angular gap in the west slab, as at Tobergrania, near Feakle. Here for many nights sheltered a well known escaped prisoner, whose subsequent surrender occasioned no little interest at a recent assize. South-west from it is a small cist 12 ft. by 8 ft. nearly embedded in a mound, and surrounded by seven slabs 3 ft. high. Its west block has another example of a straight natural fluting set on end. Lastly, on the summit of Roughan Hill, the older Reabacain, still in Parkna- binnia, near a large low cairn, is a fine cist 13 by 7 ft., with parallel annexes to the sides and end embedded in a mound. The sixth "labba," recently disentombed from a cairn, is fully described in " Dolmens of Ireland," vol. i., p. 77. " Parknabinnia " is said to have been the " cattle park " of Lemeneagh, as its neighbouring townland was the " Deer park."1
CEEEVAGH (Sheet x., No. 9). — Two nearly levelled ring walls lie near the Castletown road, between Glencurraun and the prettily wooded slopes and abrupt cliffs of the pass of Clooncoose, leading down to Kilnaboy. The southern ring contains a perfect and noteworthy cromlech, a chamber 14 ft. long, tapering eastward from 4 ft. 5 in. to 3 ft. 10 in. It has a smaller cist at the east end, small triangular ones- to each side, and an irregular enclosure, about 7 feet across, fenced with pillar slabs 5 to 7 ft. high to the west. We have already described the cahers of Mohernacartan, and Cahersavaun on the borders of Carran Parish, while the cromlechs of Cappaghkennedy and Deerpark will be found as fully noticed in " Dolmens of Ireland,"2 so we may pass over the^rest of south-western Carran by merely recording that it possesses
1 These are probably the Rebechan cromlechs described in the " Ordnance Survey Letters," MSS. R.I.A., 14. B. 23, p. 66. Despite discrepancies in measurements, the description seems to fit, and one is certainly the sixth Parknabinnia cromlech. The older name of Deerpark was ' Poulquillica.'
2 Jour. R.S.A.I., 1896, pp. 364, 365. " Dolmens," pp. 70, 72.
Fi
Parknabinnia — Plan of Cremlech No. 4.
Plan of Cromlech No. 3.
Parknabinnia — Plan of Cromlech No. 5.
Creevagh — Plan of Cromlech.
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PREHISTORIC REMAINS IN THE BURREN, CO. CLARE. 3.59
very few caters, and those few nearly levelled, the only mediaeval ruin heing the featureless roughly-built church of Templeline.
Creevagh Cromlech, from the North-west.
SOUTH "RIDGE OF CARRAN1 (Sheet ix., No. 12). — The country being greatly broken, the groups of ruins must be treated as they lie, rather than by townlands. Passing along the grassy though craggy ridges, famous " winterages" for cattle, along the edge of Poulacarran valley, we find the following remains : — (1) A coarsely built, much dilapidated, irregular caher, close to the Carran road. It commands a grassy pass leading to the valley, and the well of Tobermacreagh ; (2) A curious little cliff fort on a peak. It is just 40 feet across, all the eastern side gone, the wall clings to the west crags, one break being bridged with long slabs, and looking like a gateway as seen from the road ; (3) A coarse thin ring- wall in a wilderness of low hazels, it is about 60 feet in diameter ;. (4) Another caher or ring-wall even more dilapidated than the last. These two are in Cahermackirilla townland, on the southern edge of which stand three gallauns ; these lie in line towards N.N.E. (compass), the central one is over 7 feet high, the others about 4 feet.2 Eastward is a large though low green mound, and less than 80 feet away ; three crom- lechs lie in the townland of Fanygalvan — the panaOgealbam of the 1380 rental.3 As shown in the 1839 map, there are three cists lying in
1 The report on Noughaval and 'Carrune,' in Mason's "Parochial Survey," vol. iii., pp. 282-287 (1819), is disappointing. It states that there are three " of what are called Danish forts " in Noughaval, and five in Carrune. " There are no traditions with respect to any of these." Under the head of "Natural curiosities," &c., a list of the clergy is given. The translations of the townland names are curious, e.g. Fannygallavan, Ring of promise; Clouncouse, perhaps cause of deceit; Glen- cullenkilla (Glencolumbcill), Glen of Hollywood; Cahergvillane, Dutch chair; and Mohermilan (Mohermoylan), Louse Park. The Ordnance Survey Letters dismiss these interesting ruins as " the broken cahers and ruined church in Poulacarran."
2 They probably formed a mearing : see Cormac's " Glossary," under ' Gall,* " Boundaries of Pillar- stones," and the " Book of Leinster," f. 78 :— "There went westward from the lake a great mearing . . . and he (Cuchullin) fared to a pillar- stone, and put his waist-belt round it, that he might die standing."
3 Trans. fi.I.A., vol. xv., p. 38. Similar groups of forts, cists, cairns, and mounds also occur at Tullycommane and Ballyganner, in this district ; also in Bosnia, and
360
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
line en the grassy hill which falls abruptly at their west end. JSTow there remain of the western only two small blocks 6 feet long. The central cist faces E.N.E., the fallen sides covered by the top stone, and about 10 ft. long. The eastern is a noble cromlech with two chambers. It is 23 ft. long, and from 6 ft. 3 in. to 2 ft. 8 in. wide ; the north side has fallen. It is a conspicuous object, and its bleached stones shine like a red light at sunset, when seen from the road.
Fanygalvan — Plan of Cromlech.
Down the slope stands a fantastic rock, somewhat resembling a human iigure, and called Farbrega j1 while, half a mile from the cromlech, along the road between Castletown and Carran, lie three very defaced stone forts. They are, respectively, in Sheshy, Moheraroon, and Fanygalvan, close together along the edge of a low depression, in which on an abrupt knoll are apparent the foundations and scattered stones of a fourth small caher.
CAHEEMA.CKIRILLA RIDGE (Sheet x., No. 5.)— Starting from the crom- lech of Fanygalvan, along the ridge, we find ourselves among many
in Scotland. Sir J, Simpson ("Archaic Sculpturings," 1867, p. 47) sums up : "The strongholds were on elevated spots, the huts were lower down in shelter ; along with these, circles, monoliths, barrows, and cairns occur. The cairns of the ancient dead interspersed among the hut-dwellings of the ancient living."
1 Farbrega rocks are common in Clare, especially on the hills near Broadford. A line of pillars at Carrahan, north of Quin, is locally said to represent the petrified robbers, who were thus punished for robbing the blessed bull of St. Mochulla as he carried provisions to that saint, who was building Tulla Church.
The notion of these ' ' false men ' ' is old in Irish literature : see ' ' Battle of Moylena," p. 31, for men petrified by fairies. In the Book of Feenagh, St. Caillin turns into pillars the Druids who " did corrguinecht" against him (p. 123). See also Dr. Joyce's "Irish Names of Places," 2nd Series, pages 411, 412; and "Revue Celtique," vol. i., p. 196 : "Fiorm's Enchantment."
PREHISTORIC REMAINS IN THE BURREN, CO. CLARE. 361
evidences of a once teeming population. Along this bluff, some 550 feet above tlie sea, lie three more cahers, which we may generally state to be from 70 to 100 feet in diameter and of fairly good masonry, though nearly demolished. Between the second and third, which are only about 350 ft. apart, are some singular slab huts of late date and a souterrain,1 with built sides and four roof-slabs. The highest caher is of thin slabs, and contains the ruins of several late cabins and some lofty " look-out" piers for herdsmen. It commands a view of the district from Tullycommane to Kilfenora and Moher, with a pretty glimpse of the sea and a bird's-eye view over Poulacarran. The last of these cahers, on the edge of Com- mons townlaiid, is a circular ring, about 50 feet across. It has a large and curious straight walled enclosure about 150 feet out from the caher; the walls 8 and 10 feet high to the N. E. and S. E., in the intervening space is a small closed souterraiu.
THE PLATEAU OF COMMONS, &c. (Sheet ix., No. 8). — The commonage is devoid of antiquities, save for a small circular fort on a cliff above the O'Loughlin's house, near Mougouhy, with a fine view of Cahercommane and Castletown Lough, but nearly levelled,
In Sladoo, " A Handbook to Lisdoonvarna " states that two uninjured cahers stand near the curious late church.2 These, however, are not marked on the 1839 map ; neither could Dr. George MacNamara and I find any trace or tradition of their existence. The only early remain seems to be a low mound of earth and stones, 36 feet across, its centre deeply exca- vated.
RANNAGH (Sheet ix., No. 1). — West of Sladoo and on the edge of a cliff, nearly as straight and regularly coursed as an ashlar wall, stands a rectangular caher ; its northern wall is 7 feet high, 11 feet wide ; the gateway faces the south, and is 4 feet 4 inches wide ; it had stone gate posts on the inner face of a passage, 5 feet long and 5 feet 4 inches wide ; the outer piers were built of large blocks, and 6 feet deep ; the outer lintel was 7 feet 3 inches long. A steep old road leads from near it down to Poulacarran.
POULCAHAGHARUSH (Sheet ix., No. 8). — This townland projects in a bold spur into the valley to the north of Carran Church, and east of the large and conspicuous cairn on Poulawack. Crossing a grass-grown old
1 The typical souterrain in N.W. Clare is a passage 3 or 4 feet wide, and 4 or 5 feet high, straight, curved, or S -shaped in plan, with dry stone walls, or utilizing a rock cleft ; the roof of stone slabs, level with the field. Domed chambers are practically absent, though a not uncommon feature in the S.W. district.
"We may note that these structures hold a place in Irish literature. Two instances will suffice. 1. Oormac's "Glossary" (ed. Whitley Stokes), p. xxxix : " Caer flies to the flagstone behind the fort, under which he is found by Nede's dogs." 2. The demon-chariot of Chuchullain (our Journal, vol. i., 4th Series, p. 385) : " A pit in the dun belonging to the king," which last was " a seven- walled caher."
2 The description of the chapel, though elaborate, is most misleading, even to the statement of the existence of a stone roof ; the account is probably given from hearsay.
362 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Gateway, Poulcaragharush Caher.
road, we find the following ancient enclosures: — 1. A finely-built but dilapidated ring wall, not far from the church. 2. A large irregular garth with straight reaches of wall, poorly built and levelled within a foot or
two of the ground. Sand 4. Two small forts which, by a strange- effect of their position, look like a huge and lofty caher when seen against the sky. They lie north- east of the curious cup-like hollow of Poulcaragharush. The more northern is in parts nearly level- led, the eastern is on a knoll, and is in fair preservation. It is about 70 feet from the other fort, and nearly the same size, being 69 ft. over all. The gateway faces east
and is in good preservation on the outer face, being filled up with stones. The jambs do not incline, the southern has a short corner post, the doorway faces the east, and is exactly 4 feet square ; the lintel 6 feet 3 inches by 1 foot 9 inches by 1 foot 1 inch ; the wall is 7 feet high to the west, and is 8 feet thick, built of rather good masonry, of most archaic- looking weather-beaten and channelled blocks. 5. A strangely small fort, scarcely 30 feet across, lies far down the slope, near the edge of Cahermackirilla ; only portions of the wall are standing.
POTTLACARRAN (Sheet ix., No. 8). — This is a sort of "bay," running southward out of the large depression of Eanty. It falls abruptly almost, from the east gable of the plain old Church of Carran, near which we may note a cairn (not cist, as in map), round which coffins are carried for burial in the graveyard. The valley is very diversi- fied : it has tracts of culti- vated ground and rich grass land, "water splashes," or shallow lakes, lesser glens overgrown with hazel and hawthorn. In the spring it blossoms with such masses of primroses, anemones, ferns, violets, and deep blue gentians which make it a lovely garden.
South of the swampy "bleach pool," named Toorleerahan (phonetically), is a ridge occupied by the caher of Poulacarran, a neat little oval fort 58 ft. north and south, and 70 ft. east and west. Like nearly all the forts of this district, it contains no remains of dwellings. Its gate faces N.E.,
Gateway of Poulacarran Caher.
PREHISTORIC REMAINS IN THtt BURREN, CO. CLARE. 363
and has jambs of single stones 4 feet deep and high. The lintel, as usual, has been thrown down ; it measures 5 feet 8 inches by 3 feet by 1 foot 6 inches ; the jambs have been pressed in from 3 feet below to 2 feet above ; the wall is 4 feet thick, and 5 or 6 feet high, nor do many fallen stones lie round it. A second enclosure surrounds it, irregular in plan and faced with large and fantastic slabs. It is apparently of no great age, and contains a " souterrain," formed by roofing a natural cleft, 10 feet by 4 feet 8 inches with lintels over 7 feet long.
The south caher lies opposite the last, across the actual "Poulacarran," a boggy hollow and pretty little glen, overgrown with hawthorns. It is a little oval fort, of good masonry, and measures about 90 feet by 63 feet wide. It stands on the edge of a cliff and encloses green sward. A second enclosure, meeting the first at the cliff, and of inferior masonry, only some 4 feet high, lies on the crags. A " pass " leads upward to the second fort on Cahermakerilla ridge.
The lower * faugher' is irregularly continued along the east side of the valley ; it has a row of small and nearly levelled cahers along its shelf. Two in Poulacarran, one of two concentric rings round a rock dome in Meggagh West, and one in Cahermakerrilla, while another, of only a few courses of masonry, lies on the slope under Poulcaraghamsh.
Valley.
A, Gates. B, Steps. CjSouterrams.D, Terraces '•
PLANS OF FORTS NEAR CARRAN.
1. Cahergrillaun.
2. Cahermatkerilla.
3. North Caher, Poulacarran.
4. Cliff Fort, Poulacarran.
CAHEHMACKEBILLA (Sheet ix., No. 8).— This fort is so called by Petty, but is pronounced ' Carmaekerrla,' and by the natives Cahermacrole. The name has been translated 'the fort of Irial's son,' possibly an
JOUR. R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., FT. IV., 5lH SER.
20
364: ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
O'Loughlin, with whom the name Trial was not uncommon. Strange to say, we find the name ' Macirilla,' the name of a Gaulish potter,1 of one of the earlier centuries of our era. However, in the seventeenth cen- tury, some documents give the form Caher macConnella (1624), and even in 1819 it was called Caher mac Connello.2
This caher is prohahly that called ' Cathair mec iguil ' (or 'iruil') in the 1380 rental. It and the lands round it were held by the O'Lough- lens, O'Briens, and O'Davorens, down to 1642, and by Brian O'Loughlin in 1659. It was occupied till about 1862 by a family named Kilmartin,3 a member of whom lives just outside its ambit, and states that it has changed very little in his time. From having been so long inhabited the original internal arrangements are defaced.
It is a fine fort, a practically true circle of 140 feet external diameter; its masonry is large and very good, with a most regular straight batter, about 1 in 6, not the usual curve. The wall is 5 to 8 feet high and 15 feet thick, with small filling, the inner face being also battered and of smaller but good masonry. The gate faced E.S.E., its narrow passage running down a sloping rock. The large side stones remain parallel and 8 feet apart all their length, implying from their unusual width the use of wooden lintels.
The remains of modern houses and of cultivated garden plots occupy the garth ; in these plots were often found *' sharp flints that you could strike fire out of," and base metal coins " about as big as sixpences, with a cross and a head," but none were preserved.
A long narrow drain or " souterrain " formed by roofing a rock cleft ran westward under nearly half the garth to the Avail and into an outer enclosure. Though the ends are now stopped it is open all the way, for dogs have been sent through it.
The western enclosure is of equally good masonry, its wall is only 5 feet thick, but it is nearly 8 feet high. A low green valley runs east and west along the north of the fort.
CAHERGRILLAUN (Sheet ix., No. 4 and 8). — The name is rendered " Dutch Chair" in Mason's Survey.4 This is an oval caher, 120 feet north and south by 154 east and west, on a grassy hill north of the last. It is much overgrown by hazels, and encloses smooth green sward ; the foundations of many late houses and enclosures adjoin it to the north and south. The rampart is 15 feet high to the north, and 9 feet to the east and west. It is of fine uncoursed masonry for 8 feet of its height, above which much smaller stones appear ; perhaps many other cahers (we
1 " Eevue Celtique," vol. xiii., 1892, p. 317.
2 Inquisitions of Donat, Earl of Thomond, 1624, and Morogh O'Cashie, 1623 : Mason's "Parochial Survey," vol. iii., p. 287.
3 This family has evidently been long settled in the Burren. "We find a Eallykil- martin in Killeany, in Petty's Survey, 1652.^
4 Vol. iii., p. 287.
CLIFF Four, CAIUIAN.
FOKT or CAHERGKILLAUN.
Jour. R, S. A. I., vol. viii., pt. 4, p. 364.
PREHISTORIC REMAINS IN THE BURREN, CO. CLARE. 365
shall note another not many miles away) had inferior upper walls which have entirely fallen. The stonework to the west is of very large blocks and Cyclopean in style. It is noteworthy that the somewhat ruder and longer masonry (supposed by some to be of earlier age than the larger and better-fitted blocks) occurs above the " Cyclopean " masonry, as shown in the illustration. Nay more, the masonry without spawls occurs above that with them. This is not a solitary case, nor confined to Ireland, for Dr. Christison notices it in the forts of Lome.1 We have this further proof of the doubtfulness of all attempts to date or group forts by their stonework. The rampart is 9 feet 6 inches to 10 feet at base, and 6 feet 7 inches to 7 feet at the top. It has the usual curved out- line which was probably a regular batter which got bulged out by the settlement of the filling, which, like the facing, is large for some 8 feet high and small above.
The only internal features are a plinth or very narrow terrace, 12 inches to 18 inches wide (as at Cahercottine), and a flight of five steps to the west leading from the " plinth " to a platform from left to right, and they measure (ascending) 12, 12, 15, 10, and 10 inches high, 23, 16, 13, and 12 inches tread, and 18 inches in depth. There are traces of a similar flight leading from right to left up to the same platform. This feature, though not unknown in the Kerry forts, seems unique in Clare. The gate faced S.S.E., its sides are parallel and of massive " stretchers." The passage is 8 feet 5 inches wide and 10 feet long, and if roofed, must, like Cahermackirilla, have required beams of wood.
MOHEEAMOYLAN (Sheet ix., No. 4). — An oval caher about 120 feet across, and so nearly levelled that it is only distinguishable on the new maps by the modern enclosures ; lies on a craggy hill to the N.E. of
Gateway of Moheramoylan.
Cahergrillaun and is circular in plan. Its gate faces south, and seems on the point of falling, as the east pier was distorted, the back stones having been removed. It is 6 feet high, 4 feet 4 inches wide (the exact
1 "Early 'Fortifications in Scotland," pp. 146 and 147.
202 *
366 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
width of the gates of Rannagh and Caherahoagh). It has two lintels, the outer and larger being 6 feet by 2 feet by 10 inches, the passage behind it was 5 feet 3 inches wide, the wall 9 feet thick. The masonry seems to have been of very thin slabs, 5 inches to 8 inches thick, which accounts for its thorough dilapidation.
In the garth there are some late enclosures and a straight souterrain lying N.N.W. and S.S.E. ; it is of the usual type, parallel walls of small stones 4 feet apart, roofed at the ground level with slabs, 5 feet 6 inches long. The term ' Moher ' is used by the peasantry in the sense of enclosure rather than fort. This was the case even early in the last century, for we find leases of " the mohers of Ballymahony in Burren" granted by the O'Briens to the England family.1
A cromlech stands on a green hillock 2000 feet westward from the fort. It has fallen towards the north, the sides were only about 3 feet high, including the part set in the ground ; the massive top slab is 14 feet 5 inches east and west, and 9 feet 7 inches north and south by 8 or 10 inches thick.
1 ''Dublin Registry of Deeds," B. 51, p. 378, and B. 94, p. 445 (1725-1726).
( 367 )
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS.
BY W. J. KNOWLES, M.EJ.A., VICE-PRESIDENT.
[Read JANUARY 11, 1898.]
seems to be an impression among antiquaries that the flint implements, known by the name of scrapers, are scarce in Ireland. Tli is is an erroneous idea, as they are certainly far more numerous than any other species of stone implement. In the southern parts of Ireland, scrapers of flint maybe scarce, because that material is not found there 4 but corresponding objects must have been made of other hard rocks, though these may not now be known or distinguishable as implements. Even if such objects were recognizable, their coarse and unattractive appearance would cause them to be neglected, In the north of Ireland many flint scrapers are beautiful objects, yet even they have been considered too common and uninteresting to be worth collecting, and, therefore, our knowledge of them is more limited than it should be. Collectors wanted only well-formed arrow-heads, or perfect polished axes, but nothing of a broken kind or so poor as a scraper. Con- sequently the poorer implements that came in the way of the farmer, were thrown aside, and only those of a better class picked up. If any collector had a desire to have a fair representation of all the varieties of tools and implements in use during the Stone Age, he had no chance of obtaining them from dealers ; he must go to districts where sites of ancient dwellings and manufactories existed, and collect for himself. I knew an enthusiastic collector who went round the country encouraging the children to collect every piece of flint which they found. In this way he soon accumulated a large quantity of implements of every description. His object, however, was merely not to miss any of the better class of implements. These he added to his collection ; but scrapers and such poor things were used to gravel the walks round his dwelling-house. This is not an isolated instance, as many collectors have acted in a somewhat similar manner. Even farmers have frequently said to me when they saw scrapers in my collection : " I would not lift the like of these." Considering the feeling of con- tempt for scrapers among all parties engaged in collecting flint imple- ments, it is not surprising that the parcels of Irish antiquities which were formerly despatched by dealers in Bally mena to various parts of the United Kingdom contained few scrapers, and that English and other antiquaries should describe them as scarce.
-In Wilde's Catalogue of the Royal Irish Academy's Collection, such
368 EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
objects are not mentioned,1 but <{ eight articles of very unusual shape and numbered from 449 to 456, presenting the appearance of a circular disc, with a prolonged handle, notunlike a short spoon, "2were probably scrapers. Sir John Evans in the first edition of his " Stone Implements," after describing English scrapers, says they are found of nearly similar forms in Ireland, but are there comparatively much rarer than in England. In his second -edition of the same woi*k, published in 1897, he still says that they are rarer than in England ; but referring to Papers in the " Journal of the Anthropological Institute," which I find by reference to the parts cited were contributed by myself, adds, "though fairly numerous in Antrim."3 The scarcity of scrapers and other objects of the poorer kinds is not confined to private collections. Even in the British Museum you will find abundance of the higher class of implements, but few or none of the poorer kinds. This is not a desirable state of things. If we only see the best articles we must have a very imperfect and biassed knowledge of the culture of the Stone Age.
FIG. 1 (Half natural size).
Bcrapers were abundant in the Palaeolithic Age. In "Reliquiae Aquitanica3," p. 14, two scrapers — one from a cave in Perigord, and another from the gravels of the valley of the Somme, are compared with an implement of the same class then in use among the Eskimos. The latter implement was neatly mounted in an ivory handle. I show two views, half -size, of a similar implement (see fig. 1), one of several in the collection of Edward Lovett, Esq., of Croydon, who has kindly supplied me with the drawings. The handle is skilfully made from
1 The word "scraper" is used, but he does not apply the term to the objects under consideration.
2 Page 16, op. cit. 3 Evans' " Stone Implements," 2nd ed., page 310.
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS. 369
walrus ivory, and is ornamented. It has been used by the Eskimos in the preparation of skins, as was the example figured in " Reliquiae Aquitanicae." There are many references to scrapers in this important work, and plates of examples are given (see A. Plates VII., X., XIX., and XXIV.). Scrapers of the older Stone Age have been found in Kent's cavern in Devonshire (see Evans' " Stone Implements" for, figures of some of these, p. 501). Mr. Worthington Smith has also found examples of scrapers in the old Paleolithic floors which he discovered in Bedfordshire, and near the Lea in Middlesex and Essex ; and illustrations are given (see figs. 66, 67, 73, 129) in his work, "Man, the Primeval Savage." In " MuseePrehistorique" figures of Palaeolithic scrapers are shown (see Plates XIII. and XIX). All these implements of the older age have a likeness to scrapers of the Neolithic Age. " As far as form is concerned there is little or nothing to distinguish them from the analogous instruments of the Neolithic Period."1 In addition, to the likeness among scrapers of different ages there is also a resem- blance among implements of this class found in countries widely separated, as, for example, Ireland and the Cape of Good Hope. I have also scrapers from kitchen middens near Hobart's Town in Tas- mania, which in shape and style of manufacture I could match with implements of the same class from "Whitepark Bay, county Antrim. Some authors endeavour to explain the likeness in implements found in widely separated regions by stating their belief that similar wants may have caused different peoples to invent the same type of implement, but I believe the likeness among scrapers, as in other tools of stone, has rather been caused by the wide dispersion at some time of the early makers of these articles. That they are found in many countries of Europe and parts of Africa and America may, I think, be attributed to this cause.
In Ireland where the scrapers are of Neolithic Age, they have been, found in greatest abundance in Antrim. A considerable quantity has been found in Donegal, especially along the sheltered bays where Stone Age dwelling-places and sites of manufactories have been covered up and preserved by the sand. I have found them at Horn Head and at Bundoran. At the latter place I obtained over 300 made of the black chert from the Carboniferous limestone, besides a considerable number made of flint. At Maghery, near Ardara, Dr. D'Evelyn, of Ballymena, obtained several scrapers in association with other stone implements in the sandhills there ; and I have had some sent me by correspondents from Gweedore in the same county. At Dundrum, in county Down, I found over 2000 scrapers of flint round the old hut sites, which had been preserved and protected by a covering of sand. Here also the Marchioness of Downshire, Mr. W. H. Patterson, and other contributors. to the Journal, have found scrapers in abundance.
1 Evuns' " Stone Implements," 2nd ed., p. 501.
370 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
At Portstewart, and other parts of county Deny, I have found a great quantity of flint scrapers, and notices of these finds will be found in various Journals. That the chert of the Carboniferous limestone was used at Biindoran for the manufacture of scrapers shows us that more implements of that material may yet be recorded after atten- tion has been directed to the matter. A short time ago Mr. George Coffey, M.R.I.A., Curator of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, showed me some chert scrapers, which were found in county Meath ; and in the number of the Journal for December, 1897, Mr. E. Oof ton Rotheram has drawn attention to the discovery of over fifty scrapers of chert near Slieve na Caillighe. In addition to flint and chert, quartzite and other hard rocks were likely employed. I have specimens both in quartzite and basalt, and .there is no doubt that when the hut-sites, buried up in sand along the shores of the south and west of Ireland are explored, more implements of this nature will be discovered.
Sir John Evans has given the localities where scrapers are found in England. He says : " They seem to occur in greater or less abundance over the whole of England."1 I have many typical examples from both England and Scotland, mostly of flint, but some of quartzite. I have myself collected a good many scrapers and other implements from the sandhills of Glenluce in Scotland. They are found in France, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Italy, Switzerland, and other places I have mentioned. It is likely that wherever stone implements occur, scrapers may be found, though, I fear, the same feeling of contempt for them in other countries, as in Ireland, may have prevented their numbers and distribution from being as fully known as they should be.
A typical scraper, as defined by Sir John Evans, is "a broad flake, the end of which has been chipped to a semicircular bevelled edge, round the margin of the inner face, similar in character to that of a round- nosed turning chisel."2 Sir John Lubbock describes scrapers as " oblong stones rounded at one end, which is brought to a bevelled edge by a series of small blows."3 The bevelled edge is in reality the distinguishing feature of a scraper, and considering the number of side-scrapers to be found in any extensive series, I think these definitions might be simplified, and at the same time improved, by applying the term' 'scraper' to any flake having a side or end chipped to a bevelled edge.
Sir John Evans, in classifying scrapers, takes into account the general contour of the implement as well as the portion which has been chipped into form, consequently he has horseshoe- shaped, kite-shaped, duck's- bill-shaped, oystershell-shaped, ear-shaped, &c. ; but as the unworked outline of the flake is largely accidental, I think it should be left out of account in any system of classification, and the worked edges only dealt
1 Op. cit., p. 3 JO. 2 Op. tit., p. '298.
3 " Prehistoric Times," 4th ed., page 98.
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS. 371
with. I recently "brought all the scrapers in my collection together, and, when counted, .they were found to number nearly 10,000. I tried Sir John Evans' method of classification, but found that even with a" liberal use of the qualifying terms (long, short, broad, and narrow), only a small number of the entire series could be classed. I then examined the worked edges, and tried to find if the ancient flint-workers had any •definite ideas as to shapes or patterns in making their scrapers. The bevelling of the edge varied from being sharp, almost like a knife-edge, till it formed a right-angle with the flat face, and, in some cases, the chipped edge inclined inward towards the flat face of the implement. This variation in the bevelling was not satisfactory as a method of classification, as the different degrees of bevel were to be found in all shapes and sizes. The general outline of the dressed surface worked better. I found the dressed scraper edge to be formed in several definite curves, some circular, others elliptical, oblique, and soforth, and though these forms may originally have been derived from the shape of the flake struck from waterworn pebbles of flint, the same curves were after- wards made by careful workmanship. I have accordingly been guided by the breadth and curve of the dressed edge in classifying the scrapers in my collection, and I was able at once to make a division into side- and end-scrapers. I give the side-scrapers the first place, as they are the representatives of the Mousterien " racloirs," and, in many cases, identical with them. They could be sub-divided into two or more divi- sions, but, for the present, they are all enumerated together. The end- scrapers may, as already stated, be sub-divided, according to curve of the worked edge, into circular, elliptical, oblique, square, and narrow ended. Combinations of these terms could also be applied, in order to make the classification more exact. There are, besides these, scrapers having double ends, with which may be included those dressed all round, as the latter are only short, double-ended scrapers. There is another kind, which has chiefly been obtained from the various sandhills, with promi- nent teeth-like projections from the scraping edge, which I have called toothed scrapers ; and lastly, there are the so-called hollow scrapers, which may have been used in scraping or sawing or, perhaps, both combined. I shall not deal with the latter at present, but afterwards treat of their several varieties in a separate Paper.
The end-scrapers were found to be sometimes dressed on the end only, sometimes on the end and one side, and frequently on the end and two sides. It is therefore necessary to make further sub-divisions in all the end-scrapers according as they are dressed in these different ways. In some cases where sides and ends are both dressed, it is not easy to decide whether some examples should be classed as end- or side- scrapers. They are, perhaps, both combined, as in fig. 2, p-. 372. Ey adopting the above classification, almost every scraper can be placed. My daughter assisted me in going over the entire series a second time, and
372
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
we had no difficulty in placing the large number I have mentioned in their fespective classes, divisions, and sub- divisions. Examples might be met with which appeared to be a sort of connecting-link between two kinds, or there was, perhaps, an accidental variation from the type intended ; but it was quite apparent that the makers of the scrapers had definite ideas as to the shapes of the scraping edges.
FIG. 2 (natural size).
It will be found that in my classification I am not entirely at vari- ance with early nomenclature, as semicircular curve, elliptical curve, oblique, and square-ended are all terms employed in " ReliquiaB Aquitanicse " in much the same sense as I have used them.
SIDE- SCRAPERS. Side-scrapers are those having one or both sides of the flake dressed
FIG. 3 and 3« (natural size;.
or bevelled. Short end-scrapers, with considerable length of scraping edge, have been called side-scrapers by various authorities, and therefore I shall include them in this division, as I believe both kinds fulfilled the
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS.
373
same purpose. I give two views of one of these short scrapers in fig. 3,. full size. It was found at Clough, county Antrim. The term side- scraper will appear misleading when we include these broad-ended scrapers, and the French term " racloir," was more appropriate, but with the explanation I have given, our own term will be sufficiently understood.
In France the Palaeolithic side-scrapers, or " racloirs," had a relationship with the Mousterien point. Both these implements have survived into Neolithic times in Ireland, and we can easily trace the relationship between them. The flint-implement makers were, I believe, able to produce flakes of various patterns, and though there were many failures, and much waste, large quantities of the kind required were always produced. This is evident, from the large numbers of beautifully -pointed flakes, suitable at once, or with very little dress- ing, for spear-points, which are found at various sites along the river
FIGS. 4 and 4a (natural size).
Bann, whilst in the sandhills, and several inland districts, short flakes, rounded and stout at the end opposite the bulb, suitable for making into scrapers, are in greatest abundance. There is another kind of flake which, though not numerous, is comparatively common, of which a specimen, from "Whitepark Bay, is shown in figs. 4 and 4a, but whether these were produced by accident or design, I am not at present prepared to say. There is a wing at one side running into a point, as shown in the figures, and if placed with the pointed- spur upwards, and slightly dressed along the margins of the outer face, we have a good example of the Mousterien point, as will be seen in figs. 5 and 5a (p. 374) of a specimen from Culbane, county Deny. One would think, at first sight, that the implement, which is a kind of "racloir," shown in fig. 6 (one of sixty- four found together at Tullynahinion, county Antrim), was derived from fig. 4, by the rounding off of the point, but the one implement is not derived from the other, though there is a kind of relationship between them, as numerous flakes like fig. 4, but with the spur, short and
374 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
unpointed, are produced, and can be dressed into scrapers, like that shown by fig. 6. Stout flakes have often one or both sides dressed for scraping. An example is shown from Clough, county Antrim, in fig. 7(1),
FIG. 5 and 5# (natural size).
p. 375, of which two views are given. Both sides are bevelled, but only one is dressed for scraping. The other still retains the crust of the core from which it was dislodged. Another side-scraper from Skerry, in the Braid, is shown in fig. 7 (3). It has one side dressed to a boldly
FIG. 6 and 60 (natural size).
bevelled edge, which is carried round the point at one end. The other side is very irregular, but has not been touched since it was struck from the core. It can be easily and firmly held between the fingers
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS.
375
and thumb, though it is possible the irregular side may have been inserted in a handle. Two* views are also given of this implement. In fig. 7 (2) we have a side-scraper from Whitepark Bay, county Antrim, which has been most used towards the narrow end, to the right of the figure. The handle-like portion is rather the result of an accident, as the bulb is nearly in the centre of the wider end of the figure. In stations far removed from the chalk-rocks, where material is scarce, and flakes made from very small pebbles, the majority of these implements are of the side-scraper kind. In some of the larger scrapers there is a.
FIGS. 7 (1-3).— Side-scrapers. (Scale, half linear.;
narrow portion at one or both ends dressed for scraping, which often shows evidence of having been more used than the broader portion. One would imagine, that while the broader scraping edge may have been employed in general work, the narrow end, or ends, may have been required for special use, like dipping into hollow parts, or for finishing some portion that had not been properly scraped. Side-scrapers vary in eize, from about 3£ inches in the widest part, by 2f inches, and over 6 inches round the scraping edge, to the very minute specimens of chert from Bundoran, scarcely fths of an incli round the dressed part.
376 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
END-SCRAPERS.
Circular Curve. — Scrapers having a semicircular curve at the 'dressed end are the most numerous. Specimens with a great regularity of curve, like those figured, are plentiful. In some the curve may vary slightly from the semicircular outline, but, at the same time, the purpose of the maker can be easily seen. Some may have slight defects, or indentures, from use, but in that case also it will be apparent that the original con- dition of the edge was a circular curve. Pig. 8 (4) is of beautiful reddish flint from Clough, county Antrim. It has a deep bevel nearly at right angles to the face of the flake, and it is slightly dressed on both
FIGS. 8 (4-8). — Scrapers with "Circular Curve, (Scale, half linear.)
sides round to the bulb end. It can be firmly grasped between the finger and thumb, and could be used in that way for scraping without any handle. Fig. 8 (5) is a long flake, having a dressed edge in the form of a semicircle. In classifying, I do not separate a long implement like this from the shorter ones, as the scraping edges are not different. There are no signs of use on the side edges of fig. 7 (2), p. 375, but in many specimens those edges have evidently been used for cutting purposes. Fig. 8 (6) is dressed on both sides as well as at the end. Fig. 8 (7) is •one of the small scrapers from Dundrum, county Down, almost circular,
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS.
377
but not dressed entirely round the circumference. Fig. 8 (8), p. 376, is thick at the dressed end, and has a beautiful curve ; the rest of the implement is thinner, owing to the flakes, which had been removed from the back, dipping deeply. The side edges show evidence of having been used in cutting. Figs. 8 (5, 6, and 8), like fig. 7 (1), are from Clough, county Antrim. The specimens shown in illustration of this division were selected, as indeed they were in all the divisions, so as to be of convenient size. I have many much larger, and some a good deal smaller, than those figured.
FIGS. 9 (9-13). — Scrapers with Elliptical Curve. (Scale, half linear.)
Elliptical Curve. — From the circular curve it is easy to pass to those having the curve in the form of an ellipse. Fig. 9 (9) is dressed round the sides nearly to the bulb, but the greatest thickness is at the apex. The sides could have been used, and probably were used, for scraping. This implement was found in Lismurnaghan, near Ballymena, county Antrim. Fig. 9 (10), in like manner, is thick at the apex, and finely arched, form- ing a spoon-shaped implement. It is of brownish-red flint, and is one of seventeen found in a lump during agricultural work at Beggarstown, about midway between Ballymena and Ballymoney. The bulb end is thinner than the rest of the scraper. The side edges, towards the bulb, are dressed, and may have been used for scraping or cutting. The
378
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
contracted portion may even have formed a sort of handle in itself, or may have been prepared for insertion in a piece of wood or horn. Pig. 9 (11), page 377, found in Culbane, county Deny, resembles fig. 9 (10), and is somewhat similar in side view. The upper portion, to the left side of the figure, has been used, and it is dressed on one side almost to the bulb. Fig. 9 (12) is a smaller specimen, but still typical of this kind of implement. It was found in Glen wherry, near Moorfields. Fig. 9 (13) has a deep and strcmg scraping edge at the apex, and has slight marks of dressing on both sides. It was found near Skerry, in the Braid.
OUique-Ended. — The oblique-ended form a very distinct class ; they are made right and left, and I show a fair proportion of each kind in
FIGS. 10 (14-18).— Oblique-ended Scrapers. (Scale, half linear.)
the group (figs. 10). I do not mean to infer, however, that an equal number of the persons who used the implements were right- and left- handed. A right-handed person might easily use them all by scraping from him with the one kind, and towards himself with the other. Figs. 10 (14 and 15) are right and left, and are both from the Braid. I show both faces of fig. 10 (16), which comes from Clough. Fig. 10 (17) is from Glenleslie, in Clough district. A side view is given of this-
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS.
379
implement in addition to the dressed face. The side view would fairly represent similar positions of all the figures in the group. Pig. 10 (18), p. 378, is from Lismurnaghan, and is made from an external flake. Some oblique implements appear to be closely allied to side- scrapers or " racloirs."
Broad- or Square-Ended. — These may be looked on as the opposite of those with elliptical curve, being flattened in the one case, and drawn out towards a point in the other. Some of those with long flattened curves may have been intended, by the makers, to be semicircular,. and the others, from doing hard work, may have lost material at the apex,
FIGS. 11 (19-23). — Square-ended Scrapers. (Scale, half linear.)
and the curve, in consequence, have become flattened ; but in addition to such objects, whose flattened ends may be the result of secondary causes, we have many of this kind, which were designedly manufactured. Fig. 11 (19) shows a thick implement from Whitepark Bay, and I give both back and side views. Pig. 11 (20) is also a strong flake, with a deep scraping edge, almost at right angles to the face of the flake. It was found near Clough, county Antrim. Pig. 11 (21), from Whitepark Bay, hardly comes under the definition of broader than long, otherwise it might be included with the side-scrapers. It would certainly do similar work to that of the latter kind. The scraper shown in fig. 11 (22) is
JOUK. R.S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. IV., 5TH SBR. 2 D
380 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
also from Clough, and has a deeply -bevelled edge. That shown by fig. 1 1 (23), p. 379, is formed from a rather thin flake, but the bevelled edge is neatly made. It was found by myself in the sandhills of Portstewart. "Whilst those figured would probably come under the sub-class of dressed at ends only, there is a fair proportion of scrapers having squarish ends, which are likewise dressed on one or both sides.
Small-Ended Scrapers are a class that are found more abundantly at "Whitepark Bay than elsewhere, and consequently all those depicted on figs. 12 (24-29) are from that place. Figs. 12 (24, 25, and 28) are dressed at the tips only. Fig. 12 (29) is dressed on the sides, but the
FIGS. 12 (24-29).— Narrow- ended Scrapers. (Scale, half linear.)
narrow end is greatly arched, and has the usual dressing of a scraper at that part, which, besides, shows greater strength for scraping pur- poses, than any other part of the implement. Both sides of fig. 12 (26) are dressed, and one side of fig. 12 (27). These two examples might be included with the elliptical curves, so nearly does one class sometimes approach another. Examples like figs. 12 (25 and 28) certainly repre- sent a definite type of implement, and cannot be considered as par- tially made, or in a state of temporary transition into an implement with broader scraping edges. Even such implements as figs. 12 (26 and 27),
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS.
381
which are dressed along one or both sides show the greatest depth and strength for scraping purposes at their narrow ends. As I have pointed out, narrow scraping ends are sometimes combined with side- scrapers. -
DOUBLE-ENDED.
We have scrapers, as will be seen by figs. 13 (30-35),which are dressed for scraping on both ends, as figs. 13 (31 and 33). Their dressed ends may be circular cur re, elliptical, or oblique, and they could, therefore, be classed in the divisions already described, but as the two ends in one implement might be different, and as implements of this kind are not
FIGS. 13 (30-35).— Double-ended Scrapers. (Scale, half linear.)
numerous, they may conveniently be classed separately. With these may be grouped such as are dressed all round, as they are only short double-ended scrapers. Fig. 13 (30) is of the latter kind, and shows a portion of the mid rib of the flake from which it was formed. It is dressed equally well all round, and is concave on the undressed side,. Fig. 13 (31) is dressed on both ends, and has not been trimmed for scrap- ing on the side edges, but some slight chips have been removed, probably whilst being employed as a cutting-tool. The .implement shown in fig. 13 (32) is also dressed all round, and has a triangular appearance. The top portion in the figure has the deepest scraping edge, the bevel being
2D2
382
KOYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUAKIES OF IKELAND.
nearly at right angles to the face of the object. The longish scraper shown in fig. 13 (33), p. 381, is dressed on the sides as well as the ends. The greatest strength for scraping purposes appears in the broad end of, the figure. Pig. 13 (34) shows another object which is circular. It has equal scraping strength all round the circumference. I show, in fig. 13 (35), an implement dressed at the ends and all round, 'but with an indenture on each side. I have only about half a-dozen implements fashioned in this way. Altogether, scrapers of .the double-ended and all-round kinds!, though not so numerous as other varieties, are not rare.
TOOTHED- SCUAPERS.
Toothed-sciapers, like those of the last division, might be included with the circular curves, oblique-ended, and so on, but on account of the
FIGS. 14 (36-39).— Toothed-scrapers. (Scale, half linear.)
tooth-like projections, which suggest their name, and being, at the same time, not numerous, as compared with other kinds, they may con- veniently be kept apart. The teeth-like prominences are peculiar, and, no doubt, purposely designed. I show in fig. 14 (36), an implement which, except for the teeth, would be classed as a side-scraper, the bulb being at the left-hand side of the figure. The object shown in fig. 14 (37) is rather an oblique-ended implement. I show two views of fig. 14 (38).
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS.
383
The dressing is bold, and the projections at fairly regular intervals. The two faces of fig. 14 (39), p. 382, are shown, and altogether the figures give a fair sample of this class of implement. Some might, perhaps, regard them as scrapers only partially manufactured, but they are generally so worked in the spaces between the teeth, and also .along the sides of the teeth themselves, that I am inclined to regard them as finished implements of their kind, and that the tooth-like prominences were necessary in some kinds of scraping. In "Woods' " Natural History of Man" he figures, in the portion dealing with the Eskimos, p. 699? one of the hafted flint scrapers, and a toothed object also hafted, which he classes together as scrapers ; and in the text he says, " the fat, blood, and oil are first sucked from the skins, and the women then scrape the inner surface with an ingenious implement, sometimes furnished with teeth, and at other times plain, like blunt knives " (p. 698).
USED SCRAPERS. In figs. 15 (40-42) I show a few scrapers with the edge worn by
FIGS. 15 (40-42).— Used Scrapers. (Scale, half linear.)
use. The edge in these cases must have been dragged along with great pressure on some hard substance, so that flakes have been repeatedly
384 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
detached from the dressed end of the scraper parallel to the original dressing. Sometimes the flakes have broken short about midway in the thickness of the scraper, and by continued use a ledge has formed, as shown in figs. 15 (40 and 42), p. 383. I give three views of each of these figures. The side views of the figures show the ledges referred to, and I indicate by dotted lines the original outline of these implements before they were used. Even in working, the owners endeavoured to keep the circular shape, as will be seen in the right-hand or bulb faces of the two figures showing the used edges. It is alleged that some implements may have been pushed along on their flat faces as planes. If they were so- used, the chips would all be detached from the undressed face, but very few scrapers show injury or marks of use on that face. I have found some with the marks referred to, but the number is so small compared with the entire collection, that I am convinced the Irish scrapers have not been used as planes. If the injury was not the result of accident, it was more likely caused by using the implement as an axe or chopper. I show a scraper injured in the way indicated in fig. 15 (41). Scrapers were probably employed for many purposes. From their numbers they were, no doubt, in daily use, and would serve, perhaps, as knife, spoon, or axe. That they were sometimes subject to rough usage is plain from the damaged edges we see on so many examples. Among other work, they were probably used in scraping hematite and chalk, to procure paint with which to decorate the persons of the Prehistoric people. In vol. vii., 4th Series of the Journal, p. 115, I show, in a Paper contributed by me on the finds from Whitepark Bay (figs. 61 and 62), examples of chalk and hematite which have been scraped, as is evidenced by the grooves and strias appearing on the objects referred to. In the piece of chalk are two grooves of considerable depth which a scraper with circularly curved edge would make. The pebble of hematite, fig. 62, is one out of several which have been found at Whitepark Bay, showing coarse stria?, crossing each other in different directions, evidently caused by scraping the stones, to procure red powder for paint. The chalk was, no doubt, scraped in like manner, either for white paint or, perhaps, to mix with grease, to make putty or cement, for fixing tools or implements in handles. "We find some scrapers which have had their sharp scraping edges smoothed, as if ground on some hard substance, but these are not nearly so numerous as those which show marks of use, such as are exhibited in the several figures in p. 383.
Besides the different varieties of scrapers I have described, I find some which are dressed at the bulb end instead of the end opposite. In the greater number of scrapers the dressing is towards the ridge face of the flake, but in a few cases we find the dressing towards the plain or bulb face. In some scrapers the dressing is partly towards the one face and partly towards the other, whilst again we have some with two or three projections dressed for scraping. I have one object in the form of
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS. 885
an equilateral triangle, with the three angles dressed as scrapers and the sides undressed. This implement could be classed with the narrow-ended scrapers as the three angles are three such scrapers. In Whitepark Bay and other sites, where we find everything connected with the manu- facture of flint implements, there are many minor scraping implements besides those classed under the name of scrapers. You may take up many flakes which will show minute dressing on one side of a sharp edge, as if it had been used to scrape some such substance as bone. I have observed similar dressing on flakes from French and English caves of the Paleolithic Age.
The appended table (p. 391) will show the different classes and sub- classes, and the numbers and localities of each. The localities given are only the best known places in a wide district. Some of them, as Clough and the Braid, may include many townlands, the former being a hilly district or sort of plateau, and the latter a valley ten or twelve miles long.
SCRAPERS IN RELATION TO SKIN-CURING.
The annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, for 1887- 88, is taken up with an exhaustive account by John Murdock, Naturalist and Observer, Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, 1881-83. He says, speaking of the Eskimos, at p. 287 : — " These people still retain the art of making flint arrow-heads and spear-heads and other implements, such as the blades for skin-scrapers to be hereafter described." At p. 294, he adds : — " For removing bits of flesh, fat, etc., from a green skin, and for breaking the grain and removing the subcutaneous tissue from a dried skin, the women who appear to do the most, if not all, of this work use a tool, consisting of a blunt stone blade mounted in a short thick, haft of wood or ivory, fitting exactly to the inside of the hand, and having holes or hollows to receive the tips of the fingers and thumb. The skin is laid on the thigh, and thoroughly scraped with this tool, which is grasped firmly in the right hand, and pushed from the worker." This tool is used for " softening skins which have become stiffened from being wet and then dried. . . . "We obtained eighteen such scrapers and two unmounted handles. Every woman owns one of these tools." He describes these implements, and figures several of them in their handles. One handled scraper, instead of flint, "had a blade of sandstone flat and rather thin, with a smooth, rounded edge,"p. 297. "Deerskins are always dressed as furs with the hair on. The skin is rough dried in the open air, with considerable subcutaneous tissue adhering to it, and laid aside until needed. "When wanted for use, a woman takes the skin, and works it over carefully with a stone scraper on the flesh side, removing every scrap of subcutaneous tissue, and breaking the grain of the skin which leaves a surface resembling white chamois leather, and very soft. . . . All furs are prepared in the same way. Small seal skins, to- be worn with the hair on, are scraped very clean, and, I think, soaked
386 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
in urine before they are spread out to dry," p. 300. Nansen, in " Eskimo Life," pp. 126 to 132, gives a very full account of skin-curing among the Greenland Eskimos. Different kinds of skins are prepared in different ways. Black skins, so-called because the grain or outer membrane of the skin of the seal is either black or dark brown, are obtained by scraping the blubber or underside. To obtain white skins, they are taken while quite fresh, and after the blubber has been roughly removed, rolled up, and laid in a tolerably warm place. There they lie until the hairs and outer membrane can easily be scraped away by a mussel shell. If seal skins are to be used for shoes, the blubber and inner layer of the skin itself are scraped away by a crooked knife. Bird-skins are turned inside out, and the layer of fat is scraped away as thoroughly as possible, with a mussel shell or spoon, and is eaten. Chewing the fleshy side of the skin until all the fat is extracted is a very regular part in the curing of skins.
Nordenskiold, in the " Yoyage of the Vega," vol. ii., p. 122, describes a hide-scraper used by the Chukches, which he figures at p. 117 of same volume. It is an implement of stone or iron, with semicircular edge, fastened to a wooden handle.
* ' With this tool the moistened skin is cleaned very particularly, and is then rubbed, stretched, and kneaded so carefully, that several days go to the preparation of a single reindeer-skin. That this is hard work is also shown by the woman who is employed at it in the tent dripping with perspiration. . . . When the skin has been sufficiently worked, she fills a vessel with her own urine, mixes this with comminuted willow - bark, which has been dried over the lamp, and rubs the blood-warm liquid into the reindeer-skin. . . . The skins are made very soft by this process, and on the inner side almost resemble chamois-leather."
In the Stone Age in Ireland, when skins would be used for clothing and covering of tents, we can conceive the process of skin-curing being carried on in some such manner as has been described, and how the flint-scrapers would be usefully employed in removing subcutaneous tissue and in softening skins in the way similar implements are used, or were used until lately, among the Eskimos and other northern tribes in Asia and America.
PIKE PBODTJCTNG.
Sir John Evans is of opinion that many of the flint-scrapers were used in producing fire. He comes " to the conclusion that a certain proportion of these instruments were in use, not for scraping hides like the others, but for scraping iron pyrites, and not improbably, in later days, even iron or steel, for procuring fire. Were ihey used for such a purpose, we can readily understand why they should so often present a bruising of the edge and an irregularity of form. "We can also find a means of accounting for their great abundance." He adds :— " We may in any case assume that flints have been in use as fire-producing
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS. 387
agents for something like 2000 years, and that, consequently, the number of them that have thus served must be enormous. What has become of them all ? ... Many, no doubt, were mere irregular lumps of flint, broken from time to time to produce such an edge as would scrape steel ; but is it not in the highest degree probable that many were of the same class as those sold for the same purpose at the present day — flakes chipped into a more or less scraper-like form at one end?"1 He de- scribes the finding by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., in English barrows of pieces of iron pyrites in company with flakes of flint, and says : — " It is hard to imagine any other purpose for which pyrites could be scraped by flint, except that of producing fire."2
I have given this matter considerable attention, and I do not believe that Irish scrapers were used in conjunction with pyrites or steel to produce fire. At Whitepark Bay, county Antrim, I have found over 2500 scrapers around the hut- sites where they were manufactured, large and small and of all patterns, and for every scraper there were at least twenty to thirty flakes and broken pieces of flint, any one of which would have been as suitable for producing fire as the best made scraper. We have heard of the patience of savages, but to trim a flake into the form of a scraper before using it to produce fire, when it would be no better for the purpose than an untrimmed flake, is not a reasonable supposition. At Portstewart and the Grangemore sites on opposite side of the Bann, I obtained over 800 scrapers. At Dundrum, county Down, over 2000, and at Bundoran, county Donegal, over 400 ; the majority of the latter being very small, and made of chert from the Carboniferous limestone ; but in none of these sites did I ever find a particle of pyrites, though I was always on the look-out for it. In other sites round the Irish Coast, as at Horn Head, Ballyness, Achill Island, Killala, etc., where we find hearths and charred remains, showing that the people used fire, there was little flint and no pyrites. The implements were mostly made of granitic gneiss, Carboniferous slate, or whatever hard rock the particular neighbourhood produced.
I think it is generally acknowledged that there was an earlier method of producing fire than that by percussion of pyrites and flint. The friction caused by rubbing a pointed stick in a groove in another piece of wood, or causing a pointed piece of wood to rotate quickly in a hole in another piece, is said to produce fire easily and quickly. There are the traditions of many tribes that this was an earlier method, and, I think, the sacred character and superstitious notions attached to fire, produced in this way, as compared with that produced by percussion of flint and steel is fair presumptive evidence that it is earlier. I believe it is probable that the people of the Stone Age produced fire when they required it by friction of pieces of wood instead of using scrapers for the purpose.
1 " Stone Implements of Great Britain," 2nd ed., p. 315. 2 Ibid., p. 317.
388 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
In the Report of the Bureau of Ethnology already quoted (p. 289), it says : —
" In former times fire was obtained in the method common to so many savages, from the heat developed by the friction of the end of a stick worked like a drill against a piece of soft wood. . . . Fire is usually obtained nowadays by striking a spark in the ordinary method from, a bit of flint with a steel " (p. 291).
In the " Ghost Dance Religion," by James Mooney, Report, Bureau of Ethnology, for 1892-93, Part II., p. 668, he gives quotations showing the teaching of the Delaware prophet, and, among other things, the people were "to give up the use of firearms, and live entirely in the state they were in before the white people found out their country . . . that fire was not pure that was made by steel and flint, but that they should make it by rubbing two sticks together."
Mr. E. B. Tylor, in "Early History of Mankind," says:— "Though some of the higher methods date far back in the history of the old world, the employment of the wooden friction apparatus in Europe, even for the practical purposes of ordinary life, has come up through the classical and mediaeval times into the last century, and for all we know it may still exist " (p. 255). The old fire-making, by friction of two pieces of wood, " has held its own even in Germany and England into quite late times, in spite of all the efforts of the Church to put it down " (p. 258). Hedescribes a need-fire in Germany in the seventeenth century. A murrain had broken out among the cattle, and on an appointed day all the tires in every house were put out, and a fire was produced by friction of pieces of wood with which they kindled straw and brushwood previously collected together. Then .the cattle were made to pass through the fire. A similar ceremony at Perth in 1826 is described (p. 259) ; and the production of a need-fire in Ireland by the friction of pieces of wood, and for the purpose of curing cattle, .is described in the Journal of this Society, vol. vi., 4th Series, p. 64. This is said to have occurred in the year 1817. Mr. Tylor says further, in reference to the production of fire, that the common notion that the friction of two pieces of wood was the original method used has strong and wide-lying evidence in its favour, and very little that can be said against it. He adds : — " Perhaps the most notable fact bearing on this question, is the use of pyrites by the miserable inhabitants of Terra del Fuego. I do not know that fire-sticks have ever been seen among them, but it seems more reasonable to suppose that they were used till they were supplanted by the discoviry of the fire-making properties of pyrites than to make so insignificant a people an exception to a world- wide rule" (p. 262).
Plint and steel were not, however, in very general use in Ireland. They were occasionally used by labourers when working in the fields to produce a light for their pipes. I have often seen them used, and have several specimens of the steels and flints used with them, which I
IRISH FLINT SCRAPERS. 389
collected when they were being supplanted by the lucifer match. The flint and steel were not used to light the fire in the mornings as the lucifer match is now employed to do in many houses. It was a general custom for the fires at bed-time to have two or three peats put over the live coals, and all covered over with the ashes on the hearth. This was called "raking the fire," and it smouldered all night, and was still burning in the morning, and gave sufficient live coals to kindle the njorning fire. In fact, the fire was continuous from day to day and from year to year ; but if, by chance, a fire did go out, a light was obtained from a neighbouring house. In the Stone Age something like this would, no doubt, be the common usage, and new fires would seldom have to be produced. Sir John Lubbock says that the Australians would go long distances to get a light from some other tribe rather than take the trouble of producing fire for themselves.1
The pieces of flint used with the steel in the north of Ireland were, as far as I ever saw, irregular lumps. If a labourer wanted to light his pipe he had seldom any difliculty in finding a piece of flint by looking around, and if it was too large he broke it to get a piece which suited his purpose. Sometimes a suitable piece was carried in a box with the tinder, but there was no trade in either the steels or the flints that I ever heard of. The country smiths made the steels when they were commissioned to do so, and the flints were procured in the fields in the way described.
I believe, therefore, that as regards the north of Ireland, the flints used in the production of fire with steel were not exceedingly numerous, but even if they were so, we must look for them among the irregular and untrimmed pieces that are scattered plentifully over the cultivated land. But iron pyrites and flint have been found together in graves. Were they placed there with the idea of producing. fire ? If the pyrites were in the bright and unoxidised condition, there might be some grounds for believing that such was the intention of those who placed them in the graves, but if in the oxidised state, as the examples described by Canon Greenwell are, and capable of yielding a reddish brown powder when scraped, I think it more likely that the pyrites and flint were put along- side the departed with the idea of enabling him to obtain paint with which to decorate himself.
SUMMARY.
We have seen that scrapers are a class of implement which is much more abundant than was generally suspected. That the parts dressed for scraping were made, in general terms, long, rounded, and narrow. Prom finding the Eskimos using similar implements in the dressing of skins, it is probable that the majority of our scrapers were similarly employed ; that other stones besides flint were probably used for scrapers in parts of
* " Origin, of Civilization," p. 312.
390 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Ireland where flint is not found. The nature of the injury to the edges of some which show signs of use would lead us to infer that in some instances they had been employed in scraping hard substances like stone, probably haematite and chalk, for paint. Stones of this material, with coarse stria3, being found around the hut sites at Whitepark Bay in association with flakes and scrapers, makes this idea very probable. That scrapers were ever used with pyrites or steel for the production of fire is certainly not proven. It is more likely that the method of producing fire by the friction of two pieces of wood was in use in the Stone Age, and that a scraper would not be neatly dressed in order to be used to produce fire when an undressed flake would answer the purpose fully as well. The pyrites found in association with scrapers in graves, as now exhibited in the British Museum, is oxidised, and, instead of being used for the pro- duction of fire by percussion, was more probably intended as a means of producing paint, that the deceased person migh t appear properly adorned in the Spirit world.
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[391]
392 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE RECENT DISCOVERY OF OGAMS IN THE COUNTY OF ANTRIM.
BY THE REV. GEORGE R. BUICK, M.A., LL.D. [Submitted NOVEMBER 29, 1898.]
the course of the past summer, the Rev. "W. P. Carmody, B.A., one of our members, and Rector of Connor, had the good fortune to come across two Ogam inscriptions hitherto unknown to the Archaeolo- gical world. Hearing from his man-servant that there was " a cove " in a field belonging to Mr. "Win. Hyndman, of Carncomb, about half a mile south-east! of the village of Connor, he determined to pay it a visit of in- spection. It had many years ago been open, but afterwards closed for a long time, and he had some difficulty in finding it. Fortunately he succeeded in doing so, and soon effected an entrance. Immediately, he noticed two stones in the roof with Ogam scores. Being familiar with similar inscriptions in the county of Waterford, and elsewhere in the south of Ireland, he recognised at once the nature of the find. Some- time after, on his invitation, I had an opportunity along with Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.E.I.A., Fellow, of examining the place, and doing my best to transcribe the legends. I found the souterrain on the ridge of a hill which slopes in a northerly direction downwards to the " Hollow," with its Carn, from which the townland takes its name. It consists of a single chamber lying almost due north and south, but it is just possible there may be other apartments alongside, as there is an entrance near the south-east end which has not yet been explored. A common tradition, too, in the neighbourhood affirms that there are several "coves" in the same field.
The souterrain itself is 26^ feet in length and about 5 feet in average breadth. It is slightly dumb-bell shaped, i.e., the chamber expands somewhat at the two ends. In appearance it is neat and compact. It is built in the usual way of unhewn, rounded land-stones. A good deal of soil has been filled in, from time to time, about the centre, where the opening into it was (and indeed is) ; but, in places, the height is still from 5 to 6^- feet. Evidently, when it was built, large roofing stones were scarce, eight only being available. These are disposed along the roof in such a way as to leave a space of about 2 feet, in some instances a little more, between the stones. Each of the spaces so formed is filled with three or four shorter stones laid in the opposite direction, and these again
RECENT DISCOVERY OF OGAMS IN CO. ANTRIM. 393
carry smaller stones laid parallel with the eight largest ones under- neath.
The Ogam inscriptions are on two of the eight large stonea, which cross the structure and support the other stones of the roof. One is near the north end ; the other is near the south end. There are three of the large stones between them. Both are of basalt orwhinstone — the local stone — and in each case the arris, which bears the inscription, is the one facing the end of the chamber, nearest the stone, and on its lower or exposed side. The stones themselves, as far as I could judge, are each over 5 feet in length. The one at the south end is 20 inches broad where the the scores begin, and 13 inches where they cease. It is 10 inches thick on the side where the inscription is, and about 1 8 inches on the other side. The legend begins at a distance of a foot and a half from the end of the ston<; as exposed towards the left, and covers a space of 2 feet in length. The stone at the north end of the chamber is the shorter of the two, and is about 10 inches thick and 9 inches broad at the centre of the legend. This begins 17 inches from the end of the stone as exposed to the left, and occupies a space of 14 inches in length. A good part of the arris at the beginning is badly rubbed, so that it is not possible to make out the letters with anything like certainty. Some of them are gone beyond all hope of recovery.
In both instances the letters are unusually small for Ogams on stone. The average length of many of them is not more than three-fourths of an inch. Few exceed an inch. The lines are faintly drawn, and those which are most distinct are barely one-sixteenth of an inch in breadth, so that it is no easy matter to transcribe them, more especially as the examination has to be made by candlelight. Mr. Bigger and myself both tried to take rubbings of them — the former also made squeezes — but neither rubbings nor squeezes were at all satisfactory. The stones are naturally so rough, and the scores so faint and fine, it is impossible in the case of either rub- bings or squeezes to distinguish the bulk of the letters from other markings. I found the eye was after all the best guide ; and by holding the candle in different positions so as to vary the light and shade, and using at the same time a larger magnifying glass, I was able to make certain of at least three-fourths of the several groups. One of the labourers, too, who happened to be with me when I paid my second visit to the place was a very intelligent man, who took a great interest in what was being done, and, as I went along, I made him tell me what he saw, and in this way I farther checked my own observations. Afterwards, Mr. Bigger kindly sent me his rubbings and transcripts, and as these confirmed in the main my own readings, I am confident that the inscriptions, as now given, are not likely to be materially altered by farther examination. Of course, there are several letters, more especially among the double vowels, about which I have considerable doubt. In all such cases I give the par- ticular letter, or letters, I prefer, and underneath the alternative or
394: ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
alternatives as the case may be. My readings of the legends are as follows : —
Taking the stone at the south end — No. 1, as Mr. Carmody and I have agreed to call it — we have :
Here the first thing requiring notice is that the primary stroke of the second consonant is about half the length of the other four. I take it to be part, however, of the letter E. The fourth group, that between K and s, has five distinct vowel notches, but the first one is slightly larger than its neighbours, and very decidedly stands by itself. I there- fore translate the group by A E, but give i as an alternative. The next group of vowels — the seventh in order — consists of seven notches, which can be read as E u or o i. I give the preference to the E u. The A between the two ss is very plain. The MAQTJI is unquestionable. After this the arris takes a turn downwards, the angle of the stone had had a small fragment broken off it before being selected for the inscription, and the letters follow the lower edge of the break. The patronymic begins with the change in the direction of the arris. Its first letter is a bold and unmis- takable A. Then comes a c, after which we have seven notches. There is a slight break or crack in the stone between the fifth of these and the sixth, so that the last two stand by themselves. I take the combination, however, to be o i, not i o. The M which follows is fairly distinct, though when I first transcribed it I made it out a a. Between the M and the next consonant there comes a group of notches, some of which are very faint. I find in my note-book the observation regarding them, " very indefinite, might be seven or eight." Between the fifth and the sixth there is a faint line which, after careful examination, I take to be a slight fissure in the stone. The T and the i, which come next, call for no special comment. As to the last letter but one, which I regard as an N, there is room for doubt. I read it s the first time I saw it, but afterwards, having blackened the scores with the candle, and taken an impression on soft paper, I came to the conclusion that there were five strokes. Mr. Bigger's readings also gave five. The legend closes with three distinct notches followed, as far as I can see, by two others, which are very faint. I think there can be no doubt it is the letter i.
Taking now the stone at the north end of the souterrain, we find the inscription to be : —
-Ui—- tt— rrnr— /-im— -TTr-T^-111
T E G NAIMAQUIAVAKAT I
C
RECENT DISCOVERY OF OGAMS IN CO. ANTRIM. 395
Here much of the first name is illegible. The arris has been greatly rubbed at this part, and I have only been able to make out some six letters, and even in regard to three of these I have my doubts. The T at the beginning might be a c, though in rubbings and transcripts, the evidence is in favour of the former. The E is questionable ; two out of three attempts at reading give it. Then comes a rather longish blank, after which I make out two faint scores crossing the arris — the part of the second one on the upper surface is specially faint, but, as it is plainer below, I give the G the benefit of the doubt. I thought I saw traces of other scores now obliterated in its immediate neighbourhood, so I give E as an alternative as well as IE. Between what I take as G and the succeeding consonant there is a second blank space, but not quite so long as the first blank, and then a number of scores which I read as N, with s, however, as an alternative. The last stroke of this letter is very dis- tinct on the lower surface, but it runs up seemingly upon the upper surface. I take this part also to. be a slight fissure in the stone. Unless carefully considered it is likely to mislead. The MAQTII is faint, but I have no doubt whatever as to its existence. The patronymic which fol- lows is all plain with the exception of the penultimate which might be
C. AVAHATI Or AVAEACT.
Of the above four names I can make nothing, save that the ACOIMETT- TINI looks exceedingly like the AXOI/X^TCU, or watchers of the Greek Church, referred to by Dr. Reeves in his " Ecclesiastical Antiquities of
Down, Connor, andDromore," page 94, and that TE G — NAI might be
some such name as one I find in the " Annals of the Four Masters," vol. i., page 561, viz. Techtegan.
I may be permitted to add that we all owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Carmody for this valuable discovery of his, one of the most remark- able in the recent history of Irish Archeology, and to express the hope that he will see to the safe preservation of these Antrim Ogam-stones.
JOUlt. R. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. IV., OTH SER. 2 E
396 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
NEWLY-DISCOVERED OGAMS IN MAYO AND ANTRIM, WITH READINGS OF SOME HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED IN CORK AND WATERFORD.
BY PRINCIPAL RHYS, LL.D., F.S.A. [Submitted NOVEMBER 29, 1898.]
BRACKLAGHBOY OGAM.
0 OON after my return from Ireland this summer an Oxford friend of
mine, Mr. G. W. Norton, who visits the county of Mayo from time to time, and always keeps a sharp look-out for antiquities, brought me a photograph of the Bracklaghboy Stone. It had been taken by Sergeant Lyons of the Royal Irish Constabulary Force, and the latter, together with Mr. Augustine Crean, son of Dr. Crean, Windsor Villa, Ballyhaunis, afterwards visited the stone for me, and I have had a report of it made by the sergeant, and several letters containing valuable details from Mr. Crean, who is an enthusiastic student of archeology. However,
1 was not able to satisfy myself altogether as to the right reading till Mr. Cochrane examined the stone, and sent me some admirable rubbings of it. From these, and his letters about the Ogam, I feel there can hardly be any mistake in reading the whole as Cunalegiav . . . qunacanos, which analyses itself into Cunalegi av^ Qunacanos, meaning Conlig, descendant of Conchan. Now we have at Drumloghan a stone reading Cunalegea maqui, &c., where we have the genitive Cunalegea for Cunalegeas or Cunalegias : so our Cunalegi must be the nominative for an earlier Cuna- legis. On account of the breakage at the top we have to guess the nominative corresponding to avi or avvi, and I suppose it to have been ave for a longer aves contracted from avias, and Mr. Cochrane informs me that this reading fits the space on the stone. There is one point worth notice further, and it is this : the q of Qunacanos is probably a blunder of the inscriber for <?, as analogy postulates Cunacanos : this suggests that the inscription is not one of the earliest known. As to the names, I do not know what to make of Qunacanos, unless it is to be regarded as the genitive of the name which occurs in the Isle of Man as Conchan in Kirk Conchan, now made into Kirk Onchan, and simply Onchan. Cunalegi(s), genitive Cunalegea(s) is probably the name of which the Four Masters give the genitive, A.D. 1387, in " Matha mac Conlegha"
NEWLY-DISCOVERED OGAMS IN MAYO AND ANTRIM. 397
THE ANTRIM OGAMS.
Mr. Cochrane and the Rev. G. R. Buick, LL.D., Cullybackey Manse, Co. Antrim, have informed me of two inscribed stones found near Connor, and Dr. Buick has been good enough to copy the Ogams as follows : —
1. TOB.AESCEUSAS MAQTJI ACOIMEUTINI
I 01 ETT 01
2. TEGNAI MAQTTI AVARATI C?MS C
There appears to be a difficulty in getting at the stones, and the lettering is hard to make out, so these readings must, for the present, be regarded as provisional. But even if they are only approximately correct, we have here names utterly unlike anything known to be Celtic : perhaps Avarati might be said to remind one of "Dal n- Amide" and " Regio ^4ra^-tire." Otherwise I can only put together the fact of the obscurity of these names and that of their being found in the heart of the country of the Cruithni, or Picts of Ireland. No light on the Pictish question has ever been expected from that quarter, so the find- ing of these inscriptions is at once a surprise and an event of capital importance, possibly, for the ethnology of the British Isles.
THE AULTAGH STONES, Co. CORK.
1 . The other day, my friend Mr. Ed. Laws, of Tenby, sent me rub- bings which he had had from his relative, Mr. Ch. Mathias, of Lamphey Court : they are of a stone on the farm of Aultagh, three and a-half miles from the station of Dunmanway, on the Cork and Bandon Railway. I have since communicated with the proprietor, Mr. H. D. Conner, of 16, Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin, and of Mauch, near Ballyneen, county Cork : he has kindly given me a brief description of the stone, in which lie says that the inscriptions — for there are two lines of Ogam — are on rather a flat side of the stone. Neither inscription is on the edge, though the shorter one runs rather close up to the edge at one end. So far as I can judge from the rubbings, they look somewhat as follows : —
Now, though the first digit of each group in the first line is larger than the rest, I fancy it is to be taken with them ; and, in that case, the reading would possibly be eluai. The greater length of the first digit of a group can be paralleled in Scotland. As I have no facsimile of the second line, I will not risk a reading. I should have stated that the first asterisk has eight spokes or rays, but I am unable to make the other out so well. (See infra, p. 406.)
2E2
398 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
2. Mr. Conner adds the following words : — " There was also another stone, which was broken in two, and used in building a house a few yards from the stone still perfect. A portion of the inscription was to be seen on half of the stone in the wall of the house, but the other half is, I believe, faced towards the interior wall of the house, and plastered over : at any rate I could not see it." Mr. Conner thinks that the Rev. P. Hurley, P.P., Inchigeela, county Cork, has taken a careful cast of the inscription, by which I understand him to mean the stone still perfect.
THE KNOCKALAFALLA OGAM, Co. WATEBFORD.
Late in August last, Mrs. Rhys was told by Mr. Ussher, of Cappagh, of an inscribed stone at Comeragh Lodge, and we set out from Kilmac- thomas Station in company with Mr. Goddard Orpen to see it. We soon found the stone lying in the grass near the house at Comeragh Lodge ; and Mr. Hunt, who lives close by, and knows all about the stone, told us that it had been brought there by Mrs. Fairholme, to whom Comeragh Lodge belongs, from Knockalafalla, in the parish of Rathgormuck, in the barony of Upper Third, county Waterford. There she found it used as a gate-post, which is corroborated by the fact that it has a hole in it for the iron serving to hang a gate. The inscription reads up the left edge, round the top, and down the right edge continuously ; but the edge is imperfect at the top, and broken towards the end of the legend. So far as we could make it out, the following was the reading : —
UGUDIMAQIT I LI D TJ M A QU M O C O [l]
M A [QU l]
That is, Lugudi Maqui Lidu Maq. Mocoi Cunamaqui. Lugudi is certain, but Lidu maqu is a mere guess, and I was rather tempted to read Lugadequ, as the m of maqu is not certain, any more than the abbrevia- tion maqu is to be expected for maqui, though it occurs in two or three other instances. As to the scoring, my notes give the g as perpendicular, while the m of maqui slopes decidedly the wrong way. As to the names, Cunamaqqui occurs on one of the Ballintaggart stones, and Lugudi is the same as Lugutti on the Currans stone, which I read Velitas Lugutti, " (the stone) of the Fill (or Poet) L." So, in these vocables, we have three ways of representing th or dh or both, namely, as d, t, and tt.
( 399 )
OGAM INSCRIPTIONS DISCOVERED IK IRELAND IN THE
YEAR 1898.
Br ROBERT COCHRANE, F.S.A., M.R.I.A. [Submitted NOVEMBER 29, 1898.]
TN a former Paper (page 53, ante) I ventured to suggest that it was premature to attempt any deductions based on the geographical distribution of ogam monuments in Ireland, as the record of their location was still very incomplete, and new discoveries were frequently made, almost every year adding to the numher. I did not, however, anticipate that my surmise as to the probable expansions of the list, and extension of the ogam area, would be verified so soon.
Remarkable as was the discovery of the Meath ogams, it is quite eclipsed by the county Antrim finds in the extreme north-east of Ireland, in a district hitherto unsuspected of having had such monuments. Pos- sibly the same causes which, in later times, led to the disappearance of the stone crosses in the northern counties, may have operated against the preservation of ogam-stones. The Antrim monuments have been found in the roof of a souterrain, a position of security which thoroughly pro- tected them. Much may be hoped for from a thorough investiga- tion of the numerous souterrains in this county ; the number of such structures actually known to exist, and which have not been explored, or opened up, is amazing. Large districts in Antrim, in which these souterrains abound, are deficient in good building stone, especially of the size suitable for forming the roof, and a block of the size on which ogams are usually inscribed would certainly be availed of for the purpose, and if a primitive cemetery had been at hand, the stones would, no doubt, be availed of. It is not an over- sanguine speculation to imagine that similar discoveries may be made in Antrim, or the adjoining counties, where, up to the present, no ogams have been found ; and this probability, even if remote, should give an impetus to the systematic examination of these unexplored structures.
There are still several counties in which no ogams have been re- corded. These are — Donegal, Down, Galway, Louth, Leitrim, Longford, Queen's County, Sligo, Tipperary, Westmeath ; and now that there is such a revival in the study, and an increasing number of the members of this Society interested in the subject, many hitherto unrecorded monuments should soon be noted.
I do not include the Kilnasaggart stone, in county Louth, as an ogam, or the Rosshill stone in county Galway, and the reputed ogam
400 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
nave, in county Donegal, has not "been authenticated. The latter county would appear to be a most promising field for an ogam hunt ; early tribal occupation, contour, and other circumstances, point to a suitable locale for these monuments ; and the same may be said of county Sligo — indeed, from this county, there is already a rumour of such a discovery. Dublin, Monaghan, Londonderry, and Clare, may also be included in the non-ogam counties, as next to nothing has been found in any of them.
The Antrim discovery — the most important for many years — is very fully described by the Rev. Dr. Buick, and it is not necessary to further refer to it, except to express the hope that steps will be taken to have the earth removed, and the stones taken up and exposed to daylight for the most careful reading; and this is the more desirable, owing to the fuintness of the scores, which, even under the most favourable circum- stances of a daylight inspection, will be very difficult to read and inter- pret. Moreover, there may be markings on the other stones, but out of reach of one's eyes or fingers. The Dunloe ogam cave has been unroofed and uncovered three times, to facilitate the reading; the Drumloghan cave twice ; and arrangements have been made for the removal of the superincumbent earth for another examination of the stones in the latter cave, by experts early next summer.
The Antrim find makes the seventeenth instance in which ogams have been discovered in a cave. In nearly every case these souter- rains have been clearly identified as rath caves. Sometimes, however, it is difficult to trace the line of rath, and this is generally so in county Antrim, where the improving propensities of the thrifty tenant has induced him to level the mound, and fill up the fosse, in many cases leaving no trace of the earthwork visible, save such as may be seen in some seasons when the greater luxuriance of the crop over the levelled ground marks out the "fairy ring" of the "good people," for whom, however, the northern farmer of the present day has very little respect.
THE ISLAND OGAM, OK BRACKLAGHBOY STONE, COUNTY MAYO.
This is the next in importance to the two Antrim finds. It was brought to notice by Sergeant Lyons, of the Royal Irish Constabulary, now stationed at Ballyhaunis. an unusually intelligent and well-informed man, who in the most praiseworthy manner has, during his limited spare moments, turned his attention to the objects of archaeological interest in his neighbourhood. I am indebted to him for the photographs of the stone from which the accompanying illustration has been prepared.
The position is about 2 miles W.N.W. from Ballyhaunis, in the town- land of Island, and parish of Bekan. The adjoining townlands are Bonogerawer to the south, and Bracklaghboy to the east, and the monu- ment, though not actually in the latter townland, is called by that name, which seems to be better known in the locality than the proper name of
OGAM INSCRIPTIONS DISCOVERED IN IRELAND, 1898. 401
the townland which, as before stated, is Island. The configuration of the surrounding country is an elevated plain, with a number of hills of gentle elevation, on one of which the stone is situated. It is somewhat higher than the other hills in the neighbourhood, and is marked on the Ordnance Survey map as at an elevation of 431 feet. There is a very good view from the summit, taking in nearly all the province of Connaught, save the remote lowlands; the view westward is par- ticularly fine, where Croagh Patrick, 40 miles away, rises above the horizon in regular conical form. The ground slopes away in all directions except to the east, and the water-shed line of Connaught is at hand, where the boundaries of the large catchment areas join.
BRACK.LAGHBOY BOG OGAM-STONE. (From a Photograph by Sergeant Lyons, it.i.c.)
The stone stands about 6 feet 4 inches above the ground, is 2 feet across the widest portion of the eastern face, and about 16 inches in thickness. It slopes at. an angle of 75 degrees, and the apex is 5 feet from the ground level.
The hill on which it stands forms part of a farm of 35 acres, in occu- pation of Mr. James Freely : the landlord is Mr. Ross Knox, of Ballina (a minor) ; the spot is called Kaigen's rock, sometimes Keadu's rock. It has also been known as Coshleige-na-Keishu, and another name for it locally is Leigaun.
402 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Assisted by Mr. Augustine Crean, of Ballyhaunis, who, with his father, Dr. Crean, takes the greatest interest in the antiquities of the district, I made a rubbing of the outlines of the east face of the stone, showing the markings on the edges of it, which is here reproduced. The rubbing was made on a very wet and stormy afternoon, and the linen shrunk a little unequally ; the outline of the stone is therefore a little twisted, but the scores on the edges are facsimile. The scores commence near the bottom of the south angle of the east face, and, running over the top, terminate near the bottom of the north angle.
The inscription reads as follows : —
~^::+:irrn' ^TT*^;7~~MW ^^
C UNALEGI AVI Q UNACANOS E C
At the commencement and end, near the base of the stone, a good deal of weathering or chipping off has occurred, but I do not think any ogam scores have been defaced here. The notch at the very beginning I do not take as part of the reading ; the first letter, c, is quite distinct, but after it there is a large chip out of the edge of the stone, leaving space for vowel dots which, with one remaining, make up the letters u or E, the space is rather wide for o ; a portion of the two first scores of the next letter, N, are broken off. All the other characters are perfect until we come to the top of the stone where there are large pieces broken off. Commencing with the letter v, a portion of which is missing, and between the v and the <i there is space enough for the letter i to fit, but there is no trace what- ever now left on the stone of any portion of this letter. It is not quite clear whether the letter which follows is o, or c, as what appears to be the first score is partly broken, and it is just possible that it may not be a score but only the end of the fracture, in which case the letter should be read as c. The other characters are quite clear, until the end of the final s. After this the angle is a good deal abraded, but it is not likely any characters have been removed, as the termination does not suggest any missing letter, so that, on the whole, the inscription must be considered as almost perfect. It is fortunate the two defective letters are vowels, about the correct reading of which there is little room for doubt.
This ogam monument is, I think, more than usually interesting on account of its position, as it appears to be in situ, and I believe it stands over the actual grave of the person whose memory it is intended to perpe- tuate. The stone is surrounded by a small mound about 21 feet in diameter, of a height of about 3 feet or 4 feet above the original surface of the summit of the hill on which it stands. The sectional view (see p. 404) will illustrate this, and it will be observed there is a depression around the stone in the centre of this mound. This depression is possibly caused by cattle having used the stone as a rubbing post, and a similar
BttACKLAGHBOY OGAM-STONE. East Face of Stone, showing the Markings on the edges. (Reduced from a rubbing.)
404 EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
sinking will be found at the bases of stones used as rubbing posts. The mound had not this depression originally, and if the hollow were filled up, it would not cover any portion of the ogam inscription.1 If my surmise is correct, the interment is unique ; firstly, as regards the archaic form of burial on the surface with a mound of earth raised over the body, of which only a very few instances have been recorded, and, secondly, as having the original monument marking the place of interment. From, the short description of the commanding position of the site already given it will be seen that it was such an eminence as in very early times was usually selected as the burial place of persons of importance.
WEST
2\ FEET
BllACKLAGHBOY OGAM-STONE.
Sectional View of the Mound, in the centre of which the Stone is placed.
I hope to make arrangements for the scientific exploration of the mound and a description of the " finds " ; the methods adopted will be such as will not in the least interfere with its permanent appearance. Unfortunately similar operations elsewhere have too often resulted in the destruction of the object investigated.
Mr. Augustine Crean has sent me a list of places of antiquarian interest in the neighbourhood of Ballyhaunis, which should be of use to anyone visiting the locality, and is here appended : —
1. Friary of St. Augustine, Ballyhaunis. Founded end of twelfth century by Costellos, or Mac Costellos. A wing roofed, in 1827, by Very Rev. Robert Dore, Prior (afterwards Provincial) . Old house taken down and new one built out of its stones, 1888. Two friars attend the Friary chapel (open for public worship), and still holds 10 acres of land, rent free.
1 The depression in the centre of the mound before referred to may have been caused by persons digging for treasure, so very generally believed in as being buried in such places, but this is in a measure negatived by the statement that the people in the locality are afraid to dig up the place, lest something evil should befall them. I observe that it is shown on the Ordnance map as a trigonometrical station of the survey ; such spots being selected on account of their eminence. The stone and the mound would necessarily get some rough usage during this operation, but I have failed to get any statement that the mound had been examined by digging.
OGAM INSCRIPTIONS DISCOVERED IN IRELAND, 1898. 405
2. At Church Park a wall, almost lost sight of in a mearing fence, is all that remains of a very ancient church, supposed, hy tradition, to have been founded by St. Patrick himself for one of his disciples, or by that disciple, thought to be St. Mullen. Hence the village is called Churchpark.
3. The present Roman Catholic chapel of the Bekan parish, about fifty years built, adjoins the site of the chapel (a thatched one) in use before the present one at Bekan. About 500 yards behind the chapel is a mound, or rather rampart, built with stones, with a cross on top, in which St. Buchanus, or Beckanus, or Bekan, is said to be buried. After him is called the parish (Bekan). Here also is a cemetery, in which is an old church gable, all that remains of the old abbey and noteworthy school, founded by St. Bechanus, and which nourished for long ages after. A pattern is held here on the feast of St. Bechanus, 8th July.
4. The old cemetery at Knock (still used), in which is the front and doorway of an ancient church. The Knock chapel, on the gable of which, in 1879, apparitions were said to have appeared.
5. The ancient cemetery of Kilkelly (still used), in which is the ruin of an old abbey, said to have been founded by St. Coelsus.
6. In the ancient cemetery of Aughamore (stilTused for burials) is the ruin of what appears, from its appearance, to have been a very antique church. It is said to have been founded by St. Patrick for his disciple, St. Loirn. In the adjoining field, in. what seems an old cemetery, is a very ancient and rudely -sculptured cross of very crude design.
7. In Holywell, in what seems to be a disused cemetery (save for children), stands portion of a gable, all that remains of what is said to be a Franciscan friary, in which, it is believed, Lord Mac "William Oughter was interred in 1440.
8. An ancient cross over a blessed well, dedicated to St. Patrick, round which a pattern is held on Holywell estate.
9. Ruins of Ballinasmala friary, a former Discalced Carmelite house, founded in the thirteenth century by the Prendergast family. The last friars left here about 1853.
10. Ruins of Kiltullagh abbey in a cemetery, formerly of Franciscans of Observ- ance Poenitentia.
11. Seven subterranean chambers, in one of which were found recently some rusty weapons, which broke on being touched. One seems to be of natural formation, the others are built of stone.
12. A small cromlech, known as the " Giant's Grave," behind which are two stones said to be tombstones over Druids. Behind this a fort in which Mass was said to have been celebrated in the penal days. Both are in Greenwood Park, the property of Mr. Fitzroy Knox.
13. Ruins of Urlare abbey, a Dominican friary, six miles from Ballyhaunis, between Ballyhaunis, Kilkelly, Kilmovee, and Charlestown, on a fine lake. In the lake were found bog-oak canoes. A pattern is held at Urlare on the 4th of August, the feast of St. Dominick.
THE BALLYANDREEN STONE, COUNTY KERRY.
The discovery of this stone in the townland of Ballinvoher was reported to the Rev. P. Sweeney, of Ballinacourty rectory, county Kerry, on 10th September last, and was first visited by him on the 12th of same month. He found that it had been used as a lintel over an out-house door for several years ; about 15 inches of the inscribed head had been broken off and worked into a building before his visit. The
406 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
illustration herewith is from a sketch made by him. The arris on the right-hand side of the stone had been dressed off by the mason for a new
lintel before his visit; the arris at the lower part of the left-hand side had been fractured also. There is room at the bottom for the letter i, and there are portions of two long scores to be seen.
Mr. Sweeney reads this stone from the top downwards, which gives MO- GORL, and he considers it unique as giving the word MOC, not as usual in the genitive, but in the nominative case.
Professor Rhys interprets this inscrip- tion as follows: — "The reading down- ward MOQ GORL.. on the Ballyandreen stone does not seem very probable somehow, and looking at the sketch of it by the Rev. P. Sweeney, I should be more inclined to suppose that the inscription was to be read upwards, and in that case the letters would make drognom, possibly ..drogno Maqui. If Drogno is a complete name, it would be exactly the Drdna of Hui Dr6nat now Idrone, in county Carlow."
Ballyandreen Ogam-stone, from a sketch by Rev. P. Sweeney.
THE AULTAGH OGAMS, COUNTY CORK.
These inscriptions may be classed as new discoveries, as though their existence has been known for some time, they have not, as far as I am aware, been recorded before until noticed at p. 397, ante, by Prof. Rhys. They do not look very promising, but much has been made out of more forbidding material. The star-like formations are peculiar, as is also the arrow-head form of character, both of which are shown in the following transcripts from a rubbing : —
OGAM INSCRIPTIONS DISCOVERED IN IRELAND, 1898. 407
The scores are undoubtedly intended for ogam markings, but they are more like the rude attempts of a beginner than a monumental inscrip- tion. The asterisk with eight points is singular, but the arrow-head < scores are not unusual ; at Kilbonane there is a group of four < scores which have been read together as E, and in manuscripts that figure heads the stem line. Prof. Rhys, though always very cautious, has courage- ously attempted a reading which will be scanned with interest.
BALLYNAVENOORAGH, COUNTY KERRY, OGAM.
This monument was found in clearing a stone fort, situated about 800 feet N.E. of the village of Ballynavenooragh, in which there is *a double-chambered clochaun. The fort is about 90 feet in internal diameter.
It has not, I believe, been seen by Professor Rhys during his visit to Dingle this year, and has not, as far as I am aware, been hitherto
Ballynavenooragh Inscribed Stone, Co. Kerry, from a sketch by Mr. P. J. Lynch.
described. The edge has been chipped off, so that it is quite impossible to make out this inscription, and it is noted here for the first time for the purpose of recording the site on which still another ogam-stone has been found in county Kerry.
This stone was found when the floor of the clochaun was cleared ; there is a souterrain under the floor, and ogam markings are said to
408 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
be on one of the covering stones. I am indebted to Mr. P. J. Lynch for the sketch of the stone here reproduced.
THE KNOCZALAFALLA, or COMERAGH, OGAM, COUNTY WATEEFOBD.
This stone, though not hitherto described in our Journal, has been recorded by the Rev. Edmund Barry, P.P., M.B.I.A., at p. 233, in the "Journal of the "Waterford and South-east of Ireland ArchaBological Association" for the year 1896, where a reading is given by him. He has sent me what he considers to be an improvement on the description of the characters as given in the Paper referred to. Its corrected reading is as follows : —
UGUDIMAQ ILIDI C HA
MO C O(l) TO NA
Professor Rhys' s more recent reading is given in his note on this inscription, at page 398, ante. There is a considerable difference in the readings given by these recognised authorities, and the best thing to be done under the circumstances is to place both on record.
In concluding this resume of the Ogam finds for the year, I would again press on the attention of those members residing in the neighbour- hood the necessity for having the Antrim stones carefully examined in full daylight. There are several points which still require elucidation, of which I will mention one. As there is a defect in the stone after the word MAQUI, and possibly some letters are omitted, the next word is, no doubt, MUCOI, leaving the patronymic to be MEUTINI, instead of AcoiMEUTiNi. The missing scores to make this amended reading complete, would be •/-•**- for which there is space, and this latter part of the inscription should, therefore, be as follows : —
M A QTJ X [M U] C O IMEUT
This gives us a distinct historical name, as MEUTINI can be traced to Meuihini) sometimes used in the form Meuthi, the name of an ecclesiastic who baptised and educated St. Cadoc.
409 )
The Rathcroghan Ogams. — Professor Rhys writes : —
In my notice of the genitive Medvvi on one of the Rathcroghan stones (p. 231), I was inexcusably careless in not having looked for a masculine Medb. I have received several communications on the subject, and I have the permission of Mr. Charles M'Neill, of Malahide, the writer of the following notes, to publish them ; but observe that Medbu is inexplicable except as a partial transliteration of the Ogmic spelling Medvv : —
u I think you will find the following passages from the Book of Armagh sufficient to justify you in taking it to be so. I quote them from Documenta de S. Patricia . . . ex Libra Armachano edidit E. Hogan, S.J. , Bruxellis, 1884:—
" 'Et fuit quidam Spiritu sancto plenus ab australi, Medbu nomine. P[er]v[e]nit cum [P]atricio ab IrlocJiir ct legi[t] in Ardd[m]achae, et ordinatus est in eodem loco [et diacon]us fuit Patricio de genere Machi, episcopus bonus.' — HOGAN, p. 78.
" This is from Tirechan's Collectanea : the next is from the Addita- menta attributed to Perdomnach : —
" '5. Colmanus episcopus aeclessiam suam, id est Cluain cdin inAchud Patricio episcopo devotiva immolatione in sempitemum obtulit, et ipse earn commendavit sanctis viris, id est, prespitero Medb et prespitero Sadb. Item campum aquilonis inter Gleoir et Ferni .... filii Piechrach ( = Ui Piachrach) Patricio in sempitemum ymmolaverunt, ....
"'6. Sanctus Patricius f amiliam suam in regione Ciarricki, per Spiri- tum sanctum praevidens earn esse undique cassatam id est, episcopum Sachellum et Brocidium et Loarnum et prespiterum Medb et Ernascum in unitatem pacis aeternae cum uno fidei ritu sub potestate unius heredis suae apostolicae cathedrae Alti Machae sub benedictione sua unanimiter conjunxit.' — HOGAN, pp. 94, 95.
" TheCiarrichi here mentioned, Dr. Hogan states to have occupied a territory now represented by the baronies of Clanmorris and Costello, on the Roscommon border of the county Mayo. He refers to Hy Piachrach, p. 484, but I have not access to that work at present."
Forts near Loop Head, Co. Clare. — The peninsula of "Irrus," ending in the ancient "Leap of Cuchullin," must at one time have pos- sessed a group of forts of no little interest.
CLIFF POETS. — Going down the coast from Kilkee, we meet with several examples of the " cliff forts," or " cliff castles," so common in Celtic districts, on the spurs of the Alps andtheVosges, and the coasts of
410
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Trance and our islands. They are usually formed by taking advantage of a precipitous headland, or even spur, across the neck of which a trench is dug, the earth being formed into a rampart on the inner side. "We notice the much defaced straight earthwork and shallow fosse of Doon- aunroe on Foohagh Head; a similar work, partly concealed by the medieval castle of Durilecky, and, finest of all, the great curved fosse and mounds of Dundoillroe, which, standing on the edge of the beautiful cliffs of Tullig, is seen for many miles inland. A monograph on these cliff forts round our coasts is a desideratum in Archaeology. Their occurrence on harbourless cliffs and resemblance to forts far from the sea suggest rather that they were the strongholds of land folk than of
sea rovers.
Group of Forts at Loop Head.
DOONMOEE. — About a mile up the estuary of the Shannon is the note- worthy fort of Doonmore or Horse Island. The natural features are very remarkable, and enabled a stronghold of most unusual strength to be constructed with little human labour. The rock strata form a hollow curve at this point, and across this regular basin a high bank of drift runs to the outer edge, leaving a long bay to each side. The result is T-shaped in plan, each wing of the T-head being pierced by a natural " arch," the eastern having fallen in since the fort was made.
The old builders cut down the sides of the drift so as to give it a nearly conical section, only leaving a narrow path along the top. They then built a dry-stone facing on the upturned edge of the strata ; this only remains
MISCELLANEA. 411
(10 to 16 feet high), near the causeway, but probably continued along the landward side of the peninsula. An earthen rampart evidently extended all along the same side, but is now much gapped and levelled ; it is even apparent on the now detached eastern island. To each side of the en- trance at the causeway low " middens " remain. So far as we examined them they only consisted of limpet shells and a few small rounded pebbles, one a pretty fossil coral. Inside the fort are apparent traces of what may have been stone huts, but as the place is a centre for kelp burners, I dare not assert any theory.
A few fields from the shore end of the causeway is a group of three or four " beehive huts " embedded in heaps of shells. In looking for these structures, at the suggestion of Mr. Marcus Keane (member), we came upon the cliff fort which seems to have been hitherto undescribed.
CAHERS ON LOOPHEAD. — About half a mile westward the Ordnance maps mark an imposing line of cahers, running southward from CaJier- crochaun. The latter occupies the summit of a hill some 274 feet above the sea. Its walls were demolished to build a telegraph tower a hun- dred years since. Even its successor is now levelled to the ground, and we can trace only the oval ring of small stones, about 180 feet across. The view from it is of unusual extent and beauty ; the mountain mass of Brandon, the Blasquets, the Shannon, winding far beyond the scarcely visible Round Tower of Scattery, while northward and westward extend the beautiful line of cliffs, the Head with its detached pinnacle, the great smooth Hull Rock, Tullig, Dunlecky, Kilkee, Mutton Island, Moher, and Arran, hull- down on the horizon.
Descending towards the S.W., we find on a heathy knoll a few pits and mounds marking Caheracoolia. Eeyond the road a nearly vanished ring, scarcely rising a foot above the field, represents Cahersaul. It was only 60 feet in diameter, and was levelled to build the adjoining house and enclosures. Where the 1839 maps mark Lisdundalhen and Caherna- heanmna we only found a level field sheeted at the first with exquisite flowers, and at the other with coarse grass and heather. Indeed, the latter fort had vanished before the date of the map. The high earthworks of Dundalhen fort, on the cliff over the estuary, are not marked in the Ordnance maps.
If we can trust Michael Comyn (reputed maker of the Callan ogam) the legend of these forts about 1750 ran as follows : — Cathba, the druid of Conor Mac Nessa, had foretold that a certain damsel living at this place would cause the death of her three brothers should she ever desert the single life. Three young warriors, Crochan, Sal, and Daithlionn, suspecting that the prophecy referred to their sister, immured her in Caher na heanmna (Port of the one woman), and built each a fort upon the promontory to keep off any strangers. The invariable failure took place. Dermot O'Duine heard of the lady, fell in love with her descrip- tion, and awaited the absence of the brothers. Three chiefs from Hag's
JOUR. R.8.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. IV., 5TH SER. 2 F
412 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Head plundered the herds of the three, who pursued them to Creach Oilean, near Lehinch, slew the rohhers and returned to find their sister gone. Dermot, by a magic ring and ' currach,' knew and took advan- tage of their absence. Slaying a hideous monster in Poll na Peiste, under Aile an triur, near Dundalhen, he found and won the lady. The horrified brothers traced her steps from the caher to the cliff, whence they saw the boat far beyond their reach. In despair they determined to forestall a worse fate, and taking each others hands sprang into Poll na Peiste.1
Sceptics may question whether Comyn invented or handed on the the tale ; we find Crochaun one of the Tuatha De Danaan in the legends of Slieve Aughty, and ' Saul ' is only the brine which blows across tho storm-swept fields. Possibly even if it was a genuine local legend, it grew up out of the name of the " fort of the lonely woman," of whom even her personal name had been long forgotten. — T. J. WESTROPP.
Kilmakilloge, Co. Kerry (see page 314 ante).— That Mokilloge, Mochionlane, and Killian are different forms of the same name, as stated by 0' Donovan in his "Kerry Letters," appears to be generally accepted, but the St. Killian of Tuosist, does not appear to be the same as the St. Mocheallog, or St. Mochaemhog, of the Irish annals. Miss Hickson, in "Notes on Kerry Topography,"2 states that, in the six- teenth century, Kilmakilloge was known as Kilmalochuista, and also Kilmacollok O'Ceista. The parish is called Tuosist, meaning Ui Siosta, or Tuath Siosta, the territory of O'Siosta.3 Miss Hickson supposes the old name, to have been Cill-Mochaemog-Ui- Siosta, or Cill-Mochaellog- Ui- Siosta, abbreviated and corrupted to the form in which it appeared in the records of the sixteenth century ; she connects it with St. Mochaem- hog, who was a nephew to St. Ita, the foster-mother to St. Brendan, and, in this way, identified with Kerry. The neighbouring parish in the barony of Bantry is Kilmocomoge,4 with a ruined church bearing the name, at Carriganass. This would explain the reason for the dis- tinctive termination Ui Siosta to the church in Tuosist, which most probably bore the same name, as suggested by Miss Hickson, Cill Mochaemog. u St. Mochaemhog,6 of the Irish annals, was Abbot of Leath Mor, and his principal church is now called Leath Mochaemog (anglice, Leamokivoge), in Two-mile-Borris, barony of Eliogarty, county Tipperary ; he died A.D. 655. Colgan publishes his life at 13th March." This is not the St. Killian of Tuosist, whose festival is held on the 8th of July, neither is he to be identified with St. Mochaellog of Kilmallock, whose festival is held on the 26th of March.6
1 " Ordnance Survey Letters," MSS. R.I. A., Co. Clare, Kilballyone Parish.
2 Journal R.S.A.L, 5th Ser., vol. i., p, 47.
3 Joyce's " Names of Places," p. 123.
4 Lewis's " Topographical Dictionary."
5 "Annals of the Four Masters" (O'Donovan), A.D. 655.
6 Joyce's "Names of Places," p. 153.
MISCELLANEA. 413
The name of St. Killian of Tuosist, appears in the Roman Breviary on the 8th of July, " Kilianm natione Hibernm" &c. ; and [in Butler's "Lives of the Saints" for the same date is published, " SS. Kilian, bishop; Colman, priest; Totnan, deacon, martyrs. Kilian, or Kuln, was a holy Irish monk of noble Scottish extraction. With two zealous companions he travelled to Rome in 686, and obtained of Pope Conon a commission to preach the Gospel to the German idolaters of Franconia, upon which occasion Kilian was invested with episcopal authority." After which he describes the murder of the three missionaries at the instigation of Geliana, wife of Duke Gosbert, at Wurtzburg, in 688, where this festival is still celebrated.
In O'Donovan's Notes to the " Annals of the Four Masters," on St. Mochaemhog (see ante], he states the saint's original name was Coemglin, but St. Ita changed it to Mochaemhog, which Colgan inter- preted Meus pulcher juvenis. In Miss Cusack's "History of Kerry" there is an interesting note in connexion with Kilmakilloge, p. 412, quoting authorities, in reference to the diminutives mo and oge, and their equivalents, joined to saints' names, as expressive of affection, or endearment; one instance is given, amongst others, of " Mocholmog, which is Colman." Now St. Colman was the companion of St. Kilian at Wurtzburg, and without seeking to equate the names, it may bo that St. Kilian or Chionlane and Mocholmog (corruption Mocholog) or Colman were, in some way, associated with this district. An investi- gation of the various German authorities for the lives of these saints, as quoted by Butler, would probably throw more light on the question, and perhaps explain their connexion with Kerry. — P. J. LYNCH, Hon. Provincial Secretary, Munster.
Attacotti and Aithechtuatha. — The known increase of aspiration in Irish justifies a belief that sounds resembling t and c occurred in the Gaelic words represented by the Roman letters Aitectuata. In that case Attacotti is not farther from Aitectuata than some English forms of foreign names from their originals.
O'Curry translates the words as "Rent-paying Tribes." Tribute seems a better rendering than rent in cases of tribes which in later times paid rent or tribute, though they were by birth free tribes. The plun- derers of the Roman Empire would be the Scots and the Picts and the tributary tribes.
The last term would accurately mark the difference between the Celtic tribes to the south of the northern wall who became subjects of the Roman Empire, and the free tribes to the north, who are identified with the Picts.
Aithechtuatha appear in Irish history and legend about the time of the Roman conquest of Britain. — H. T. KNOX, Fellow.
2F2
414 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Notes on the Marriages and Successions of the de Burgo Lords of Connaught, and the Acquisition of the Earldom of Ulster. — Sweetman's " Calendar of Documents" relating to Ireland shows that Richard de Burgo, first Lord, did not marry Una, daughter of Aedh, King of Connaught, son of Cathal Crovderg, and that Walter de Burgo, third Lord, did not acquire the Earldom of Ulster by marriage with Matilda, daughter of Hugh de Lacy. These seem to be traditions. I have found no reference to a contemporary authority. The former seems to have as its foundation the capture of Aedh's wife, and her surrender to Richard de Burgo in 1227.
"William Fitz Aldelm had " sons" in 1203. One must have been father of Richard na Coille, killed at Athanchip in 1270, called the Earl's kinsman in the Annals of Ulster.
Richard, the eldest and first Lord of Connaught, had, in or before 1225, married Egidia, daughter of Walter de Lacy, with whom he received the cantred of Eoghanacht of Cashel (Sweetman, vol. i., p. 192). When he died in 1243 he left a widow, Egidia, who married Richard of Rochester (vol. i., p. 388), and daughters and three sons, who were under age. There is no reason to suppose that this Egidia was a third wife.
Richard, second Lord, came of age, and was given possession of his estates in February, 1246 (vol. i., p. 428).
In November, 1248, Richard was dead, leaving a widow, Alice, for whom dower was provided.
His brother, Walter, third Lord, came of age, and was given posses- sion in 1250.
William, killed at Athanchip in 1270, was the third son. Walter died in 1271, leaving a widow, Emelina, a daughter of John, son of John Fitz Geoffrey, Justiciary of Ireland. John Fitz Geoffrey was a younger son of Geoffrey Fitz Piers, Earl of Essex, in right of his wife. This Emelina was mother of Richard the Red Earl of Ulster, who inherited through her as coheiress of her brother, Richard Fitz John, a share in the cantred of the Isles in Thomond.
The Calendar is silent as to any previous marriage of Walter and as to any heir of Hugh de Lacy. The positive statements are inconsistent with succession of Walter to the earldom in right of his wife.
Hugh de Lacy held the earldom as it was held by John de Courcy. He had a first wife, Leceline, daughter of Nicholas de Yerdon. He left a widow, Emelina, daughter of Walter de Ridelesforcl. When Hugh died in 1243 the King ordered the Justiciary to take possession of Hugh's lands, giving his widow possession of her lands, inherited from her father and dower out of Hugh's lands, excepting the Earldom of Ulster, which the Justiciary is to keep in the King's hand. In 1253 the King assigned all Ulster and other lands as dower of the Queen. In 1254 the King granted all Ireland, save certain reservations, to his eldest son. Edward managed Ulster by a seneschal.
MISCELLANEA. 415
Up to 1265, Walter is called Walter de Burgo only. In 1269, lie appears as Earl of Ulster. Thomas, Bishop of Down, complained that Walter made the ecclesiastics of Ulster appear in his courts. Thomas lliddell, bishop from 1266 to 1276, is the only Thomas who was bishop at this period. Henry III. apparently thereupon, in 1269, points out to Walter that he had reserved abbatial and episcopal investitures when he granted the land of Ireland to his son. Therefore Edward's enfeoffment of the county of Ulster, to Walter, did not make abbots and bishops his subjects.
Upon Walter's death, his son being a minor, the King took possession of the earldom, giving dower to his widow Emelina.
An enquiry in the 7th year of Edward I. shows that Walter de Burgo gave the manor of Kilsilan and other lands to Edward in exchange for the land of Ulster.
It is evident that Walter took by grant. Though Walter did not marry her, Hugh, Earl of Ulster, had a daughter Matilda. She married David, son of William Pitz Gerald, Baron of Naas, and had a daughter who inherited Carlingf ord which her father had given her. As she was not Hugh's heiress she must have been illegitimate. (Hist. MSS. Commission, 4th Eeport — Gorrnanston Register.) — H. T. KNOX, Fellow.
Ruins on Inishrobe, Co. Mayo. — Until the drainage works of fifty years ago, Inishrobe was an island off the mouth of the river Robe, and is one still in winter. It is a low grassy hill, running north and south. At the S.E. end is a small ruined church. About twenty years ago, the fallen parts of the wall were rebuilt to protect modern graves inside. Of original work parts of the north and south walls and a very little of the west wall remain, but no trace of door or window.
The original wall is of large stones irregularly coursed, having smooth faces, split not cut. The upper part of the south face is more polygonal in character. It is now not more than about 6 feet high. It has two good faces with small stones in mortar between, not bonded. The dimensions are 33 feet 6 inches by 15 feet outside; and 28 feet 6 inches by 10 feet 2 inches inside.
At time of repair some cut sandstones were lying about, I am told, and were taken away for sharpening tools. One as described to me was the top of a small round headed window. The wall is of limestone.
Close to it are what look like foundations of small buildings, and round it seems to have been a small circular enclosure. Among trees and brambles on the edge of the good land along what was the lake shore are remains of a wall. It ran from a point some 10 yards north of the church on the east shore round the south to a point on the west shore opposite the first mentioned point. A wall across the grass would make a large irregularly circular outer enclosure.
Outside this wall, at the north-west point, where it curves a little
416 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF ICELAND.
inland, is a curious ruined building like a basin with a trace of an entrance. It is but 6 or 8 feet across. It would not do for a limekiln. It might have been a "sweat-house," if this was an island monastery. Outside the wall on the south, where there is some grassy ground, are traces of a building, but only a mound, so that it is impossible to make anything out.
The church has no particular name. I am toltl that old people say it was St. Colum's Monastery. It looks to me like a church in a cashel, but I have never seen the ruins of a cashel monastery.
In the Ecclesiastical Taxation of 1306 Inisredba is a separate parish, valued 27s. yearly. The parish church of that period must have been Templenaleckagh, on the mainland nearly opposite Inishrobe. (See one inch Ordnance map, No. 85.) The walls are perfect. The dimen- sions are almost exactly those of Teampuill Muire, at Kilmacduagh, and it seems to be identical in style, save that it has a pointed doorway. (Fahey, " History and Antiquities of Kilmacduagh," p. 82.) It is a graveyard.
In a list of churches and monasteries founded in honour of Colum- cille appears Ulan Columbkille, an island in the parish of Ballyovey. (Reeves's " Adamnan's Life of St. Columba.")
Ulan Columbkille contains ruins of a small monastery of much the same extent as that of Inishrobe, so far as the growth of grass ferns and brambles allowed me to form an opinion in the month of June. I found a sandstone block, having an arch scooped out of it, evidently the head of a small window.
Inishrobe was, therefore, probably another monastery of Columba, if the local belief is of value. — H. T. KNOX.
Stone Chalice. — Having just read in the June issue of the Journal the account of ancient chalices in Ireland, it may be of interest if I describe, as nearly as possible, a stone chalice I saw in county Donegal. It is in the possession of Rev. J. M'Fadden, p.p., Glena, Gortahork, county Donegal, and is hollowed out of a small iron-stone about 3 inches in length by 2 J inches in diameter. There are five finger-holes in the sides and base, in which, as Father M'Fadden explained to me, the priest inserted his fingers when presenting the chalice. The tradition about it is that it was the chalice of St. Columbkille, and it has been handed down for generations in one family on Tory Island, who kept it carefully wrapt up in a silk bag. But as Father M'Fadden found it was being put to superstitious uses, he took it into his own possession. — J. R. BAILLIE,
M.B.I.A.
Altar Tombs. — Mr. M. J. C. Buckley directs attention to the follow- ing notice respecting the "Altar" Tombs which are so often found in
MISCELLANEA. 417
the north walls of so many Irish churches (as well as in England also), and is of interest, as it relates to such arched and richly decorated tombs as are to he seen in the cathedrals of Limerick and Kilkenny, and in the churches of New Ross, Kilrosanty, Youghal, and many others : —
The recent operations in Canterbury Cathedral have, it is expected, brought to light the site of the depository of the Easter sepulchre, which was set up in a niche in the north choir aisle as near to the high altar as possible. A correspondent of the Guardian writes : — " The site has recently been localised by Mr. "W. Pugh, the worthy hon. vesturer, as being that in which the chained Bible is at present placed. This stands within a large arch now blocked up with masonry, which could not have been either a door or a window, since the projecting apse of St. Stephen's chapel, in the north transept, would block it up. It is now recognised as fairly certain that this arch was the original position of the Easter sepulchre, in which the Host, consecrated on Maunday Thursday, was solemnly placed on Good Friday. When Cranmer adapted this niche as a recess and shelf for the chained Bible, he closed the upper portion under the arch with a thin curtain of stone, resting on two flat arches. In 1887, when the workmen were putting up the tablet to Archdeacon Harrison, they found a hollow space behind the curtain, which had to be filled in with liquid grout before the tablet could be secured, and it is but recently that the original use of the niche was realised."
An Ancient Footway of Wooden Planks across the Monavullagh Bog. — The Monavullagh Bog is a large isolated one lying near, and on the east side of, the railway between Kildare and Athy, in the county Kildare. When shooting on the Clogorrah portion of it on the 12th of August this year, the bog-ranger informed me that a man named John Hyland, while cutting turf in the neighbouring Killart part of the bog (of which Major Borrowes, of Gilltown, is the proprietor), was coming across planks of oak deep down in the bog. After inspecting the place, I got permission from Major Borrowes to excavate a plank in full length. John Hyland, and a couple of hands, then set to work to cut a deep trench some four perches into the bog, and uncovered the foot-track, which, according to my directions, was left in situ till my arrival.
On examining the timber, I found it to consist of white oak planks laid singly in a line, eight feet below the present level of the bog, and having five more feet of black peat below them, before reaching the clay.
The plank measured 21 £ feet in length, 2 feet in breadth, and was from 4 to 6 inches thick. When a piece was cut off with a knife, the wood was whitish in colour. One end of the plank rested on the stem of u small yew-tree, and the other on a stout oak bough, both of which projected far beyond the sides of the plank.
On either side of the plank stout stakes, gradually brought to a point with some sharp instrument, were driven into the bog about 6 feet apart, some 2 feet being left above the level of the plank ; and to further tighten the latter to them, long sticks, or straight branches,
418 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
were wedged between them lengthways. These stakes were of yew and of oak, and were as sound as the day they were placed in position ; the marks of the cuts, too, where the stakes had been brought to a point, appearing quite fresh.
The planks had not been sawn at the ends, but were hacked away, the naturally rounded external side rested on the peat. One strange feature in connexion with them was that on either side, close to the edge, and from 6 to 8 feet apart, there were holes about 4 inches square. As there were no pegs of any description in them, it is puzzling to know what they were intended for ; they give one the idea that they were intended for the uprights of a hand-rail, but this luxury would not be required except on a dark night. Can they have been made use of in some way when carrying or drawing the timber into position ?
John Hyland informed me that for years he and others cutting turf here before him had been uncovering these planks which, as soon as a few feet projected from the turf -bank, they cut through, and carried off to repair the pig-sty with. The planks, he said, were all on the one level, and laid on the same principle — all, too, were of oak ; they were laid as if leading from the Kilberry direction, and appeared to lead straight to "the Deny" (or Derryvullagh, to give it its full name), which is an island in the middle of the bog, containing a farmhouse and some 12 acres of good tillage land ; a tocher, or car- track, connects the Derry with Killart on the edge of the bog (a distance of just an English mile), and it is near this that the ancient foot-track is situated.
Derryvullagh, which slopes to a height of 15 feet above the level of the bog, means " the oak-wood height"; from it the bog is called Monavnllagh, or "the bog of the height."
Kilberry (i.e. St. Berach's or Barry's Church) lies a mile and a-half to the west of Killart, and contains the ruins of a church, a castle, and a nunnery.
Can any of our readers calculate the age of this ancient foot-track ? — WALTEB FITZ GEKALD, Hon. Local Secretary for South Kildare.
NOTE. — Lying in the Gallery of the Science and Art Museum, and just outside the doorway into the room containing the Royal Irish Academy's collection of Antiquities, is a large oaken plank closely resembling, in appearance, the Monavullagh plank, except that it is much broader and longer, and that it also has a double row of holes down the middle in addition to those at the sides. It is thought that this latter huge plank may have served for a bridge, whose uprights were fixed in the rows of holes. — W. EITZ G.
( 419 )
roccctmujs
THE FOURTH GENERAL MEETING or THE SOCIETY for the year 1898 was held (by permission) in the ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY HOUSE, Dawson- street, Dublin, on Tuesday, October llth, 1898, at 8 o'clock, p.m.
THOMAS DREW, B.H.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following Fellows and Members were present (and a large attendance of the general public filled the large room of the Academy) : —
Fellows.— Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, M.R.I. A. ; Colonel Philip D. Vigors, Vice- President; Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.I.A., Vice- President', William Frazer, F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A., HON. F.S. A. (Scot.), Vice- President ; Rev. J. F. M. ffrench, M.R.I.A., Vice- President; Edward Perceval Wright, M.A., M.D., M.R.I.A., Vice- President; J. J. Digges La Touche, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A., Vice- President ; Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I. A., Hon. General Secretary and Treasurer; Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I. A. ; Rev. George R. Buick, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A. ; G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., LL.B., M.R.I.A. ; George Coffey, B.A.I., M.R.I.A. ; John Cooke,M.A. ; R. S. Longworth Dames, B.A., M.R.I.A. ; Charles Geoghegan, ASSOC. INST. C.B. ; George A. P. Kelly, M.A. ; G. Henry Kinahan, M.R.I.A. ; James Mills, M.R.I.A. ; William R. J. Molloy, M.R.I.A. ; P. J. O'Reilly ; J. J. Perceval ; Count Plunkett, M.R.I.A. ; Countess Plunkett ; J. P. Swan ; Rev. J. Wallace Taylor, LL.D. ; T. J. Westropp, M.A.,
M.R.I.A.
Members.— J. Poe Alton : Rev. Arthur W. Ardagh, M.A. ; F. Elrington Ball, M.R.I.A. ; Samuel Baker ; P. T. Bermingham ; H. F. Berry, M.A. ; Robert Bestick ; Frederic C. Bigger; J. B. C. Bray; Miss Brown; William Carey; Wellesley P. Chapman ; Rev. A. Coleman, O.P. ; James Coleman ; Nathaniel Colgan ; E. Tenison Collins, B.L. ; H. A. Cosgrave, M.A. ; R. R. G. Crookshank ; Rev. P. Daly ; E. R. M'C. Dix ; M. Dorey ; George Duncan ; Valentine J. Dunn ; Rev. William Falkiner, M.A., M.R.I.A. ; Samuel A. 0. Fitz Patrick ; Frederick Franklin, F.R.I.A.I. ; Joseph Gough ; Lieut. -Col. J. J. Greene, M.B. ; Francis Guilbride ; Mrs. Alfred Hamilton ; C. W. Harrison ; H. Hitchins ; J. F. S. Jackson ; P. Weston Joyce, LL.D., M.R.I.A. ; Richard J. Kelly, B.L. ; P. Kenny; Rev. F. J. Lucas, D.D. ; Francis M'Bride, J.P. ; James M'Connell; Mrs. M'Donnell ; Redmond Magrath; Miss Manders ; Morgan Mooney ; J. H. Moore, M.A. ; Rev. H. Kingsmill Moore, M.A. ; Lieut.-Col. O'Callaghan- Westropp ; J. E. Palmer ; Rev. A. D. Purefoy, M.A. ; S. A. Quan - Smith ; Abraham Shackleton ; George Shackleton; Mrs. J. F. Shackleton ; Mrs. Sheridan ; E. W. Smyth, J.P., T.C. ; Mrs. Smyth ; Rev. Bedell Stanford, B.A. ; William C. Stubbs, M.A., B.L. ; Rev. Joseph A. Stewart; H. P. Truell, M.D., D.L. ; Walter S. Wall, J.P. ; Captain W. Hussey Walsh; R. Blair White; W. Grove White, LL.B.
The Minutes of the Third General Meeting was read and confirmed.
420 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The following Candidates, recommended by the Council, were declared duly elected: —
FELLOWS.
Balfour, Blayney Reynell Townley, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A., J.P., D.L. (Member,
1885), Townley Hall, Drogheda : proposed by G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I.A.,
Fellow. O'Connell, the Rev. Daniel, B.D. (Member, 1897), 81, Quay, "Waterford : proposed by
G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I. A., Fellow. Saunderson, Robert de Bedick, M.A. (Dubl.), New Ross : proposed by Gr. D.
Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I.A., Fellow.
MEMBERS.
Ball, H. Houston, 23, Richmond-road, South Kensington : proposed by the Rev.
W. Ball Wright, M.A. Garden, Lady, Templemore Abbey, Templemore : proposed by the Very Rev. Canon
Meagher, p.p. Collis, the Rev. Maurice H. Fitz Gerald, B.D., The Vicarage, Antrim: proposed by
"William Frazer, F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I. A., Vice -President.
Cranny, John J., M.D., 17, Merrion-square, Dublin : proposed by John Panton. Holmes, John, 38, Haddington-road, Dublin : proposed by the Rev. Danby Jeffares,
M.A. Holmes, Mrs., 38, Haddington-road, Dublin : proposed by the Rev. Danby Jeffares,
M.A. Hurst, Rev. John, c.c., Ballaghadereen : proposed by the Rev. J. E. M'Kenna,
M.K.I.A.
M'Laughlin, Edward C., Cart Hall, Coleraine: proposed by John Kennedy. Ryan, Very Rev. Francis, P.P., St. Joseph's, Berkeley-street, Dublin : proposed by
W. R. J. Molloy, M.R.I.A., Fellow. Tarleton, Thomas, 30, Ormond-road, Rathmines : proposed by William Frazer,
F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A., Vice -President.
The following Papers were read (illustrated by maps, plans, and lantern slides), and referred to the Council : —
" Mount Merrion and its History," by F. Elrington Ball, M.R.I. A.
" A Note of the whole Circuit of Dublin, 10th February, 1584," with Early Maps of Dublin, by Dr. Frazer, M.R.I. A., Vice- President.
" Some old Deeds connected with Christchurch, Dublin," by J. J. Digges La Touche, M.A., LL.D., Vice-President.
44 The Ancient Church and Holy Lake at Kilmakilloge, Co. Kerry," by Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., Fellow.
Some Ancient Irish Bells were exhibited by Dr. Frazer, Vice- President.
The Meeting then adjourned to Tuesday, 29th November, 1898.
PROCEEDINGS. 421
An Evening Meeting of the Society was held in the ROZAL IRISH ACADEMY HOUSE, Dawson-street, Dublin, on Tuesday, 29th November, 1898, at 8 o'clock, p.m. ;
THOMAS DREW, R.H.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council : —
" Some Residents of Monkstown in the Eighteenth Century," by F. Elrington Ball, M.R.I. A.
" The Irish Channel and Dublin in 1733" : being Extracts from the Diary of William Bulkley, of Bryndda, near Amlwch, Anglesea, by H. A. Cosgrave, M.A.
" The Island Monasteries of Lough Ree," by P. J. O'Reilly, Fellow.
The following Papers were taken as read, and referred to the Council : —
'* Kilelton, in Glenfas," by Mary Agnes Hickson, Hon. Local Secretary for South Kerry.
" Cahirconree and Doonbeg, Co. Kerry," by P. J. Lynch, Hon. Provincial Secretary for Munster, Fellow.
" The Newly Discovered Ogam-stones in the Co. Antrim," by the Rev. G. R. Buick,,
LL.D., M.R.I. A., Fellow.
"The Bracklaghhoy Ogam-stone, with readings of other Ogam Monuments," by Principal Rhys, LL.D., Hon. Fellow.
"The Ogam Discoveries for the year 1898," by R. Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Hon*
Secretary.
The Meeting then adjourned.
INDEX.
Abbeys. See Monasteries.
Abbott family, Dublin, 71.
Acoimeutini, word on ogam stone, 395.
Adams, Bernard (Bishop, 1619), 46, 47.
Adamstown Co., iirn, 70.
Adare, Co. Limerick, legacy to friars, 43, 123; chalice (1726), 135, 273.
Aine, a mythical heroine, 110.
Allen, Mr. Joshua (1680), 15-27; Vis- counts, 29.
Romilly, theory as to ogam in- scriptions and high crosses, 53.
Altar tombs, 44, 416.
Amalgaid, name on ogam inscription, 236, 272.
Antiquities of iron, 237, 244.
Antrim Co., Bun-na-margie, 279; recent discovery of ogam stones in, 392-395, 396, 398, 420.
Archaeological Societies Congress, 268.
Ardnaree, Co. Sligo, monastery, 286.
Argotin, Co. Dublin, 21.
Armagh Co., Dorsey fort in, 1 ; survey of Co., 9; photographs, 64; Presby- terian marriages, 345.
Arms. See Heraldry.
weapons— flint, bronze, iron, 237-
244.
Arran, Earl and Countess entertain Society, 284.
Arthur family, Limerick, 37, 115 ; tomb, 117; John, 119.
Ashford, William, painter, 344.
Atlantic, legendary islands in, 355.
Attacotti and Aithechtuatha, 413.
Auditor's Report, 184.
Aughamore, Co. Mayo, church and cross, 405.
Augustinians' legacies, 43, 123.
Aultagh, Co. Cork, ogam stone, 397, 406.
Baillie, Ven. Archdeacon, 49, 275. •
J.R., 416.
Bagenal, Sir D. (1587), 300. Baginbun, site of Raymond's fort, 155. Baine, mother of Felimy Reachtmhar,
93. Baker family, Co. Tipperary, 72.
Balbeyne, Thomas, Limerick (1369), 38;
will, 115.
Balfour, Blayney, elected Fellow, 420. Ball, Francis Elrington, Paper by, 21, 34,
329, 420, 421.
Ballenyloor (Leopardstown), Dublin, 23. Ballina, Co. Mayo, meeting of R. S. A. I.,
281.
Ballinasmala, Co. Mayo, friary, 404. Ballinastragh, Wexford, chalice, 34. Ballineanig. See Bally wihen. Ballyandreen, Co. Kerry, ogam-stone,
405, 406. Ballyhaunis, Co. Mayo, antiquities, 404,
405.
Ballynavenooragh ogam, Co. Kerry, 407. Ballywiheen, Co. Kerry, 271. " Bambino of New Ross," 186, 250. Barden, P., 275, 276. Barrett, family of, Mayo, 260, 262. Barry, J., Grene, 64, 72. Basin stones, "mill" theory, 180. Bayly, diary of Mrs. (1721-74), 141. Beaver traps. See Otter traps. Bekan, St., 405. Bell of Limerick, 38 ; Irish in Brittany,
167; ancient Irish exhibited, 420. Bellingham, Sir H., elected Fellow, 83. Berkeley, George (Bishop), 333. Bernard, St., figure of, 138. Berry, Henry F., Paper by, 92, 141.
Capt. R. G., elected Fellow, 183.
Bigger, F. J., 279, 314, 392, 393, 420. Bishops, 35-37, 41, 112, 122, 260, 290,
&c.
" Black Book" of Limerick, 41, 46, 47. Books, reviews of, 74, 179 ; received by
Society, 90 ; of the last century, 143,
144.
Borlase, W. C., 311, 356. Boyle, Sir George, his tomb, 261. Bracklaghboy, Co. Mayo, ogam-stone,
396, 400-404, 420. Breastagh, Co. Mayo, cromlech, ogam
inscription, 186, 233, 272. Briley, W. P., 174. Brittany, Irish bells in, 92. Bronze cancroid, 61 ; chalices, 126, 127 ;
age — designs, 106-111.
424
INDEX.
Brooke, Rev. Stopford A., elected Fellow,
281. Brownell, Edward Darlington, elected
Fellow, 281. Buckley, M. J. C., Paper by, 180, 250,
417.
Budston, John, Limerick (1400), 38. Buick, Rev. George, 392, 397. Bullaun, 314. Bultingford, Richard, Limerick (1370-
1406), 40 ; will, 121 ; arms, 42 ;
monument, 43. Bunaw, Co. Kerry, 320. Bun-na- Margie Monastery, Co. Antrim,
279.
Bunratty Castle, Co. Clare, repaired, 47. Burgh. See Burgo. Burgo, de, John, 37 ; marriages of Lords,
414. Burke and Bourke, founders of Moyne
Friary, 260 ; resist English, 286 ;
founders of Rathfran, 293: W. P.,
273, 274.
Burning to death, 304. Burren, Co. Clare, prehistoric remains,
352-362 ; description of, in 1317, 354. Butler family, 300 ; legends, 320. Byrne. See 0 'Byrne.
Cahers, in old records, 359 ; built and re- built in historic period, 356 ; flint weapons found in, 364. See Carran, Fab an, Fanygalvan, Moheramoylan, Moheraroon, Poulacarran, Poulcaragh- arush, Rannagh. Caheracoolia, Clare, 411 ; Caherconree, Kerry, 306-312, 421; Cahercrocaun, Clare, 411 ; Caher- grfllaun, Clare, 360, 363-365 ; Caher- mackirilla, Clare, lesser forts, 360, 361 ; great fort, 363, 364 ; Cahermactirech, Kerry, a mistake for Caher na mairti- nech, 176 ; Cahernaheanmna, Clare, legend of, 411 ; Cahersaul, Clare, 411.
Cairans, St. See St. Cairans.
Cairitan name on ogam, 57»
Cairns, 362.
Calliagh Beri, 6, 7.
Canoes found near Urlare, 405.
Carew Castle, inscription, 160.
Carran, Co. Clare, Prehistoric remains at, 186, 352 ; forts on its ridge, 359.
Carmody, Rev. "W. P., finds ogam stone, 392.
Carrique, John (1650), 310.
Cartulary, Sexton in British Museum, 119, 120.
Carysford, John, Baron, 32, 38.
Carysford House, Dublin, 34.
Castelcoz, stone fort, France, 180.
Castles— Dunmoe, Meath, 274 : Mayo, 284.
Catalogue of early Dublin books, 280.
Cathedrals, St. Mary's, Limerick, 35;
Killala, 290 ; Christ Church, Dublin,
420.
Caudebec, David, Cork (1390), 41, 121. Cellach, St., murder of, 284, 288. Celtic Art, lectures on, 73. Chalices, notice of some, Co. "Wexford,
11, 126, 131 ; Mayler, 132 ; Fethard,
132,135; Kilkenny, 133; Fitzgerald,
133; Esmonde, 134, 186,273; Kilmore,
273; stone, 416. Chester, 279.
Chestnutt, John, Fellow, 183. Churches, Ballyneanig, 15 ; Stillorgan,
22 ; Kilkee, 137, 173, 271 ; Kilroe, 289 ;
Kilcummin, 283, 296; Kilmakilloge,
314; Temple Feaghna, 214; Sladoo,
360 ; near Ballyhaunis, 404, 405 ;
Inishrobe, 415, 416. See also Cathe- drals and Monasteries. Circle of stone, 310, 314. Cists, 21, 49, 99. Clandeboy O'Neills, 254-257. Clare Co., photographs, 64, 65 ; prehistoric
remains, 186, 352-362; Loop Head,
409-412.
Cliff forts near Kilkee, 409. Clochogle cromlech, Co. Mayo, 284. Clonmacnoise slabs, 178. Cochrane, Robert, Hon. Sec., Papers by,
53, 396, 399-408, 421. Coffey, George, Paper by, 93. Coffin, leaden, stolen, 31. Coleman, J., Paper by, 92, 167, 170. Colpoys, family, Clare, 71.
Admiral Sir John, 72.
Comyn, Michael, legend given by, 411. Conlig, name on ogam stone, 396. Conn, name on an ogham, 59. Connaught, De Burgo, Lords of, 414. Cork city, drawing of Mayor of, 123;
ogam stones in county, 396, 397. Cormac Connloingeas, 14. " Corn Milling, History of," 179. Corrbri, name in ogam inscription, 235. Costume, in Munster (1380), 123-125. Crannoges, Lagore, Meath, 237 ; Lough
Mourne, Antrim, 242 ; Westmeath, 275,
276.
Creevagh cromlech, Co. Clare, 357, 358. Crehn, Father Donat (1684), 260. Cromlechs, slabs raised to make, 356 ; and hammer-dressed, 356. See Breastagh,
Clochogle, Creevagh, Fanygalvan, Mo- heramoylan, Co. Clare. Greenwood Park, 405 ; Rathfran, Co. Mayo. Crumlin, Co. Dublin, burned, 303. Crosiers, 41.
Crosses, 18; ornaments, 186; Monaster- boice, 264 ; on rock, 287 ; Devenish, 278 ; near Ballyhaunis, 405. Cruise, John (Justice of Ireland), 22. Cuchulain, 8-14 ; his leap at Loop Head, 409.
INDEX.
425
Cuillenn, a smith of Slieve Gullion, 7. Cuimin, saints of the name, 297. Cup markings, 164, 173, 174. Curragh, Co. Limerick, held by Bishop
Peter de Curragh, 40. ''Cursing stone," Kilcummin, 297.
Dalkey, Co. Dublin, 172.
Danes, tomb, 21 ; of Limerick, 35, 63, 66.
Deane, Sir T. N., elected Fellow, 83.
De Burgo. See Burgo.
Deer, 29, 355.
Derpatrick, John (1410), 22.
Derryvullagh, Kildare, 418.
Devenish Island, History, 277.
Dexter, Thomas, 293.
" Diary of a Dublin Lady," 92, 141.
Dix, E. R. M'Clintock, Paper by, 91, 165 ; on early printed books, 280.
Dog, remains of in Moat, 63 ; pack of hounds drowned, 336 ; kept in forts, 324.
Dolmens. See Cromlechs.
Dominicans of Limerick, 43, 123 ; of Rathfran (in 1750), 293.
Donegal, stone chalice, 417.
Donnybrook, lands at, 329.
Dooghrnakeone ogam inscription, Mayo, 232.
Doonaunroe, Doondoillroe, and Doonmore cliff forts, Clare, 410.
Dorsey Fort, Co. Armagh, 14.
Dowda, family, Co. Mayo, 261.
Downpatrick Head, Co. Mayo, 273, 274.
Drew, Thomas, Vice-President, 200.
Drogno, name on ogam inscription, 406.
Dublin : castle, threatened demolition of tower, 69 ; city — meetings of U.S. A.I. in, 83, 182, 419; Christchurch deeds, 420 : diary of a lady, 141 ; circuit of, 419 ; Mayor of, 123 ; St. Nicholas Hos- pital, 149; signs on shops, 150-153; inns, 152, 153 ; Royal Dublin Society, 337 ; county — Stillorgan, 21 ; photo- graphs, 64 ; Kilmahuddrick, 165 ; Dalkey, 173; pillar stone, 173; early books, 280 ; Mount Merrion, 329.
Duns, lisses, and raths, 1.
Dunbeg, Co. Kerry, 325.
Dundalhen, cliff fort, Clare, 411.
Dundonolf, Raymond's fort, 156.
Dnndrum, Co. Dublin, 380.
Dunfanaghy, Co. Donegal, cist, 49—52.
Dungannon, Westmeath, 276.
Dunmoe Castle (Meath), 274.
Du Noyer, Geo. V., 325.
Dunshaughlin, 237.
Dunstable mill, 181.
" Durrow, Termon of," 92.
Duvagin ogam. See 0.
Dyneley, Thomas (1680), 42.
Echtra, her grave, Co. Mayo, 284, 287. Edgeworthstown, wooden vessel, 273. Education of ladies (1754), 143. " English antiquities, a Key to," 179. "Epigraphy Studies in Irish," 74. Epitaphs, 43, 290, 315, 416. See also
Ogam.
Errew monastery, Mayo, 283. Esmonde chalice (1636), ? 134.
"Fairy bushes," 6, 7. Fannygalvan, Co. Clare, 359, 360. Farbreega rocks, 360. Fermanagh, Co. of Devenish, 277. Fert Echtra, Co. Mayo, 284, 287. Fethard, Co. Wexford, chalice (1637),
132, 135. Finan, St., 314. Fion macCumhail's Chair, 312. Fionn charn on Sliabh Fuaid, 13. Firbolgs in Clare, 354. Fish in wells, 20, 170. Fish family, Kildare, 148. Fitz Gerald, family of, Castlekeale, 71;
Walter Reagh, 92, 299-304 ; Sir
Pierce, 302. Lord Walter, Papers by, 92, 299,
417.
Fitzgibbon, Lord and Lady, 342, 343. Fitz Geoff rey, family, 415. Fitz Maurice, tomb, 68. Fitz Stephens, scene of his landing, 157,
158. Fitzwilliam family, Co. Dublin, 330 ;
Viscount, 339, 340. Flint scrapers, 186, 367 ; weapons in
forts, 354.
Flemings in Kilkenny, 139. Fochuill. See Foghill, Mayo. Fogerty, Dr. Geo., 64. Fogerty, William, elected Fellow, 281. Foghill (Foclut) wood, Co. Mayo, 295. Font, 18.
Fore, Westmeath, photographs, 65. Forts. See Caher, Dun, Rath, and Lis. Fox, Captain Maxwell, 275. Fraic, name on Ogham, 230, 231. Franciscans, 135. Frazer, Dr. W. (Vice-Pres.), Papers by,
49, 61, 92, 186, 254, 257, 420. ffrench, Rev. F. M., Papers by, 70, 126. French land at Kilcummin (1798), 296. Funeral entry, 304. Fur trade at Limerick (1450), 43, 45.
Gallans near Dingle, Kerry, 8, 92, 161, 164; atTallaght, 173; near Kilelton, 307, 308 ; Fanygalvan, &c., Co. Clare, 361.
Gal way Co., photographs, 64.
Galwey family, Limerick, 37, 115 ; will, 122 ; of Rathfarnham, 37 ; monument at Limerick, 43.
426
INDEX.
Gardens of Stillorgan, 28, 29.
Gardiner, John, Bishop of Killala, 290.
Garstin, J. R., 195.
Gartan Oratory, 275.
" Gates of Glory " near Dingle, Kerry,
92, 161.
Gateways of Cahers, 326, 362, 365. Geashill, King's Co., 68. Gervais, F. P., investigates Knockmaney,
100.
Glass chalices, 126, 127. Glassealy, Co. Kildare, 299-305. Glenfas, Co. Kerry, 306-313. Gold crown found in bog (1731), 129 ;
chalices, 129.
Gore family of Newtown, Leitrim, 290. Grattan, James, and his son Henry, 147. Gregg, H. G., elected Fellow, 83. Guinness family, not Magennis, 79.
Hackett family, 22.
Hall, Henry, Bishop of Killala, 290 ;
anagram on his tomh, 416. Harold, Frederic, elected Fellow, 183. Harris, Author of " History of Dublin,"
337, 338.
" Hell " in Dublin, 147. Heraldry, 37, 42, 112, 291. Hewson, George J., 66, 67. Hickman family, Clare, 71. Hickson, MissM., Papers by, 65, 66, 170,
171 ; on Glenfas, 306-313, 421. Higgins, Patrick, 281. Human remains, 49.
Inauguration Chair of O'Neills, 92, 254- 257.
Inchiquin, Murrogh, Earl of (1670), 115.
Indexing, Rules for, 269.
Inequaglas, name in ogam inscription, 57.
Inhabitants of Limerick, 46 ; of Tipperary, 186.
Iniscleraun (Quaker's Island), Lough Ree, 202.
Inishrobe, Co. Mayo, 415, 416.
Inns, signs of, in Dublin, 152, 155.
Ireland— " Child's History," 78 ; " Beau- ties and Antiquities of," 81.
" Irish Bells in Brittany," 92; "Irish Epigraphy, Studies in," 74 ; Irish Texts Society, 175 ; Irish channel, &c., in 1733, 421.
Iron, 63; " antiquity of, in weapons," 91 ; in a crannoge, 237, 244.
Iveagh, Viscounts in Spain, 79.
Jocelyn, R. (Lord Chancellor), 335, 336. Joyce, Dr. P. W., 78.
family, Mayo, 258.
Jubilee of Royal Society of Antiquaries, 187.
Kavanagh family, 300, 302.
Keane family, Co. Clare, 72, 411.
Keating, Miss G., elected Fellow, 83.
Kelly, George A. P., 288.
Kerry, Co., photographs, 64 ; ogam
inscriptions, 69, 176, 407 ; gallans,
161, 163; well of S. Molaga, 170;
forts, 176, 271 ; Kilmakilloge and
Temple Feaghna, 3*1 4, 412 ; Dunbeg
and Cahirconree, 325, 420. "Key to English Antiquities," 176. Kildare, Monavullagh "foot-track," 417,
418.
Kilcorney, Co. Clare, 186, 353. Kilcummin, Mayo, 283, 296. Kilelton in Glenfais, 306, 421. Kilkee cliffs, forts near, Co. Clare, 409. Kilkenny Museum, correspondence, 86 ;
chalice (1621), 133. Killala, Mayo, visit of Society, Round
Tower; Souterrain, 289. Killian, St., 317; or Matalogus, 319,
324.
Kilmahuddrick, Dublin, SI, 165. Kilmakilloge Church, Co. Kerry, 314,
412, 420.
Kilmallock Castle, Limerick, 175. Kilmartin family, Clare, 364. Kilmore, chalice, 130, 273. Kilmoremoy, Mayo, 286. Kilroe Church, Co. Mayo, 289. Kilteenbane, Co. Kerry, 307. King, Dr. Henry, Fellow, his death,
84.
"William, Archbishop of Dublin,
331.
King's Co., bowl from, 176. Kinsale, 37.
Knockalafalla, Co. Waterford, 398, 408. Knock farnacht, Mayo, alleged stone
circles, 283 ; fort, -283. Knockmany, Co. Tyrone, cist at, 93. Knowles, W. J., Paper by, 186, 367. Knox family, Mayo, 263. H. T., 274, 413, 416.
Lacy, Walter de, 414.
Laffan, Dr. T., Paper by, 195.
Lagore crannoge, Dunshaughlin, 237.
Latimer, W. F., 276.
Latouche, Peter (1784), of Mount Merrion,
340, 341.
Lea, Captain T. (1587), 301. "Leccadaniel," pavement in Limerick
Cathedral, 46. Legends, 10, 13, 19; sham, 65; of piast,
71 ; of well, 170 ; of Moyne, 260 ;
of Bunaw, 320 ; Loop Head, 411. Leighlin Bridge, 300. Lett, Rev. H. W., 1-14. Lifford, Lord, at Stillorgan, 33, 342. Limerick Cathedral, its plan and growth,
35, 48.
INDEX.
427
Limerick city, captured by Irish, 37 ; burned by one woman, 41 ; drawing of Mayor, 123.
county, photographs of, 64 ; Kil-
mallock, 175.
Bishops of, 35, 36, 37.
— families settling in city (1190-
1690), 46 ; ancient wills, 121. Lisnacreavh, Co. Kerry, 69. Lisnagorp, near Labardane, Co. Mayo,
283.
Lisparkeenreilig, 309. Local Government Act : provisions for
conservation of Antiquities, 268. Loftus, Nicholas (chalice of), 132. Loirn, St., disciple of Patrick, 405. London, Notarial signs, 224. Loop Head, Co. Clare, 411. Lotteries in Dublin, 149. Lough-a-trim crannoge, 276. Lough Case, Co. Mayo, 233.
— Ree excursion, 201, 421. Lugud, name on Ogam stone, 398. Lugun, name on Ogam stone, 60. Lynch, P. J., Paper by, 272, 323, 325,
412, 413, 421. Lynott, John (restores Well of Rosserk),
259. Lyons, Sergeant, reports Ogam stone,
396, 400.
Macalister, Robert A. S., Papers by, 71,
74, 92, 161, 176, 178, 416. Mac Cairitain, name in ogam inscription,
57.
Mac Domhnaill, James (1596), 130. MacFinnin Duffe, 315, 317. Mac Grath, John, the historian, 354. MacNeill, Charles, 291, 409. Maelduin, his voyage, 355. "Magennis family," its connexion with
Guinness, 79. Magh Breag, 12. Maghery, near Ardaragh, flint scrapers
at, 309. Mainchin, Bishop of " Luimneach,"
35. Malay weapon, supposed to be Danish,
66.
Manning, Percy, elected Fellow, 83. Manorhamilton (Co. Leitrim), chalice,
130.
Maps — Carran, 352 ; Loop Head, 410. Marriages, Presbyterian, 345 to 351. Mary Magdalen, St., as patroness of barber
surgeons, 38.
Maumamanorig, ogham inscription, 75. Maumnaholtora, Co. Kerry, 305, 309. Maylor, family (chalice of), 132. Mayo Co. : photographs, 65 ; friaries,
268, 273-274; ogams, 232, 396-400;
antiquities near Ballyhaunis, 404, 415. Mayors, costumes of, in 1380, 123, 124.
Meath, Co., 53 ; moat, 63 ; photographs, 65; Dunmoe, 274; ogam stones, 53, 399.
Meave, or Medbh, name on ogam, 231, 409.
Meddvi. See Meave.
Megalithic monuments, 284, 285, 361. See also gallans, ogams, and cromlechs,
Meggagh forts, Clare, 363.
Merchants marks, 39.
Meriadec, St., his bell in Morbihan, 168.
"MiasTiernan," offertory dish, 263, 284.
" Mills and Milling," 179.
Meutini, an ogam name, 421.
Milucra (of the Tuatha De Danaan), 7.
Mochianlane, St., and his lake, 317.
Mochulla, St., of Tulla, Co. Clare, 360.
" Mohers of Ballymahony," 360.
Moheramoylan fort, Clare, 365.
Mokilloge (Killian), St., 412.
Molaga, St., well of, 170.
Monnghan, H. J., 21.
Monasterboice cross, Louth, 264-266.
Monasteries dissolved, 294. See also- Adare, Limerick, Moyne, Rathfran, Rosserk, &c.
Monavullagh, Kildare, 417, 418.
Monkstown, Co. Dublin, 421.
Montague, George (1750), 340.
Monuments, prehistoric period. See crom- lechs, gallans, ogam, megalithic, pil- lars.
Historic period, 39, 43, 44, 112,
113, 117, 137, 261, 290, 315, 416.
Moate, Patrickstown, Meath, 63.
Mount Merrion, Co. Dublin, 329, 420.
Moyne Monastery, Mayo, 260, 282, 283, 288, 289.
Neolithic Age in Ireland, 369.
Newport, Baron, 330.
New Ross, Franciscans, chalice, 135 ;. "Bambino" at, 250, 253.
Notarial Signs-manual, 204 ; in four- teenth century, 213.
Obelisk (1727), Stillorgan, 30. O'Brien family, 35, 47, 354. 0' Byrne family, 302. O'Callaghan family, Co. Clare, 71. O'Carryd, Thomas, goldsmith (1405), 41. O'Connell, Rev. Daniel, elected Fellow,
420.
O'Conor Don, president, 189, 195. 0' Conor family, 354. 0' Daffy, Lawrence (1406), 40. O'Davoren family, Clare, 364. O'Dea, Cornelius (Bishop), 41, 112, 122. O'Donovan, Dr. J., 9. Ogam, discoveries of, inscriptions (1898),
399-403, 421. Ogam inscriptions, 53-60, 67, 74, 230,
308, 392, 395, 396, 408, 409. O'Hara, Very Rev. Monsignor, 258, 283,
288.
JOUH. 11. S.A.I., VOL. VIII., PT. IV., OTH SER.
2G
428
INDEX.
Olcan, St., of Kilmoremoy, 287.
O'Loughlin family, 354, 364.
O'Neill, of Claneboys, 25 ; inauguration chair, 92, 254-256.
O'Reilly, P. J., elected Fellow, 83.
Orpen, Goddard H., Paper by, 92, 155.
0' Sullivan family, 315.
O'Toole family, 302.
Otter and beaver traps, 180, 245-249.
Owenstown (Mount Merrion), Co. Dub- lin, 329.
Paalstaves, 242, 243.
Painestown, Co. Meath, ogam inscription,
54.
Palmer family, Mayo, 290. Parknabinnia cromlechs, Co. Clare, 356 -
359. Passion, carvings of the instruments of
the, 92, 137.
Patrick, St., in Co. Mayo, 287, 295. Patrick's crosses, 147. Pedigree of the chiefs of Tirawley, 272. Pembroke, Earl of, 329. Pentland, G. H., 264, 265. Perdue (bellfounder), 112. Pery family, Limerick, 115; origin, 120. Photographic "Survey" report, 64, 65. « Physico-Historical Society" of Dublin,
337.
Piast, legends, 71, 412. Piling, earthworks resting on, 5, 7. Pillars— Bracklaghboy, 400 ; Breastagh,
186; white stone of Calliagh Beri, 8;
Clare, 359, 360 ; Kerry, 15 ; Meath,
55 ; Tallaght, 173. Piscina, double at Rosserk, 258, 295. Plans, Dorsey, 4 ; Knockmaney, 98, 99 ;
Limerick Cathedral, 116; Kilcummin,
297, 314 ; cabers, 363, 410. Plunkett family, 22. Population of Burren, 354. Poulacarran, Co. Clare, 362, 363. Poulcaragharush forts, Co. Clare, 362. Prehistoric carvings, 101, 104, 107, 108;
remains at Carran of, 186. See also
gallans, ogams, bronze, flint, forts, &c. Presbyterian marriages, Armagh, 92, 345-
351. Prendergast founds Ballinasmala Friary,
405.
Proceedings, 83, 182, 281, 419-421. Prussia, otter traps from, 246.
Quakers' Island. See Iniscleraun. Querns, 17, 180-181, 355.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, did not massacre
Spaniards at Smerwick, 65. Rath croghan ogam, Co. Roscommon, 186,
230, 409.
Rathfran, Co. Mayo, 283, 285, 293.
Rathmore, at Clogher, 94, 97.
" Raymond's fort, site of," 92, 155, 156.
Raymond Le Gros, 155, 160.
Rebellion of 1641, 24.
Rhys, PrincipalJohn, Paper by, 186, 230,
396, 409, 421.
Rice, Lieut.-Col. R. J., 69, 176. Rideleford, Walter, Lord of Bray (1190),
329.
Robertson, J. G., 180. Roche family, Limerick, 120, 121. Ronan, St., of Locronan, Brittany, 168. Roscommon Co., 230. Rosse, Earl of (1740), 338. Rosserk Friary, Mayo, 258, 282, 283. Rotheram, E. Crofton, 63, 172, 177. Round Towers. See Killala. Rowan, Col., 307. Royal Dublin Society, 199. Royal Irish Academy, 199, 418, 420. Russell, Philip (1442), will, 122.
St. Cairan, Co. Meath, ogam inscription,
56. Saunderson, Robert de B., elected Fellow,
420.
Scotland, proposed excursion to, 266. Scrapers of flint, 367-391. Searc, St., of Rosserk, 273. Sedilia, 39.
Sexten family, 119, 120. Sidney, Sir H., 333, Signs of shops, 150, 153. Silver brooch, 63. Singleton, Henry, Justice Common Pleas,
33, 72.
Skin curing, 385. Skulls, 49.
Sladoo, Co. Clare, 360. Sliabh Fuaid, 10-13. Slieve Gullion, 7. Slieve na Callighe, 171, 172. Smerwick, slaying of Spaniards at, 65. Smith, John, Bishop of Killala, 290. Souterrain, 292, 361, 363, 366. Stac pole family, 64, 115, 120. Stillorgan Park, Co. Dublin, 21, 34, 331. Stokes, Miss M., Paper by, 92, 137. Stone chalice, 416. Stretch family, Limerick, 40 ; \vills, 113,
115. Sweeney, Rev. P., finds ogam stone, 405.
Tallaght, Co. Dublin, pillar stone, 173. Tallon, Rt. Hon. D., elected Fellow, 281. Temple Feaghna, Kerry, 314. Theatres in Dublin (1743-65), 145, 148,
154.
Thomond, Earls of, 47, 293, 414. Tigernaci Dobagni, ogam inscription, 67. Timoleague, Co. Cork, legacy to friars of,
43, 123.
INDEX,
429
Tipperary, Co., pre-Cromwellian inhabi- tants, 186.
Tisdal, Philip, Attorney- General, 32, 33.
Towers, of Limerick, of Moyne, of Ros- serk, which see also Round Towers.
Tuatha De Danaan, 7, 412.
Tuissachs, 318, 319.
Tullaghoge rath, 254.
Tuosist, Co. Kerry, 314, 412, 413.
Tyrone, Co., rath, 254.
Ulster, Earl of, 414, 415. Uluidth more Kilcummin, 297. Urlare Friary, Mayo, 405. Urn, 21, 70 ; from a bog, 177. Ussher, Ric., finds ogam stone, 398.
Verschoyle, Ric., 343.
Vigors, Col. P. D., Paper by, 203.
" Voyage of Bran," 76.
Wainwright, Hon. John, 332, 333. Wakeman, W. F., Papers by, 91, 173,
237, 244. Wales, ancient law of divorce, 181.
Walker, Roger, preserves inauguration
chair, 254, 257.
Waterford city, mayor of, 123 ; Archaeo- logical Society, 173; ogams, 396, 398. Wells, Rosserk, 259; fish in, 20, 170,
314. Westmeath Co., photographs, 65 ; cran-
noge, 215. Westropp family, Limerick, 46, 119.
Ralph, elected Fellow, 281.
Thomas J., Papers by, 35-65, 112,
112, 186, 281, 288, 353,412. Wexford, chalices in Co., 126, 273; New
Ross, 250.
Whaley, R. Chapel, 341. White-Lough, crannoge, Westmeath, 275. Whitney family, Co. Kildare, 148. Williams, Rev. S. de Courcy, 68, 92. Wills, 23, 24, 40, 43, 115, 121. Wingfield, J. (1587), 23. Wolverston family, of Stillorgan, 23. Wooden bowl, King's Co., 176 ; Ed-
worthstown, 275 ; foot-track, 417.
Yorke, William (Mayor of Limerick),
114. Youghal, legacies to its convents, 123.
END OF VOL. VII 1., FIFTH
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J. M. WILSON, M.A., J.P.
J. R. GAKSTIN, M.A., F.S.A., M.R.I.A.
W. E. KELLY, C.E., J.P.
THE RIGHT REV. MONSIGNOR O'HARA, P.P. V.F.
J. H. MOORE, M.A., M.!NST. C.E.I.
THE REV. CANON HEALY, LL.D.
D. CAROLAN RUSHE, B.A., Solicitor. B. P. J. MAHONY, M.R.C.V.S.
GEORGE A. P. KELLY, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. THE VERY REV. ARCHDEACON O'RoRKE, D.D.,
M.R.I.A.
THE REV. DENIS HANAN, D.D. HENRY C. BRETT, B.A.I. CHARLES MULLIN, Solicitor. THE REV. WILLIAM T. LATIMER, B.A.
E. WALSH KELLY. RICHARD J. USSHER, J.P. M. J. HURLEY.
THE REV. HILL WILSON WHITE, D.D., M.R.I.A.
Miss REYNELL.
DR. G. E. J. GREENE, M.R.I.A., F.L.S., J.P.
J. ENNIS MAYLER.
THE REV. J. F. M. FFRENCH, M.R.I.A.
THE REV. JAMES MANNING. P.P.
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
(Revised December, 1898.)
The Names of those who have paid the Life Composition, and are Life Fellows, are printed in heavy-faced type. (See Kules 3 and 7, page 41.)
DATE OP ELECTION.
1886
1872 1876
1892 1885
1882 1880
1896 1888 1884 1876
1885 1882 1882
1864 1891
1889
FELLOW.
1888
1888 1889
1889
1893 1898 1879 1888
1893 1898
1898
1896 1898 1888
1877 1887
1898 1888
1887 1890
1889 1871
1898
1892 1897
Abercorn, His Grace the Duke of, M.A. (Oxon.), K.G., C.B.
Baronscourt, Newtownstewart. (Honorary President, 1896.) Agnew, Hon. Sir James Wilson, K.C.M.G. Hobart, Tasmania. Allen, J. Romilly, F.S.A. 28, Great Ormond-street, London,
W.C. ARMSTRONG, Robert Bruce, F.S.A. (Scot.), 6, Eandolph Cliff,
Edinburgh.
Bagnall-Oakeley, Rev. William, M.A. (Oxon.). Newland, Cole- ford, Gloucestershire. Balfour, Blayney Reynell Townley, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A.,
J.P., D.L. Townley Hall, Drogheda. BARTER, Rev. John Berkeley, M.R.I. A., F.R.G. S. I.,
F.R.Z.S.I. 23, Corso Oporto, Turin, Italy. Barry, Rev. Edmond, P.P., M.R.I.A. Rathcormac, Co.
Cork.
Beattie, Rev. A. Hamilton. Portglenone, Co. Antrim. Bellingham, Sir Henry, Bart., M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L.,
Bellingham Castle, Castlebellingham. Berry, Captain Robert G. J. J. Army Service Corps, Shorncliffe
Camp, Kent.
Bigger, Francis Joseph, M.R.I.A. Ardrie, Belfast. Brooke, Rev. Stopf ord A., M.A. 1 , Manchester-square, London, W. Browne, Most Rev. James, D.D., Bishop of Ferns. St. Peter's
College, Wexford.
Browne, John Blair. Brownstown House, Kilkenny. Browne, William James, M.A. (Lond.), M.R.I.A., Inspector of
Schools. 5, Crawford -square, Londonderry. Brownell, Edward Darlington. Royal Marine-road, Kingstown. Brownrigg, Most Rev. Abraham, D.D., Bishop of Ossory.
St. Kieran's, Kilkenny. (Vice- President, 1896.) Buiek, Rev. Geo. Raphael, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A. The
Manse, Cullybackey. (Vice President, 1892-98.) BURTCHAELL, Geo. Dames, M.A., LL.B. (Dubl.), M.R.I.A.,
Barrister-at-Law. 7, St. Stephen' s-green, Dublin.
Cane, Major R. Claude, J.P. St. Wolstan's, Celbridge. Castletown, Right Hon. Lord, J.P., D.L. Grantston Manor,
Abbeyleix. (Vice-President, 1885-89.) Chestnutt, John, B.A., L.R.C.P. & L.R.C.S. (Edin.). Derwent
House, Howden, East Yorks. Clark, Stewart, J.P. Kilnside, Paisley. Clarke, William Usher, Bridge House, Teddington, Middlesex.
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
9
DATE OF ELECTION.
|
MEMBER 1869 |
FELLOW. 1871 |
|
1864 |
1891 1882 |
|
1891 |
1894 |
|
1896 1896 1891 |
|
|
1888 1862 |
1894 1871 |
|
1889 |
1890 |
|
1853 |
1897 1870 |
|
1893 |
|
|
1894 |
1897 |
|
1891 |
|
|
1893 |
|
|
1892 1866 |
1895 1870 |
|
1863 |
1888 |
|
1898 |
|
|
1891 |
|
|
1872 |
|
|
1892 |
|
|
1891 |
1894 |
|
1894 1890 1888 |
1895 1895 1889 |
|
1891 |
1893 |
|
1864 |
1888 |
|
1882 |
1888 1872 |
CLOSE, Rev. Maxwell H., M.A., M.R.I.A., F.G.S. 38, Lower
Baggot-street, Dublin.
Cochrane, Sir Henry, J.P., D.L. Nassau -place, Dublin. COCHRANE, Robert, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A., Fellow
Societe Boyale des Antiquaires du Nord. 17, Highfield-
road, Dublin. (Hon. Gen. Secretary, 1888.) Coffey, George, B.A.I., M.R.I.A., Barrister-at-Law. 5, Har-
court-terrace, Dublin.
Colles, Ramsay, M.R.I.A., J.P. 1, Wilton-terrace, Dublin. COLLES, Richard, B.A., J.P. Millmount, Kilkenny. Colvill, Robert Frederick Stewart, B.A. (Cantab.), J.P. Coolock
House, Coolock.
Cooke, John, M.A. 66, Morehampton-road, Dublin. Cooper, Lieut.-Colonel Edward Henry, M.R.I.A., H.M.L.,
Co. Sligo. Markree Castle, Co. Sligo ; and 42, Portman-
square, London. (Vice-President, 1896.) Copinger, Walter Arthur, LL.D., F.S.A. The Priory,
Manchester.
Costly, Thomas. 300, Lower Broughton, Manchester. Corn-town, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Courtown
House, Gorey. (Vice -President, 1886-87.) COWAN, Samuel Wm. Percy, M.A., M.R.I. A. Craigavad,
Co. Down. Crawley, W. J. Chetwode, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.G.S., F.G.S. ,
F.R. Hist. S. 3, Ely-place, Dublin. Crozier, Right Rev. John Baptist, D.D., Bishop of Ossory, Ferns,
and Leighlin. The Palace, Kilkenny. Cullinan, Henry Cooke, LL.B., Barrister-at-Law. 7, St.
Stephen's-green, Dublin.
Dagg, Geo. A. de M. E., M.A., LL.B., D.I.R.I.C. Raphoe. Dames, Robert Staples Longworth, B.A. (Dubl.), M.R.I.A., J.P.,
Barrister-at-Law. 21, Herbert-street, Dublin. Day, Robert, F.S.A. , M.R.I. A., J.P. Myrtle Hill House, Cork.
(Vice- President, 1887-97.) Deane, Sir Thomas Newenham, R.H.A., Dorset Lodge,
Killiney. Dease, Edmund, M.A., J.P., D.L. Rath, Ballybrittas, Queen's
County. Devonshire, His Grace the Duke of, M.A. (Cantab.), D.C.L.,
K.G. Devonshire House, Piccadilly, London, W. (Hon.
President, 1897). Dixon, Sir Daniel, J.P., D.L. Ballymenoch House, Holywood,
Co. Down. Donnelly, Most Rev. Nicholas, D.D., M.R.I.A., Bishop of
Canea. St. Cronans, Bray. DONNELLY, Patrick J. 136, Capel-street. Doyle, Charles F., M.A., F.R.U.I. 19, Kildare- street. Drew, Thomas, R.H.A., F.R.I.B.A., P.R.I. A.I. Gortnadrew,
Alma-road, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. (Vice-President,
1889-94, 1897 ; President, 1894-97.) Duignan, William Henry. Gorway, Walsall.
Eden, Rev. Arthur, M.A. (Oxon.) Ticehurst, Hawkhurst,
Sussex.
Egan, Patrick M., J.P. High-street, Kilkenny. EVANS, Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Dublin),
D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A., Hon. M.R.I.A. Nash Mills, Hemel
Hempsted.
10
DATB or ELECTION.
1889
1876
1890 1887
1871
1866 1891
1851
1867 1889
1893
1885 1887
1868 1894
1897 1886
1892
1882 1890
1889
1889 1894
1889 1888
1898 1892
1877
1875
1894
1895 1891 1888
1888 1895 1895 1898
1896
1887 1890
1893 1897
1898 1888
1892 1890
1892 1888
1895
FELLOWS OP THE SOCIETY.
EWART, Sir William Quartus, Bart., M.A., J.P. Schomberg, Strandtown, Belfast.
FFRENCH, Rev. James F. M., M.R.I. A. Ballyredmond House,
Clonegal. (Vice -President, 1897). Finlay, Ven. George, D.D., Archdeacon of Clogher. The
Rectory, Clones.
FITZGERALD, Lord Frederick. Carton, Maynooth. FITZGERALD, Lord Walter, M.R.I.A., J.P. Kilkea Castle,
Mageney. (Vice- President. 1895-1898.)
Fogerty, William A., M. A., M.D. 61, George-street, Limerick. Frazer, William, F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.),
F.R.G.S.I. 20, Harcourt-street, Dublin. (Vice-President,
1895-1899.) Frost, James, M.R.I. A., J.P. 54, George -street, Limerick
(Vice-President, 1898).
GARSTIN, John Ribton, LL.B., M.A., B.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A.,
F.R.H.S., J.P., D.L. Bragganstown, Castlebellingham.
(Vice-President, 1885-95.) Geoghegan, Charles, Assoc. INST. C.E.I. 89, Pembroke-road,
Dublin.
Goff, William G. D., J.P. Glenville, Waterford. Gordon, John W. Mullingar. Graves, Right Rev. Charles, D.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., M.R.I. A.,
Lord Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert, and Aghadoe. The
Palace, Limerick. (Vice-President, 1894-98.) Gray, William, M.R.I. A. Auburn Villa, Glenburn Park, Belfast,
(Vice-President, 1889-96.) Greene, George E. J., M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., J.P.
Ferns. Greer, Thomas, M.R.I.A., F.R.G.S., J.P. Sea Park, Belfast,
and Grove House, Regent's Park, London, N.W. GREGG, Huband George, J.P., Oldtown, Edgeworthstown.
Handcock, Gustavus F. Public Record Office, Chancery-lane,
London, W.C.
Hasse, Rev. Leonard. Fairfield College, Manchester. Healy, Most Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., M.R.I.A., Coadjutor
Bishop of Clonfert. Mount St. Bernard, Ballymacward,
Ballinasloe. (Vice-President, 1890-98.) HEWSON, George James, M.A. Hollywood, Adare. Hickey, Rev. Michael P., D.D., M.R.I.A., Professor of Gaelic
and Lecturer on Irish Archaeology. St. Patrick's College,
Maynooth.
Higgins, Patrick. Town Clerk's Office, Waterford. Hill, Right Hon. Lord Arthur Wm., M.P. 74, Eaton-place,
London, S.W. ; and Bigshotte, Rayles, Wokingham, Berks.
(Vice- President, 1888-95.)
Holmes, Emra, F.R.H.S. H. M. Customs, Harwich. Houston, Thomas G., M.A. Academical Institution, Cole-
raine.
HOWDEN, Charles. Invermore, Larne. Humphreys, Very Rev. Robert, M.A., Dean of Killaloe. The
Glebe, Ballinaclough, Nenagh. Hurley, M. J. Abbeylands, Waterford.
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
II
DATE OF ELECTION.
MHMBER. FELLOW.
1891
1890
1893 1890
1880 18fi7 1887 1872
1872 1892
1891
1864 1883
1889
1891 1864
1891 1863
1890 1893
1884
1889 1870
1869
1893
1898 1894 1894
1888 1890 1888 1888 1886
1896
1879 1896 1889 1888 1892
1895 1896 1889
1889
1893
1893 1870 1898 1897 1896
1871 1893 1897 1896 1896
1897 1897 1888
1892 1871
1888
Johnson, Edmond, M.R.I.A., J.P. Dublin.
Nullamore, Milltown, Co.
KANE, His Honor Robert Romney, LL.D., M.R.I.A., County Court Judge. 4, Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin.
Keating, Miss Geraldine, Cannon Mills Cottage, Chesham, Bucks.
KELLY, Edward Festus. 15, Palace-court, London, "W.
Kelly, George A. P., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 129, Lower Baggot-street, Dublin ; and Cloonglasnymore, Strokestown.
Kelly, William Edward, C.E., J.P. St. Helen's, Westport.
Kelly, William P., Solicitor. Shannonview Park, Athlone.
Kinahan, George Henry, M.R.I. A. Woodlands, Fairview.
Kirker, Samuel Kerr, C.E. Board of Works, Belfast.
Knowles, William James, M.R.I. A. Flixton-place, Ballymena. ( Vice- Presiden t, 1897.)
Knox, Hubert Thomas, M.R.I. A. Beechen, Lyndhurst, Hants.
Langrishe, Richard, P.R.I. A. I., J.P. Noremount, Kilkenny.
(Vice-President, 1879-95.) Latimer, Rev. William Thomas, B.A. The Manse, Eglish,
Dungannon. La Touche, J. J. Digges, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A. Public
Record Office, Dublin. (Vice- President, 1898.) Lawrence, Rev. Charles, M.A. Lisreaghan, Lawrencetown, Co.
Gal way. LEWIS CROSBY, Rev. Ernest H. C., B.D. 36, Rutland- square,
Dublin.
Lillis, T. Barry. Janeville, Ballintemple, Cork. Linn, Richard. 229, Hereford- st., Chrislchurch, New Zealand. LOWRY, Robert William, B.A. (Oxon.), M.R.I.A., J.P., D.L.
Pomeroy House, Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone. Lynch, Patrick J., C.E., M.R.I. A.I. 8, Mallow-st., Limerick.
Mac Ritchie, David, F.S.A. (Scot.) 4, Archibald-place, Edin- burgh.
Mains, Jobn, J.P. Eastbourne, Coleraine.
Malone, Very Rev. Sylvester, P.P., V.G., M.R.I.A. Kilrush.
Manning, Percy, M.A., F.S.A. 6, St. Aldates, Oxford.
Marsh, Frank S., LL.B. 35, Holies-street, Dublin.
MARTYN, Edward, J.P., D.L. Tillyra Castle, Ardrahan. ( Vice- Presiden t, 1897).
Mayler, James Ennis. Harristown, Ballymitty, Co. Wexford.
M'Cahan, Robert. Ballycastle, Co. Antrim.
McCbesney, Joseph, Annsville, Holywood, Co. Down.
McCREA, Rev. Daniel F., M.R.I.A. Rome.
M'DONNELL, Daniel, M.A., M.D. 17, Cherrymount, Crumlin- road, Belfast.
McGeeney, Very Rev. Patrick, Canon, P.P., V.F. Crossmaglen.
Mellon, Thomas J. Rydal Mount, Mill town, Co. Dublin.
Milligan, Seaton Forrest, M.R.I.A. 1, Malone-road, Belfast. (Vice- President, 1895-99.)
Mills, James, M.R.I.A. Public Record Office, Dublin.
MOLLOY, William Robert, M.R.I.A., J.P. 78, Kenilworth- square, Dublin.
Moran, His Eminence Cardinal, D.D., M.R.I.A. Archbishop- of Sydney, New South Wales. ( Vice- President, 1 888-96. )
12
DATE OP ELECTION.
MEMBER.
1888 1892
1889
1888
1877 1897 1892
1877 1869
1887 1869
1862
1894 1885
1867
1889 1889
FELLOW.
1895 1894
1897 1889
1890
1889 1898 1893
1888 1888
1897 1890
1895 1891 1872 1890 1890 1895
1898 1888
1889 1894
1889
1875 1888 1892
1873 1888
1896 1890 1893 1872
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
Moran, John, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A. Imperial Hotel, Belfast. Mullen, Ben. H., M.A. (Dub.), F.A.I., Curator, &c., Royal
Museum. Peel Park, Salford. Murphy, J. II. Burke. The Agency, Cultra, Holywood, Co.
Down. MURPHY, Michael M., M.R.I.A. Troyes Wood, Kilkenny.,
Norman, George, M.D., F.R.M.S. 12, Brock-street. Bath.
O'Brien, William, M.A., LL.D. 4, Kildare-street, Dublin. O'Connell, Rev. Daniel, B.D. 81, Quay, Waterford. O'Connell, John Robert, M.A., LL.D. 10, Mountjoy-square,
Dublin.
O'Connor, Very Rev. Daniel, P.P., Canon. Newtown Butler. O'Conor Don, The Right Hon. LL.D., M.R.I.A., H.M.L.
Clonulis, Castlerea. (Vice- President, 1886-97; President,
1897-99.)
O'Donoghue, Charles, J.P. Ballynahown Court, Athlone. 0' Donovan, The, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P. Liss Ard, Skibbereen.
(Vice -President, 1890-94.) O'Laverty, Rev. James, P.P., M.R.I. A. Holywood, Co. Down.
(Vice -President, 1896.) O'Loughlin, Rev. Robert Stuart, M.A., D.D. Rectory,
Lurgan. O'Meagher, Joseph Casimir, M.R.I. A. 23, Wellington-road,
Dublin. O'Neill, Jorge (Grand Officier de la maison du Roi). Pair du
Royaume, Lisbon. O'NEILL, Hon. Robert Torrens, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L.
M.P. Tullymore Lodge, Ballj'mena, Co. Antrim. O'REILLY, Rev. Hugh, M.R.I. A. St. Column's Seminary,
Newry.
O'Reilly, Patrick J. 7, North Earl-street, Dublin. O'Rorke, Very Rev. Terence, D.D., M.R.I.A., P.P., Arch- deacon of Achonry. Church of the Assumption, Collooney. ORMSBY, Charles C., A.I.C.E.I. Ballinamore House, Kil-
timagh, Co. Mayo. 0' Shaughnessy, Richard, B.A., Barrister- at- Law, Commissioner
of Public Works. 3, Wilton-place, Dublin. OWEN, Edward. India Office, Whitehall, London, S.W.
Palmer, Charles Colley, J.P., D.L. Rahan, Edenderry. Perceval, John James. Slaney View, Wexford. Perceval-Maxwell, Robert, J.P., D.L. Finnebrogue, Down-
patrick. Phene, John S., LL.D., F.S.A., F.G.S. 5, Carlton -terrace,
Oakley-street, London, S.W. Plunkett, George Noble, Count, M.R.I. A., Barrister-at-Law.
26, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
Plunkett, the Countess. 26, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin. Poison, Thomas R. J., M.R.I. A. Wellington-place, Enniskillen. Pope, Peter A. New Ross. Prichard, Rev. Hugh, M.A., F.S.A. (Scot.) Dinam, Gaenven,
Anglesey.
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
DATE OF ELECTION.
|
MEMBER. , FELLOW. |
||
|
1894 |
1894 |
Robinson, Andrew, C.E., Board of "Works. 116, St. Laurence- |
|
road, Clontarf. |
||
|
1894 |
Robinson, Rev. Stanford F. H., M.A. 2, Trevelyan-terrace. |
|
|
Rathgar. |
||
|
1880 |
1888 Rushe, ~Denis Carolan, B.A., Solicitor. Far-Meehul, |
|
|
Monaghan. |
||
|
1879 |
1890 |
RYLANDS, Thomas Glazebrook, F.S.A., F.R.A.S., F.C.S., |
|
M.R.I. A. Highfields, Thelwall, Wanington. |
||
|
1898 |
SAUNDERSON, Robert de Bedick, M.A. (Dubl.). Avonmore, |
|
|
Goldhawk-road, Chiswick, London, W. |
||
|
1891 |
Scott, William Robert, M.A. (Dubl.). 4, Murray-place, St. |
|
|
Andrew's N.B., and Lisnamallard, Omagh. |
||
|
1896 |
Shaw, Sir Frederick W., Bart., J.P., D.L. Bushy Park, |
|
|
Terenure. |
||
|
1892 |
Sheehan, Most Rev. Richard Alphonsus, D.D., Bishop of Water- |
|
|
ford and Lismore. Bishop's House, John's Hill, Waterford. |
||
|
(Vice- President, 1896-99.) |
||
|
1892 |
Smiley, Hugh Houston, J.P. Drumalis, Larne. |
|
|
1889 |
SMITH-BARRY, The Right Hon. Arthur H., J.P., D.L., M.P. |
|
|
Fota Island, Cork, and Carlton Club, London. ( Vice- |
||
|
• President, 1897.) |
||
|
1875 |
1875 |
Smith, Joseph, M.R.I. A. Rose Villa, Latchford, near War- |
|
rington. |
||
|
1873 |
Smith, Worthington G., F.L.S., M.A. I. 121, High-street, |
|
|
Dunstable, Beds. |
||
|
1894 |
Stevenson, George A., Commissioner of Public Works, Dublin. |
|
|
1890 |
1890 |
Stoney, Rev. Robert Baker, M. A., D.D., Canon. St. Matthew's, |
|
Irishtown. |
||
|
1885 |
1888 |
Stubbs, Major-General Francis William, J.P. 2, Clarence- |
|
terrace, St. Luke's, Cork. |
||
|
1892 |
1893 |
Swan, Joseph Percival. 22, Charleville-road, N.C.R., Dublin. |
|
1898 |
Tallon, The Right Hon. Daniel, Lord Mayor of Dublin. |
|
|
1892 |
1892 |
Taylor, Rev. John Wallace, LL.D. Errigal Glebe, Emyvale. |
|
1893 |
Tenison, Charles Mac Carthy, M.R.I. A. Barrister-at-Law, |
|
|
J.P. Hobart, Tasmania. |
||
|
1892 |
Tighe, Edward Kenrick Bunbury, J.P., D.L. Woodstock, |
|
|
Inistioge. |
||
|
1865 |
1888 |
Trench, Thomas F. Cooke, M.R.I. A., J.P., D.L. Millicent, |
|
Sallins. |
||
|
1894 |
Thynne, Sir Henry, M.A., LL.D., C.B., Deputy Inspector- |
|
|
General R.I.C., Dublin. |
||
|
1893 |
Cniacke, R. G. Fitz Gerald, B.A. (Oxon.). Chelsham Lodge, |
|
|
Whyteleafe, Surrey. |
||
|
1885 |
1888 |
Vigors, Colonel Philip Doyne, J.P. Holloden, Bagenalstown. |
|
1884 |
1890 |
(Vice- President, 1895-99.) Vinycomb, John, M.R.I. A. Riverside, Holywood, Co. Down. |
|
1864 |
1870 |
WALES, H. R. H. the Prince of, K.G., K.P., &c. Sand- |
|
ringbam. |
||
|
1874 |
1888 |
WARD, Francis Davis, M.R.I. A., J.P. 11, Chlorine Gardens, |
|
Malone-road, Belfast. |
||
|
1891 |
Ward, John, F.S.A., J.P. Lenox Vale, Belfast. |
14
DATE or ELECTION.
MEMBER,
1890
1871 1890
1886
1879 1889
1887
1891
FELLOW.
1897
1871 1898
1893 1892 1894 1896
1890 1890
1887
1891
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
Warren, the Rev. Thomas. Belmont, 29, Gipsey Hill, London,
S.E.
Watson, Thomas. Ship Quay Gate, Londonderry. Westropp, Ralph Hugh, B.A. Springfort, Patrick's Well,
Co. Limerick. WESTROPP, Thomas Johnson, M.A., M.R.I.A. 77, Lower
Leeson-street. Dublin.
Wigham, John R., M.R.I.A., J.P. Albany House, Monks- town. WILSON, William W., M.R.I.A., M. INST. C.E. St. James's-
gate, Dublin. Windle, Bertram C. A., M.A., M.D., D.Sc. (Dubl.). Dean of
the Medical Faculty, Mason College, Birmingham. Woods, Cecil Crawford. 21, Dyke-parade, Cork. WOOLLCOMBE, Eobert Lloyd, M.A., LL.D. (Dubl.) ; LL.D.
(Royal Univ.); F.I.Inst., F.S.S., M.R.I.A., Barrister-
at-Law. 14, Waterloo-road, Dublin. WEIGHT, Edward Perceval, M.D., M.A. (Dubl.) ; M.A.
(Oxon.); M.R.I.A., F.L.S., F.R.C.S.I., J.P., Professor of
Botany. 5, Trinity College, Dublin. ( Vice- President, 1898.)
Young, Robert Magill, B.A., C.E., M.R.I.A., J.P. Rathvarna, Belfast. (Vice-president, 1898.)
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
15
DATE OF ELECTION.
1890
1891
1889 1850
1868
FKLLOW.
1891 1891 1891 1893 1891
1891 1891
1891 1870 1891
1891 1876
HONORARY FELLOWS,
D'Arbois de Jubainville, H., Editor of Revue Celtique. Boulevard Mont Parnasse, Paris.
84,
Hoffman, William J., M.D., Consulate of the United States, Mannheim, Germany.
Lubbock, Right Hon. Sir John, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., M.P. High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
Meade, Right Hon. Joseph M., LL.D., J.P. St. Michael's, Attesbury-road, Dublin.
Munro, Robert, M.A., M.D. (Hon. M.R.I.A.), Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 48, Manor-place, Edinburgh.
Pigorini, Professor Luigi, Director of the Museo Preistorico- Etnografico Kircheriano, Rome.
Rhys, John, M.A., Professor of Celtic, Principal of Jesus College, Oxford.
Roberts, S. Ussher, C.B. 6, Clyde-road, Dublin.
Robertson, James George, Architect. 36, Sandford-road, Dublin.
Soderberg, Professor Sven, Ph. D., Director of the Museum of Antiquities, University of Lund, Sweden.
Stokes, Miss Margaret, Hon. M.R.I. A. Co. Dublin.
Carrigbreac, Howth, Wakeman, William Frederick. Knightsville, Blackrock, Dublin.
Total number of Fellows : — Life, ...... ..,..,.
Honorary (under old Rules, 3 ; new Rules, 9),
39
12
Annual, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
205
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
(Revised December, 1898.)
The Names of those who have paid the Life Composition, and are Life Member?, are printed in heavy-faced type. (See Rules 4, 8, and 9, page 41.)
Elected
1893
1896
1898
1895
1890
1892
1887
1898
1890
1894
1898
1891 1890 1894 1894 1891
1896 1897
1891
1890 1894 1868 1863 1896 1880 1890 1858
1894 1895 1878 1890 1893 1894 1890
1897
Ahbott, Rev. Canon, M.A. The Rectory, Tullow, Co. Carlow.
Acheson, John, J.P. Dunavon, Portadown.
Adams, Rev. William Alexander, B.A. The Manse, Antrim.
Agnew, Alexander. Queen's Bridge Saw Mills, Belfast.
Agnew, Rev. J. Tweedie. The Manse, Portadown.
Alcorn, James Gunning, Barrister-at-Law, J.P. 2, Kildare -place, Dublin.
Alexander, Thomas John, M.A. 1, Belle vue Park, Military- road, Cork.
Allen, Henry J. 14, Ailesbury-road, Dublin.
Allingham, Hugh, M.R.I. A. The Mall, Ballyshannon.
Allworthy, Edward. Ardgv»nan, Cavehill-road, Belfast.
Allworthy, Samuel William, M.A., M.D. The Manor House, Antrim-roarl,
Belfast.
Alrnent, Rev. William F., B.D. Castletown Rectory, Navan. Alton, J. Poe (Felloiv, Inst. of Bankers). Elim, Grosvenor-road, Dublin. Anderson, Robert Hall, J.P. Sixmile- Cross, Co. Tyrone. Anderson, William, J.P. Glenarvon, Merrion, Co. Dublin. Andrews, James Thomas, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 36, St. Stephen's- green,
Dublin.
Annaly, The Lady. Sion, Navan. Archdall, Right Rev. Mervyn, D.D., Bishop of Killaloe, &o. Claresford,
Killaloe. Archer, Rev. James Edward, B.D. 2, Gyrene Villas, Clifton Park-avenue,
Belfast.
Archer, Mrs. St. Mary's Rectory, Drogheda. Ardagh, Rev. Arthur W., M.A. The Vicarage, Finglas. Ardilaun, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.A., M.R.I. A. St. Anne's, Clontarf. Ashbourne, Right Hon. Lord, LL.D. 12, Merrion-square, Dublin. Ashby, Newton B., United States Consul. 6, Sandycove, Kingstown. Atkins, W. Ringrose. 39 South Mall, Cork.
Atkinson, Rev. E. Dupre, LL.B. (Cantab.) Donaghcloney, Waringstown. Atkinson, George Mounsey, M.R.I.A. 28, St. Oswald's-road, West
Brompton, London, S.W.
Babington, Rev. Richard, M.A. Omagh, Co. Tyrone.
Badham, Miss. St. Margaret's Hall, Mespil-road, Dublin.
Bagwell, Richard, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L. Marlfield, Clonmel.
Baile, Robert, M.A. Ranelagh School, Athlone.
Bailey, William F., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 62, Harcourt-street, Dublin,
Baillie, Captain John R., J.P. Ballina.
Baillie, Ven., Richard J£., M.A., Archdeacon of Raphoe. Glendooen,
Letterkenny. Bain, Andrew, D.I., R.I.C. Newcastle West, Co. Limerick.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 17
Elected
1885 ! Baker, Henry F. Hillview, Dalkey.
1897 Baker, Samuel. The Knowle, Howth.
1896 i BALL, Francis Elrington, M.R.I.A., J.P. Mopoon, Dundrum.
1898 I Ball, H. Houston. 23, Richmond- road, South Kensington, London, S.W. 1885 i Ballard, Rev. John Woods. Kilbrogan Hill, Bandon.
1888 | Ballintine, Joseph, J.P. Strand, Londonderry.
1890 1896 1890 1896 1893 1889
1889 1868
1890 1877 1894 1891 1898 1894 1883 1888
1892 1891 1893 1898 1891 1890 1889 1884
1895 1895
1897
1888 1889 1897 1897 1890 1897 1896 1896 1891 1893 1893 1894 18S9 1894 1889 1858 1895 1894 1897 1889 1889 1891 1889
Baniui, Miss Mary. Greenfield, Dalkey.
Bannan, E. T., B.A., District Inspector of Schools. Letterkenny.
Bardan, Patrick. Coralstown, Killucan.
Barr, John, Tyrone Constitution. Omagh.
Barrett, John, B.A. Mount Massey House, Macroom.
Barrington, Sir Charles Burton, Bart., M.A. (Duhl.), J.P., D.L. Glenstal
Castle, Co. Limerick.
Barrington, William, C.E. Riverside, Limerick. Barrington- Ward, Mark James, M.A., S.C.L. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S., F.L.S.
Thorneloe Lodge, Worcester.
Barry, Rev. Michael, P.P. Ballylanders, Knocklong, Co. Limerick. Barry, James Grene, J.P. Sandville House, Grange, Co. Limerick. Battley, Colonel D'Oyly, J.P. Belvedere Hall, Bray, Co. Wicklow. Beardwood, Right Rev. J. Camillus, Abbot of Mount St. Joseph, Roscrea. Beater, George Palmer. Minore, St. Kevin's Park, Upper Rathmines. Beattie, Rev. Michael. 6, Bel voir- terrace, University -street, Belfast. BEATTY, Samuel, M.A., M.B., M.Ch. Craigatin, Pitlochrie, N.B Beaumont, Thos., M.D., Dep. Surg.-Gen. Palmerston House, Palmerston
Park, Upper Rathmines.
Beazley, Rev. James, P.P. Tuosist, Kenmare. Beere, D. M., M. INST. C.E. Auckland, New Zealand.
jley, Rev. John, C.C. Tournafulla, Newcastle West, Co. Limerick.
Bell, Thomas William, M.A. Barrister-at-Law. 2, Herbert- street, Dublin.
Bence-Jones, Reginald, J.P. Liselan, Clonakilty.
Bennett, Joseph Henry. Blair Castle, Cork.
Beresford, Denis R. Pack, J.P., D.L. Fenagh House, Bagenalstown.
Beresford, George De La Poer, J.P., D.L. Ovenden, Sundridge, Seven- oaks.
Beresford, Rev. Canon, M.A. Inistioge Rectory, Co. Kilkenny.
Bergin, William, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy. Queen's College, Cork.
Bermingham, Patrick Thomas. Glengariff House, Adelaide-road, Glenageary,
Bernard, Walter, F.R.C.P. 14, Queen-street, Derry.
Berry, Henry F., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. Public Record Office, Dublin.
Berry, Rev. Hugh F., B.D. Fermoy.
Bestick, Robert. 5, Frankfort-avenue, Rathgar.
Bewley, Joseph. 8, Anglesea-street, Dublin.
Biddulph, Colonel Middleton W., J.P. Aimaghmore, Tullamore.
Bigger, Frederic Charles. Ardrie, Antrim-road, Belfast.
Blake, Mrs. Temple Hill, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Boland, Charles James. 6, Ely-place, Dublin.
Bollingcr, Jacob, M.A., LL.D. Wexford School, Wexford.
Bolton, Charles Perceval, J.P. Brook Lodge, Halfway House, Waterford.
Bourcbier, Henry James, C.I., R.I.C. Eversleigh, Bandon.
Bourke, Rev. John Hamilton, M.A. Elm Ville, Kilkenny.
Bowen, Miss A. M. Cole. The Vicarage, Northwood, Middlesex.
Bowen, Henry Cole, M.A., J.P., Barrister-at-Law. Bowen's Court, Mallow.
Bowers, Thomas. Cloncunny House, Piltown.
Bowman, Davys. 10, Chichester-street, Belfast.
Boyd, J. St. Glair, M.D. 27, Victoria-place, Belfast.
Boyle, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Rossnakill, Letterkenny.
Braddell, Octavius II . Sarnia, Eglinton-road, Donnybrook.
Brady, Rev. John Westropp, M.A. Rectory, Slane, Co. Meath.
Bray, John B. Cassin. 72, Eccles-street, Dublin.
Brenan, James, R.H.A., M.R.I. A., School of Art. Leinster Hous-5, Kildare- street, Dublin.
18 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1883 Brenan, Rev. Samuel Arthur, B.A. Knocknacarry, Co. Antrim.
1892 Brereton, Fleet- Surgeon It. W. St. Nicholas' Rectory, Carricki'ergus. 1888 Brett, Henry Charles, B.E. Rosemary-square, Roscrea.
1893 Brew, Thomas Foley, F.R.C.S.I. The Cottage, Ennistyrnon.
1891 Bridge, William, M.A. Solicitor, Roscrea.
1892 Brien, Mrs. C. H. 4, Palnierston Park, Upper Rathmines.
1895 Briscoe, Algernon Fetherstonhaugh, J.P. Curristown, Killucan.
1891 BRODIGAN, Mrs. Piltown House, Drogheda.
1893 Brophy, Michael M. 48, Gordon-square, London, W.C. Brophy, Nicholas A. 6, Alphonsus-terrace, Limerick.
1892 Bros, W. Law. Camera Club, Charing Cross-road, London, W.C.
1891 Brougham, Very Rev. Henry, D.D., Dean of Lismore. Lismore. 1866 Brown, Charles, J.P. The Folly, Chester.
1894 Brown, Miss. 5, Connaught- place, Kingstown.
1894 Browne, Daniel F., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 28, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
1892 Browne, Geo. Burrowes. Beechville, Knockbreda Park, Belfast.
1884 Browne, James J. F., C.E., Architect. 23, Glent worth -street, Limerick.
1890 Browne, Very Rev. R. L., O.S.F. Franciscan Convent, Liberty-street,
Cork.
1891 Brownlow, Rev. Duncan John, M.A. Donoghpatrick Rectory, Navan.
1894 Brunskill, Rev. K. C., M.A. Carrickmore, Co. Tyrone.
1866 Brunskill, Rev. North Richardson, M.A. Kenure Vicarage, Rush.
1896 Buckley, James. Primrose Club, St. James', London, S.W. 1888 Buckley, Michael J. C. Montmorenci, Youghal, Co. Cork.
1890 Budds, William Frederick, J.P. Courtstown, Tullaroan, Freshford.
1884 Buggy, Michael, Solicitor. Parliament-street, Kilkenny.
1895 Burden, Alexander Mitchell, C.E., County Surveyor. Kilkenny.
1890 Burgess, Rev. Henry W., M.A., LL.D. 20, Alma-road, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1890 Burgess, John, J.P. Oldcourt, Athlone.
1895 Burke, John, J.P., Consul for Mexico and Uruguay. Corporation -street,
Belfast.
1893 Burke, Very Rev. Monsignor Edward W., P.P., V.F. Bagenalstown.
1894 Burke, E. W. Millbrook, Abbeyleix.
1897 Burke, Rev. Thomas, P.P. Baflindereen, Kilcolgan, Co. Galway.
1897 Burke, Rev. W. P. Catherine -street, Waterford.
1892 Burnell, William. Dean's Grange, Monkstown.
1891 Burnett, Rev. Richard A., M.A. Rectory, Graignamanagh, Co. Kilkenny. 1891 Butler, Cecil, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. Milestown, Castle Bellingham.
1898 Butler, William F., M.A., F.R.U.I., Professor of Modern Languages.
Queen's College, Cork.
1857 Byrne, Edmund Alen, J.P. Rosemount, New Ross.
1896 Byrne, Edward A. 21, Lower Water-street, Newry.
1891 Byrne, James. Wallstown Castle, Castletownroche, Co. Cork.
1897 Byrne, Miss. 19, Main-street, Blackrock.
1891 Cadic de la Champignonnerie, M. Edward, F.R.U.I. 765, Upper Leeson- street, Dublin.
1894 Caffrey, James. 3, Brighton-terrace, Brighton-road, Rathgar, Dublin. 1896 Caldwell, Charles Sproule, Solicitor. Castle-street, Londonderry.
1896 Callary, Very Rev. Philip, P.P., V.F. Trim, Co. Meath.
1891 Cameron, Sir Charles A., M.D., Hon. R.H.A. 51, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
1897 Campbell, A. Albert, Solicitor. 6, Lawrence -street, Belfast.
1895 Campbell, Frederick Ogle. Main-street, Bangor, Co. Down.
1891 Campbell, Rev. Joseph W. R., M.A. 2, Newgrove-avenue, Sandymount.
1890 Campbell, Rev. Richard S. D., M.A., D.D. The Rectory, Athlone.
1890 Campbell, Rev. William W., M.A., R.N. Maplebury, Monkstown.
1895 Campbell, William Marshall. 12, Bedford- street, Belfast.
1898 Garden, Lady. Templemore Abbey, Templemore.
1893 Carey, William, Solicitor. 47, Grosvenor-square, Dublin.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 19
Elected!
Carlisle, David. Home Avenue, Passaie, New Jersey, U.S.A.
1893 Carmody, Rev. William P., B.A. Connor Rectory, Ballymena. 1895 Carney, Thomas. Hibernian Bank, Cork.
1894 Carolan, John, J.P. 77, North King-street, Dublin. 1893 Carre, Fenwick, F.R.C.S.I. Letterkenny.
1888 Carrigan, Rev. William, C.C. Burrow, Queen's County. 1893 Carrigan, William, Solicitor. Thurles.
1889 Carroll, Anthony R., Solicitor. 47, North Great George' s-street, Dublin. 1893 Carroll, Rev. James. C.C. Howth.
1890 Carroll, William, C.E., M.R.I.A.I. Orchardleigh, West Wickham, Kent.
1897 Caruth, Norman C., Solicitor. Flixton- place, Ballymena.
1895 Casson, George W., J.P. 25, Clyde-road, Dublin.
1893 Castle Stuart, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Drum Manor, Cookstown.
1898 Chad wick, John, jun. 18, Patrick -street, Kilkenny. Chambers, Sir R. Newman. 15, Queen-street, Londonderry.
1890 Chapman, Wellesley Pole. 7, Mount joy -square, Dublin.
1890 Charles, James, MJ.J. 42, Dawson-street, Dublin.
1891 Chatterton, Abraham T. 10, Clyde-road, Dublin.
1890 Chaytor, Joshua David, B.A. 30, Anglesea-street, Dublin.
1893 Chearnley, Miss Mary. Cappoquin, Co. Wateiford.
1895 Christie, Robert William, F.I.B. 21, Elgin-road, Dublin.
1894 Clark, George W. O'Flaherty-, L.R.C.S.E. Down Asylum, Downpatrick.
1896 Clark, Miss Jane. The Villas, Kilrea, Co. Londonderry.
1889 Clarke, Mrs. Athgoe Park, Hazelhatch.
1896 Cleary, Rev. Robert, M.A. Galbally Rectory, Tipperary.
1890 Clements. Henry John Beresford, J.P., D.L. Lough Rynn, Leitriin.
1892 Clements, William T., Asst. D.I.N.S. 1, Agincourt-terrace, Rugby-road,
Belfast.
1859 Clifden, Right Hon. Viscount, J.P., D.L. 19, Wilton- street, London, S.W. 1874 Clonbrock, Right Hon. Lord,. B.A. (Oxon.), H.M.L. (Vice -President, 1885-
1896.) Clonbrock, Aghascragh.
1892 Coates, William Trelford, J.P. 7, Fountain- street, Belfast.
1893 Coddington, Lieut.-Colonel John N., J.P., D.L. Oldbridge, Drogheda.
1892 Coffey, Denis J., B.A., M.B., M.Ch. (R.U.I.), Assistant Professor of Physi-
ology, School of Medicine, Cecilia-street, Dublin.
1885 Coffey, Most Rev. John, D.D., Bishop of Kerry. The Palace, Killarney. 1898 Coleman, Rev. Ambrose, O.P. St. Catherine's, Newry. 1888 Coleman, James. Custom-house, Southampton.
1893 Colgan, Nathaniel, M.R.I. A. 1, Belgrave-road, Rathmines.
1895 Colgan, Rev. P., P.P. Menlogh, Ballinasloe.
1888 Colhoun, Joseph. 62, Strand-road, Londonderry.
1894 Colles, Alexander. 3, Elgin-road, Dublin.
1891 Collins, E. Tenison, Barrister-at-Law. St. Edmunds, The Burrow, Howth. 1898 Collis, Rev. Maurice H. Fitzgerald, B.D. The Vicarage, Antrim.
1897 Commins, John. Desart N. S., Cuffe's Grange, Kilkenny.
1897 CONAN, Alexander. Mount Alverno, Dalkey.
1898 Concannon, Thomas. Livermore, Alameda Co., California, U.S.A. 1876 Condon, Very Rev. C. H., Provincial, O.P. St. Saviour's, Dublin.
1893 Condon, Frederick William, L.R. C.P.I., &c. Ballyshannon.
1894 Condon, James E. S., LL.D., Barrister-at-Law. 16, Warrington-place,
Dublin.
1896 Condon, Very Rev. John, O.S.A. New Ross.
Conlan, Very Rev. Robert F., P.P., Canon. St. Michan's, Dublin. 1893 Connell, Rev. John, M.A. 3, Palace-terrace, Drumcondra.
1889 Connellan, Major James H., J.P., D.L. Coolmore, Thomastown 1896 Connolly, Rev. Richard, O.S.A. New Ross.
Con way, Rev. David. Mount joy, Lancaster Co., Pa., U.S.A. 1898 Conyngham. O'Meara. 29, Rutland -square, Dublin.
Cookman, William, M.D., J.P. Kiltrea House, Enniscorthy.
1893 Cooper, Anderson, J.P. Weston, Queenstown.
1890 Cooper, Austin Darner, J.P. Drumnigh, Baldoyle, Co. Dublin.
1898 Cooper, Mark Bloxham, Barrister-at-Law. 95, Haddington-road, Dublin.
1894 Coote, Rev. Maxwell H., M.A. Ross, Tullamore.
B2
20 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1894 CORBALLIS, Richard J., M.A., J.P. Rosemount, Roebuck, Clonskeagh. 1896 Corcoran, P. Abbey Gate-street, Galway.
1896 Corish, Rev. John, C.C. Kilmy shall, Newtownbarry.
1895 Corker, William Henning, Solicitor. 52. Grand-parade, Cork.
1894 Cosgrave, E. Mac Dowel, M.D. 5, Gardiner's -row, Dublin. 1890 Cosgrave, Henry Alexander, M.A. 67, Pembroke-road, Dublin. 1892 Costigan, William. Great Victoria-street, Belfast.
1895 Coulter, Mrs. G. B. 21, University -square, Belfast.
1890 Coulter, Rev. George "W. S., M.A. 9, Upper Garville-avenue, Rathgar.
1895 Courtenay, Henry. Hughenden, Grosvenor-road, Ratbgar.
1897 Courtney, Charles Marshall. Mount Minnitt, Bally brood, Pallasgrean. 1892 COWAN, P. Chalmers, B.Sc., M.INST. C.E. Downpatrick.
1891 Cowell, Very Rev. George Young, M.A., Dean of Kildare. Kildare.
1889 Cox, Michael Francis, M.D., F.R.C.P.I., M.R.I.A. 45, Stephen's-green,
Dublin.
1896 Coyne, James Aloysius, B. A., District Inspector of National Schools. Tralee.
1894 Craig, Ven. Graham, M. A., Archdeacon of Meath. St. Catherine's, Tullamore.
1898 Cranny, John J., M.D. 17, Merrion-square, Dublin. 1896 Crawford, Robert T. Estate Office, Ballinrobe.
1892 Creagh, Arthur Gethin, J.P. Carrabane, Quin, Co. Clare.
1890 Creaghe, Philip Crampton, M.R.I.A. Hugomont, Ballymena.
1895 Cromie, Edward Stuart, District Inspector of Schools. 12, St. John's Mall,.
Parsonstown.
1893 Crone, John S., L.R.C.P.I. Kensal Lodge, Kensal Rise, London, N.W. 1898 Crooke, T. Evans Beamish, J.P. Oldtown, Coachford, Co. Cork.
1898 Crookshank, Richard R. G. 8, Tivoli-terrace, South, Kingstown.
1891 Crossley, Frederick W. 24, Nassau-street, Dublin.
1892 Crosthwait, Thomas P. Sherard, B.A., M.INST. C.E. 38, Pembroke -road ,
Dublin.
1882 Cuffe, Major Otway Wheeler. Woodlands, Waterford.
1896 Cullen, T. W., Manager, National Bank. Dingle. 1860 Cullin, John. Templeshannon, Enniscorthy.
1894 Culverwell, Edward Parnall, M.A., F.T.C.D. The Hut, Howth.
1895 Cummins, Rev. Martin, P.P. Clare Galway.
1895 Cunningham, Miss Mary E. Glencairn, Belfast.
1897 Cunningham, Miss S. C. Glencairn, Belfast.
1890 Cunningham, Rev. Robert, B.A. Ballyrashane, Coleraine.
1891 Cunningham, Samuel. Fernhill, Belfast.
1896 Curran, James P., Manager, Munster and Leinster Bank. Maryborough.
1892 Cussen, J. S., B.A., D.I.N.S. Killamey.
1889 Dallow, Rev. Wilfrid. Upton Hall, Upton, Birkenhead. 1898 D'Alton, James Joseph. 10, Wellington-place, Dundalk.
1891 Dalton, John P., M.A., D.I.N.S. 4, Roseberry Villas, Chichester Park,
Belfast.
1898 DALY, Rev. Patrick, C.C. The Palace, Mullingar. 1897 Daniell, Robert G., J.P. Newforest, Co. Westmeath. 1895 D'Arcy, S. A., L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I. Rosslea, Co. Fermanagh.
1892 Dargan, Thomas. 9, Clifton Park-avenue, Belfast.
1891 DAVIDSON, Rev. Henry W., B.A. Templemicbael Glebe, Youghal.
1894 Davidson -Houston, Rev. B. C., M.A. St. John's Vicarage, Sydney-parade.
1889 Davis, Thomas. St. Margaret's, Foxrock, Co. Dublin.
1890 Davy, Rev. Humphry, M.A. Kimmage Lodge, Terenure.
1895 Dawkins, Professor W. Boyd-, F.S.A., F.K.S., F.G.S., &c. Woodhurst,
Fallowfield, Manchester.
1895 Dawson, Joseph Francis, Inspector. Munster and Leinster Bank, Dame- street, Dublin.
1883 Dawson, Very Rev. Abraham, M.A., Dean of Dromore. Seagoe Rectory, Portadown.
1868 Deady, James P. Hibernian Bank, Navan.
1893 Deane, Mrs. J. William. Longraigue, Foulksmill, Co. Wexford.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 21
Elected
1898 1894
1864 1895 1889 1884 1890 1895
1896 1893 1891 1892 1890 1897 1889 1896 1890 1887 1898 1889 1891 1887 1889 1897 1894 1896 1897 1870 1898 1898 1894 1893 1890 1885 1891 1893 1892 1894 1893 1892
1872 1890
1889 1887 1897 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1884
1890 1891 1891 1896 1894 1893
de Ferrieres, Frank Eethore, B.A. 11, Willoughby-place, Ennisldllen. Delany, Right Rev. John Carthage, Lord Abbot of Mount Melleray,
Cappoquin.
DE LA POER, Edmond, J.P., D.L. Gurteen, Glensheelan, Clonrael. De Moleyns, The Hon. Edward A., J.P. Dingle, Co. Kerry. Denny, Francis Mac Gillycuddy. Denny-street, Tralee. Denvir, Patrick J. National Bank, Limerick. D'Evelyn, Alexander, M.D. (Dubl.). Ballymena. Devenish-Meares, Major-General W. L., J.P., D.L. Meares Court,
Ballinacargy, Co. Westmeath.
Diamond, Rev. Patrick J. Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. Dickinson, James A. 8, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown. Dickson, Rev. William A. Fahan Rectory, Londonderry. Dillon, Sir John Fox, Bart., J.P., D.L. Lismullen, Navan. Dix, E. Reginald M'Clintock, Solicitor. 61, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin. Dixon, Henry, Jun. 5, Cabra-terrace, Dublin.
Dodge, Mrs. Saddle Rock, Great Neck, Long Island, New York, TT.S-. Doherty, George, J.P. Dromore, Co. Tyrone.
Donegan, Lieutenant- Colonel James H., J.P. Alexandra-place, Cork. Donovan, St. John Henry, J.P. Seafield, The Spa, Tralee. Doran, George Augustus, J.P., University-road, Belfast. Dorey, Matthew. 8, St. Anne's-terrace, Berkeley-road, Dublin. Dougherty, James B., M.A., Assistant Under- Secretary, Dublin Castle. Douglas, M. C. Burren-street, Carlow. Dowd, Rev. James, M.A. 7, Swansea-terrace, Limerick. Dowling, Jeremiah, Sen., M.D. Nelson-street, Tipperary. Downes, Thomas. Norton, Skibbereen. Doyle, Rev. Luke, P.P. St. Mary's, Tagoat, Wexford. Doyle, M. J. N. S., Windgap, Co. Kilkenny. Doyne, Charles Mervyn, M.A. (Cantab.), J.P., D.L. Wells, Gorey. Doyne, James, J.P. Earl-street, Mullingar.
Dreaper, Richard H., Physician and Surgeon. Mossley, near Manchester. Drew, Mrs. Gortnadrew, Alma-road, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. Drought, Rev. Anthony, M.A. Kilmessan Rectory, Navan. Dugan, Charles Winston, M.A. Florence-ville, Lurgan. Duke, Robert Alexander, J.P., D.L. Newpark, Ballymote. Duncan, George. 1, Cope-street, Dublin.
Dunn, Michael J., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 42, Upper Mount-st., Dublin. Dunn, Valentine. 30, Clarinda Park, E., Kingstown. Dunne, Francis Plunkett, J.P. Balivor, Banagher. Dunne, Robert H. Plunkett, J.P. Brittas, Clonaslie, Queen's Co. Dunsany, Right Hon. Lord, M.A. (Cantab.), J.P., D.L. Dunsany Castle,
Navan.
Durham, Dean and Chapter of, per C. Rowlandson. The College, Durham, Dwan, Rev. John J., Adm. The Presbytery, Thurles.
Egan, Michael. 3, Pery-square, Limerick.
Elcock, Charles. Curator, Museum, Royal-avenue, Belfast.
Elliott, Rev. Andrew. The Bar, Trillick.
Elliott, Rev. Anthony L., M.A. Killiney Glebe, Co. Dublin.
Elliott, Charles. 223, Amhurst-road, Stoke-Newington, London, N. E.
Ennis, Edward H., Barrister-at-Law. 42, Rutland-square, Dublin.
Ennis, Michael Andrew, J.P. Ardruadh, Wexford.
Entwistle, Peter. Free Public Museums, Liverpool.
Erne, Right Hon. the Countess of, care of Rev. J. H. Steele, Crom, Newtown.
Butler.
Esmonde, Sir Thomas Henry Grattan, Bart., M.P. Bally nastragh, Gorey. Eustace, Captain Henry Montague, Sampford Grange, Braintree, Essex. Evans, Rev. Henry, D.D., M.R.I. A. Howth, Co. Dublin. Evatt, George Foster, J.P. Mount Louise, Smithborougb, Co. Monaghan. Everard, Rev. John, C.C. SS. Peter and Paul, Clonmel. Everard, Major Nugent Talbot, J.P., D.L. Randlestown, Navan.
22 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1890 Fahey, Very Rev. Jerome, P.P., V.G. St. Colman's, Gort. 1889 Fairy, Rev. "John G. Rectory, Waterville, Co. Kerry.
1895 Fair, Richard B. Rosetta House, Rosetta Park, Belfast.
1889 Fan-holme, Mrs. Comragh, Kilmacthomas.
1896 Falkiner, C. Litton, M.A., M.R.I. A., Barrister-at-Law. 9, Upper Merrion-
street, Dublin.
1891 Falkiner, Hon. Sir Frederick R., M. A., Recorder of Duhlin. 4, Earlsfort-
terrace, Dublin.
1890 Falkiner, Rev. T. Doran. 4, Marine -terrace, Bray.
1888 Falkiner, Rev. William F. T., M.A., M.R.I. A. Killucan Rectory, Co,
"Westmeath.
1893 Fallon, Owen, D.I.R.I.C. Ardara, Co. Donegal.
1897 Faren, William. Mount Charles, Belfast.
1891 Fawcett, George. Montevideo, Roscrea.
1894 Feeney, P. J. C. Hibernian Bank, Kilkenny.
1892 Fegan, William John, Solicitor. Market Square, Cavan.
1893 Fennell, William J., M.R.I.A.I. 11, Chichester-street, Belfast.
1887 Fennessy, Edward. Ardscradawn House, Kilkenny.
1896 Fenton, Mrs. St. Peter's Vicarage, 90, Westbourne-road, Birkenhead.
1898 Fenton, Rev. Charles E. O'Connor, M.A. Edmund-street, Bradford. 1898 Fenton, Rev. Cornelius O'Connor, M.A. 105, Botanic-road, Liverpool. 1898 Fenton, Rev. S. L. O'Connor, M.A., Vicar of St. George's. Newcastle,.
Staffordshire.
1898 Fetherstonhaugh, Albany, B.A., Solicitor. 17, Eccles-street, Dublin.
1897 Field, William, M.P. Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
1897 Field, Miss. Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
1898 Fielding, Captain Joshua, J.P., late 4th (R.I.) Dragoon Guards, Adjutant.
Royal Hospital, Kilmainham.
1891 Fielding, Patrick J. D., F.C.S. 8, St. Joseph's- place, Cork.
1894 Fisher, Rev. John Whyte, M.A., Canon. The Rectory, Mountrath.
1890 F itz Gibbon, Gerald, M.lNST.C.E. The White House, Heysham, Lancaster.
1892 Fitz Patrick, P., D.I.N.S. Rathkeale. 1898 Fitz Patrick, S. A. 0. Glenpool, Terenure.
1868 Fitzsimons, John Bingham, M.D. 14, St. Owen-street, Hereford.
1896 Flanagan, James. Central Model Schools, Marlborough-street, Dublin.
1891 Fleming, Hervey de Montmorency, J.P. Barraghcore, Goresbridge.
1895 Fleming, James, Jun. Kilmory, Skelmorlie, Scotland.
1889 Fleming, Very Rev. Horace Townsend, M.A. The Deanery, Cloyne.
1897 Fletcher, Rev. Victor J., M.A. Malahide.
1893 Flood, Rev. James. 52, Stirling-place, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.
1894 Flynn, Very Rev. Patrick F., P.P. St. Anne's Presbytery. Waterford. 1884 Fogerty, Robert, C.E., Architect. Limerick.
1897 Foley, John E., M.D. Frances-street, Kilrush.
1896 Foley, J. M. Galwey, C.I., R.I.C. Ennis.
1877 Forster, Sir Robert,' Bart., D.L. 63, Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin.
1893 Fortescue, Hon. Dudley F., J.P., D.L. Summerville, Dunmore East,.
Waterford.
1891 Foster, Rev. Frederick, M.A. Ballymacelligott Glebe, Tralee.
1891 Fox, Captain Maxwell, R.N., J.P., D L. 14, Brock-street, Bath.
1888 Franklin, Frederick, F.R.I. A. I. Westbourne House, Terenure.
1897 Frazer, Henry. Lambeg N. S., Lisburn.
1897 Frewen, William, Solicitor. Nelson-street, Tipperary.
1889 Frizelle, Joseph. Sligo.
1898 Fry, Matthew W. J., M.A., F.T.C. Trinity College, Dublin.
1891 Furlong, Nicholas, L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I., M.R.I. A. Lymington, Ennis- corthy.
1890 Gallagher, Edward, J.P. Strabane.
1891 Gallagher, William, Solicitor. English-street, Armagh.
1894 Gamble, Major G. F. Mount Jerome, Harold's-cross
1895 Garvey, TolerR., J.P. Thornvale, Moneygall.
1896 Gait-Gamble, T. E., D.I. , R.I.C. Adare, Co. Limerick.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 23
Elected
1890 Geoghegan, Michael. P. W. Hotel, Athlone.
1891 Geoghegan, Thomas F. 2, Essex-quay, Dublin.
1894 Geoghegan, William P. Rockfield, Blackrock.
1890 George, William E. Downside, Stoke Bishop, Clifton.
1895 Gerish, W. Blythe. Ivy Lodge, Hoddesdon, Herts.
1893 Gerrard, Rev. William J. The Rectory, Rathangan, Co. Kildare.
1897 Gibson, Rev. Thomas B., M.A. The Rectory, Ferns.
1892 Gilfoyle, Anthony Thomas, M.A., J.P. Carrowcullen House, Skreen, Co.
Sligo.
1895 Gill, Michael J., B.A. Roebuck House, Clonskeagh.
1887 Gillespie, James, Surgeon. The Diamond, Clones.
1890 GILLESPIE, William, M.R.I.A. Racefield House, Kingstown.
1898 Gilligan, Very Rev. Michael, Canon, P.P. Carrick- on- Shannon. Gleeson, Gerald W. M. Abbey House, Athlone.
1894 Gleeson, Paul. Kilcolman, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.
1897 Gleeson, Michael, Crown Solicitor. Nenagh.
1885 Glenny, James Swanzy, J.P. Glenville, Ardaragh, Newry.
1898 Glover, Edward, M. Inst. C.E. 19, Prince Patrick-terrace, N. Circular-road,
Dublin.
1892 Glynn, Patrick J. O'Connor. 10, Ulverton-place, Dalkey.
1891 Glynn, Thomas. Meelick Villa, 87, Aden Grove, Clissold Park, London, N. 1897 Glynn, William, J.P. Kilrush.
1897 Godden, George. Phoenix Park, Dublin.
1890 Goff, Rev. Edward, B.A. Kentstown Rectory, Navan.
1897 Goldsmith, Rev. E. J., M.A. 1, De Vesci-place, Monkstown.
1897 Goodman, Peter. 44, Rutland-square, Dublin.
1894 Goodwin, Singleton, B. A., M. INST. C.E. Tralee.
1895 Goold, Graham Augustus, Solicitor. 42, Grand Parade, Cork. 1897 Gore, John, 52, Rutland-square, Dublin.
1852 Gorman, Venerable VVm. Chas., M.A., Archdeacon of Ossory. Rectory, Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
1891 Gosselin, Rev. J. H. Prescott, B.A. Muff Parsonage, Londonderry.
1891 Gough, Joseph. 88, Grosvenor- square, Rathmines.
1890 Grant, Colonel George Fox, J.P. Hilton, Mullinahone.
1894 Gray, Robert, F.R. C.P.I., J.P. 4, Charlemont-place, Armagh.
1896 GRAYDON, Thomas W., M.D. La Fayette Circle, Clifton, Cincinnati,
Ohio, U.S.A.
1897 Greaves, Miss. 12, Rath gar-road, Dublin.
1896 Greene, Herbert Wilson, M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford.
1895 Greene, Mrs. J. Monte Vista, Ferns.
1896 Greene, Mrs. T. Millbrook, Mageney.
1892 Greene, Lieut. -Col. John J., M.B. 23, Herbert-place, Dublin. 1892 Greene, Thomas, LL.B., J.P. Millbrook, Mageney.
1897 Greer, Thomas MacGregor, Solicitor. Ballymoney.
1891 Grierson, Rev. Frederick J., B.A. St. Bride's, Oldcastle, Co. Meath. 1885 Grubb, J. Ernest. Carrick-on-Suir.
1890 Guilbride, Francis, J.P. Newtownbarry. 1895 Guinness, Howard R. Chesterfield, Blackrock.
1891 HADDON, Alfred Cort, M.A., F.Z.S. Inisfail, Hill's-road, Cambridge.
1892 Hade, Arthur, C.E. Carlow.
1895 Hales, Mrs. A. Belvedere, Crystal Palace Park, Sydenham, S.E.
1897 Hall, Rev. Alexander, B.A. Drogheda.
1893 Hall, Thomas. Derrynure House, Baillieborough.
1895 Hallinan, Rev. Denis, D.D., P.P. St. Mary's, Limerick.
1896 Hamill, Robert H. Bessbrooke House, Analore, Clones.
1894 Hamilton, Mrs. Alfred. 14, Leeson-park, Dublin.
1889 Hamilton, Everard, B.A. 30, South Frederick- street, Dublin.
1896 Hamilton, Rev. John G., B.A. Dromore, Co. Tyrone.
1896 Hamilton S., M.B. 4, Rhondda-road, Ferndale,* Glamorgan.
1889 Hanan, Rev. Denis, D.D. The Rectory, Tipperary.
1891 Handy, Rev. Leslie Alexander, M.A. Skryne Rectory, Tara, Co. Meath.
24 MEMBEKS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1896 1893 1876 1890 1891 1889 1892 1890
1897 1895 1891 1893 1891 1898 1889 1895 1891
1891 1888 1869 1895 1896 1897 1897 1897 1894 1892 1894 1889 1887
1892 1896 1879 1890 1889 1878 1898 1871 1892 1893
1896 1863
1896 1890 1891
1890 1898 1896 1894 1895 1895 1896 1898 1898 1890 1889
Hannon, P. J. Clifton House, Loughrea.
Hardy, William J., LL.B., Barrister-at-Law, D.I. R.I.C. Dunfanaghy. Hare, Very Rev. Thomas, D.D., Dean of Ossory. Deanery, Kilkenny. Harman, Miss Marion. Barrowmount, Goresbridge. Harrington, Edward. 46, Nelson-street, Tralee. Harris, Henry B., J.P. Mill view, Ennis.
Harrison, Charles William. 178, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin. Hart, Henry Chichester, B.A., M.R.I.A.. F.L.S., J.P. Carrabeagh, Port- salon, Letterkenny.
Hartigan, P. Castleconnell, Limerick.
Hartley, Rev. Frederic J., B.A., B.A.I. 2, Wellington-square, Kilkenny. Harty, Spencer, M. INST. C.E.I. City Hall, Dublin. Hastings, Samuel. Church- street, Downpatrick. Hayes, Rev. Francis Carlile, M.A. Rectory, Raheny. Hayes, James, Church -street, Ennis.
Hayes, Rev. William A., M.A. 2, Carlisle-terrace, Omagh. Hayes, Thomas, C.I., R.I.C. 2, Eden-terrace, Limerick. Headen, W. P., B.A. (Lend.), D.I.N.S. 32, Cabra-parade, Phibs-
borough.
Healy, George, J.P. Glaslyn, Clontarf.
Healy, Rev. John, LL.D., Canon. St. Columba's, Kells, Co. Meath. Healy, Rev. William, P.P. Johnstown, Co. Kilkenny. Healy, William, J.P. Donard View, Downpatrick. Hearne, J. B. Chilcomb, New Ross.
HEMPHILI, Rev. Samuel, D.D., M.R.I. A. Birr Rectory, Parsonstown. Henderson, William A. Belclare, Leinster-road, West, Dublin. Hennessy, Bryan. 21, South-street, New Ross. Henry, James, M.D. Swanpark, Monaghan.
Heron, James, B.E., J.P. Tullyvery House, Killyleagh, Co. Down. Heron, James Mathers, M.D. Downpatrick.
Hewat, S. M. F., M.A. (Cantab). Abbeylands, Ballybrack, Co. Dubim. Hewson, Rev. Edward F., B.A., Canon. Rectory, Gowran, Co. Kil- kenny.
Hibbert, Robert Fiennes, J.P. Woodpark, Scariff. Hickey, Garrett A., M.D. Priory-place, New Ross. Hickson, Miss. Mitchelstown. Higgins, Rev. Michael, Adm. (iueenstown. Higinbotham, Granby. 46, Wellington Park, Belfast. Hill, William II., B.E., F.R.I.B.A. Audley House, Cork. Hillyard, Rev. Henry J., B.A. Charleville, Co. Cork. Hinch, William A. *77, Long Acre, London, W.C. Hitchins, Henry. 2, Crosthwaite Park, S., Kingsto\vn. Hoare, Most Rev. Joseph, D.D., Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnois. St.
Mel's, Longford.
Hobson, C. J. 139, 141, West 125th-street, New York, U.S.A. Hodges, Professor John F., M.D., F.C.S., F.I.C., J.P. Sandringham,
Malone-road, Belfast.
Hodges, Rev. John G. Tesaran Rectory, Banagher. Hodgson, Rev. William, M.A. 32, Holford-square, London, W.C. Hogan, Rev. Henry, B.D., Canon. All Saints' Vicarage, Phibsborough-
road, Dublin.
Hogg, Jonathan, D.L. 12, Cope-street, Dublin. Hogg, Miss. Craigmore, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Hogg, Thomas P. Craigmore, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Hoguet, Mrs. Henry L. 48, West 28th Street, New York, U.S.A. Holding, T. H. 7, Maddox-street, London, W. Holland, Joseph. Holland House, Knock, Co. Down. Holmes, George, C.I., R.I.C. Cromwell's Fort, Wexford. Holmes, John. 38, Haddington-road, Dublin. Holmes, Mrs. 38, Haddington-road, Dublin. Hopkins, Rev. John W., B.A. Agherin Vicarage, Gonna. Horan, John, M.E., M. INST. C.E., County Surveyor. 8, Victoria-terrace, Limerick.
MEMBERS Of THE SOCIETY.
25
Elected
1893 Hore, Philip Herbert, M.R.I. A. Imperial Institute, London, S.W.
1896 Houston, Rev. J. D. Craig, B.D. Hydepark Manse, Belfast.
1895 Huband, Rev. Hugo R., M.A. (Cantab.). Killiskey Rectory, Asbford, Co. Wicklow.
1888 Hudson, Robert, M.D. Bridge House, Dingle. 1887 Huggard, Stephen. Clonmore, Tralee.
1895 Hughes, Benjamin. Independent Office, Wexford.
1895 Hughes, Miss Helen. 185, Rathgar-roa.l, Dublin.
1893 Hughes, Rev. John. St. Augustine's, Coatbridge, N.B.
1895 Humphreys, Rev. John, B.A. The Manse, Tullamore.
1889 Hunt, Edmund Langley. 67, Pembroke-road, Dublin ; and 64, George-st.,
Limerick.
1890 Hunter, Thomas. Post Office, Glenarm.
1890 Hurley, Rev. Patrick, P.P. Inchigeela, Co. Cork.
1898 Hurst, Rev. John, C.C. Ballaghadereen.
1898 Hutchings, Rev. Henry, M.A. Fairy Villa, Sandymount-avenue.
1858 Hyde, Henry Barry, F.S.S. 5, Eaton Rise, Baling, London, W.
1896 Ireland, William. 44, Arthur-street, Belfast.
1893 Irvine, Charles E. R. A. Lisgoole Abbey, Enniskillen.
Irvine, Captain William Henry (late The Buffs), Vallombrosa, Bray. 1893 Irwin, Rev. Alexander, M.A. 6, Cathedral -terrace, Armagh. 1891 Isaac, Very Rev. Abraham, B.A., Dean of Ardfert. Kilgobbin Rectory Camp, R.S.O., Co. Kerry.
1890 Jackman, Richard H. Alverno, Thurles. 1896 Jackson, J. F. S. 1, Royal -terrace, Fairview. 1874 James, Charles Edward, M.B. Butler House, Kilkenny. 1893 Jameson, Yen. Archdeacon, M.A. Killeshin Parsonage, Carlow. 1890 Jeffares, Rev. Danby, M.A. Lusk, Co. Dublin.
1893 Jellett, Very Rev. Henry, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick's. The Deanery, St. Patrick's, Dublin.
1893 Jellie, Rev. William, B.A. 44, Burlington-road, Ipswich. 1889 Jennings, Ignatius R. B., C.I.R.I.C. Ballytruckle, Waterford. 1895 Jephson-Norreys, Mrs. Atherton. The Castle, Mallow.
1889 Johnston, James W., J.P. Newtownbutler.
1892 Johnston, John W. Rossmore Agency Office, Monaghan.
1894 Jones, Bryan John. 1st Leinster Regiment, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
1895 Jones, Rev. David, M.A., Canon of Bangor Cathedral. Llandegai,
N. Wales. 1892 Jordan, Rev. William, M.A. St. Augustine's Moreland, Melbourne,
Australia. 1865 Joyce, Patrick Weston, LL.D., M.R.I. A. Lyre-na-Grena, Leinster-roa»J,
Rathmines.
1896 Kavanagh, Very Rev. Michael, D.D., P.P., V.F. New Ross. 1891 Keane, Lady. Cappoquin House, Cappoquin.
1891 Keane, Miss Frances. Glenshelane, Cappoquin.
1893 Keane, Marcus, J.P. Beech Park, Ennis.
1895 Keatinge, Rev. P. A., O.S.F. Franciscan Convent, Waterford.
1898 Keelan, Patrick. 13, Greville-street, Mullingar.
1889 Keene, Charles Haines, M.A. 19, Stephen's -green, and University Club,
Dublin.
1889 Keene, Most Rev. James Bennett, D.D., Bishop of Meath. Navan.
1897 Keith, James, Inspector of Schools. The Mall, Westport. 1888 Kelly, Edmund Walshe. Summerhill, Tramore.
1891 Kelly, Francis James, J.P. Weston, Duleek.
26 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1885 1890 1896 1898 1891
1891 1893 1891 1898 1891 1895 1893
1896 1894 1891 1889 1898
1897 1897 1895 1865
1890
1890 1895 1885 1896 1895
1895 1890 1889 1890
1897 1895 1891
1891 1890 1893 1895 1889 1891
1894 1892
1890 1892 1891 1897 1895
Kelly, Ignatius S. Provincial Bank House, Cork.
Kelly, Very Rev. James J., P.P., V.F. St. Peter's, Athlone.
Kelly, Rev. John, C.C. Dalkey.
Kelly, Dr. Joseph Dillon, J.P. 31, Earl- street, Mullingar.
Kelly, Richard J., Barrister-at-Law, J.P. 21, Great Charles- street, Dublin.
Kelly, Thomas Aliaga. 64, Upper Leeson-street, Dublin.
Kennan, Williams R. Villa Fragonard, Arcachon, France.
Kennedy, John. Ardbana House, Coleraine.
Kennedy, Rev. Thomas Waring. Ardamine Glebe, Gorey.
Kenny, Patrick. Grace Dieu, Clontarf .
Kenny, Thomas Hugh. 55, George-street, Limerick.
Kenny, William F., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 69, Fitzwilliam- square, Dublin.
Kermode, P. M. C., F.S.A. (Scot.). Hillside, Ramsey, Isle of Man.
Kernan, George. Hamilton, Ailesbury-road, Dublin.
Kernan, Rev. Richard Arthurs, B.D., Canon. The Rectory, Hillsborough.
Kerr, Rev. Wm. John B. 70, Wharf-road, Grantham, Lincolnshire.
Kerrigan, Dr. Owen P. 35, Greville- street, Mullingar ; and Castletown Geoghegan, Co. Westmeath.
Kiernan, Mrs. Leitrim Lodge, Dalkey.
Kiernan, Thomas. Leitrim Lodge, Dalkey.
Killeen, John W., Solicitor. 32, Waterloo-road, Dublin.
KIMBERLEY, Rt. Hon. the Earl of, K.G. Kimberley House, Wymond- ham, Norfolk.
King, Lucas White, LL.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., C.S.I. 7, Cambridge- terrace, Leeson-park, Dublin.
King-Edwards, William, J.P. Dartans House, Castlederg.
Kinnear, Ernest A. Ballyheigue Castle, Co. Kerry.
Kirkpatrick, Robert. 1, Queen' s-square, Strathbungo, Glasgow.
Kirker, Gilbert, M.D., c/o S. K. Kirker. Board of Works, Belfast.
Knox, Miss K. Ennis, Co. Clare.
Laffan, P. M., L.R.C.P.I. Belper Hill, Tara, Co. Meath.
Laffan, Thomas, M.D. Cashel.
Lalor, M. W. Kilkenny.
Langan, Rev. Thomas, D.D. St. Mary's, Athlone.
Langrishe, Mrs. Knocktopher Abbey, Co. Kilkenny.
Latimer, John. 11, Denny-street, Tralee.
Lawlor, Rev. Hugh Jackson, M.A., D.D. 50, Palmerston-place, Edin- burgh.
Lawson, Thomas Dillon. Bank of Ireland, Galway.
Lecky, Rev. Alexander Gourley, B.A. Feddyglass, Rapboe.
Ledger, Rev. William Cripps, M.A. The Rectory, Lisnaskea.
Ledger, Z. J. 27, George -street, Limerick.
Lee, Rev. Timothy, C.C. St. John's, Limerick.
Leech, Henry Brougham, LL.D., Regius Professor of Laws, Dublin. Yew Park, Castle- avenue, Clontarf.
Leeson-Marshall, M. R., Barrister-at-Law. 6, King's Bench Walk, Temple, London, E.G.
LeFanu, Thomas Philip, B.A. (Cantab.). Chief Secretary's Office, Dublin Castle.
Leonard, John. Lisahally, Londonderry.
Leonard, Mrs. T. Warrenstown, Dunsany, Co. Meath.
Lepper, Francis Robert, Director, Ulster Banking Co., Belfast.
L'Estrange, Rev. A. G. Conna, Co. Cork.
Lett, B. A. W., J.P. Ballyvergan, Adamstown, Co. Wexford.
1880 I Lett. Rev. Henry Wm., "M.A., M.R.I. A. Aghaderg Glebe, Lough- brickland.
1883 I Lewis, Professor Bunnell, M.A., F.S.A. Queen's College, Cork.
1884 ! Lewis, Thomas White, M.D. Kingscliffe, Wansford, Northamptonshire.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
27
Elected
1868
1869
1891
1891
1890
1890
1890
1868 1888 1897 1894
1882
1874
1869 1890
1892
1892 1891 1896 1892 1896 1891
1896 1889 1885 1894 1891 1898 1888
1893 1893 1887 1863 1891 1896
1896 1889 1898 1896 1897 1868
1894 1896 1893 1893 1888 1891 1894
Librarian. Public Library, Armagh.
Librarian. Belfast Library, Linen Hall, Belfast.
Librarian. Belfast Free Public Library, Belfast.
Librarian. Free Public Library, Liverpool.
Librarian. Public Library, Boston, U. S.
Librarian. Detroit Public Library, Michigan, U. S., per'B. F. Stevens,.
4, Trafalgar-square, London. Librarian. Astor Library, New York, U.S., per B. F. Stevens, 4, Trafalgar-
square, London.
Librarian. King's Inns Library, Henrietta-street, Dublin. Librarian. Library of Advocates, Edinburgh. Librarian, Limerick Institution. 99, George-street, Limerick. Librarian, Limerick Protestant Young Men's Association. 97, George-street,
Limerick. Librarian. Public Library, Melbourne, per Agent-General for Victoria.
15, Victoria-street, Westminster, S.W. Librarian. Queen's College, Belfast. Librarian. Queen's College, Cork. Librarian. Queen's College, Galway. Librarian. Berlin Royal Library, per Messrs. Asher & Co., 13, Bedford-st.,.
Covent Garden, London.
Librarian. Science and Art Department, London, S.W. Lindesay, Rev. William O'Neill, M.A. Baronscourt Rectory, Newtown-
stewart. Lindsay, Dr. David Moore, L.R. C.P.I., &c. 373, Main-street, Salt Lake
City, Utah, U.S.A.
Lindsay, James A., M.D., M.Ch. 37, Victoria-place, Belfast. Lindsay, Rev. John Woodley, D.D. Athnowen Rectory, Ovens, Co. Cork. Lindsay, Rev. Samuel, B.A. Prospect House, Dungatmon. Lipscomb, W. H. Church-road, Malahide.
Little, Philip Francis. 6, New Brighton, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. Livingstone, Rev. Robert George, M.A. Brinkworth Rectory, Chippenhamr
Wilts.
Lloyd, Mrs. Bloomfield, Mullingar. Lloyd, William. 1, Pery-square, Limerick. Lockwood, F. W., C.E., Architect. 16, Waring- street, Belfast. Long, Mrs. 16, Appian-way, Dublin. Longfield, Mrs. R. Curraglass Rectory, Tallow, Co. Cork. Longfield, Robert 0. 19, Harcourt-street, Dublin. Longfield, Thomas H., F.S.A., M.R.I. A. Science and Art Museum, Leinster
House, Dublin.
Longford, Right Hon. the Countess of. Pakenham Hall, Castlepollard. Lopdell, John. Stamer Park, Ennis. Lough, Thomas, M.P. 29, Hyde Park Gate, London, W. Loughnan, Henry James, Barrister-at-Law. 39, Belvidere-place, Dublin. Love, Hugh Thomas. Charleville-square, Tullamore. Lovegrove, E. W., M.A., M.R.I.A. Trent College, Long Eaton, Derby-
shire.
Lowe, William Ross Lewin. Middlewych, St. Alban's, Herts. Lowndes, Thomas F., D.I.R.I.C. Woodford, Co. Galway. Lowry, Henry. 71, Great George's- street, Belfast. Lowry, S. C. W., Manager, Ulster Bank, Downpatrick. Lucas, Rev. Frederick John, D.D. 5, Breffni-terrace, Kingstown. Lunham, Colonel Thomas Ainslie, M.A., M.R.I.A., J.P. Ardfallen,
Douglas, Cork.
Lyle, Rev. Thomas, M.A. 89, St. Laurence-road, Clontarf. Lynam, F. J., County Surveyor. Omagh. LYNCH, J. J. Towanda, Pa., U.S.A. Lynch, Patrick. Inland Revenue Office, Athy. Lynch, Rev. Patrick. St. Wilfrid's, Hulme, Manchester. Lyster, Rev. H. Cameron, B.D. Rectory, Enniscorthy. Lyster, Thomas W., M.A. 10, Harcourt-terrace, Dublin.
#0 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected 1895 1868 1890
1892 1894 1893 1891 1891 1891 1892 1896 1892 1894 1890 1894 1892
1894 1852 1891 1891 1895 1892 1887 1894 1892 1894 1893 1897 1897 1888 1893 1898 1892 1891 1891 1890
1895 1895 1897 1897 1891 1892 1898 1884 1896 1887 1897 1893 1895 1892 1890 1893
1890
1890 1892
1891 1896
Macalister, R. Alexander Stewart, M.A. Torrisdale, Cambridge,
Macaulay, John, J.P., D.L. Red Hall, Ballycary, Belfast.
Macauley, Joseph, J.P., Solicitor, Donegall Chambers, Royal-avenue,
Belfast.
Mac Cartan, Very Rev. Owen, P.P., V.G. Lame. Mac Dermott, Miss Margaret, B.A. College Buildings, Dungannon. Mac Donnell, Charles R. A., J.P., D.L. New Hall, Ennis. Mac Gillycuddy, Daniel de Courcy, Solicitor. Day-place, Tralee. Mac Gillycuddy, John, J.P. Aghadoe House, Killarney. Mack, Rev. A. William Bradshaw, B.A. St. Finian's, Swords. Mackenzie, John, C.E. 7, Donegall-square, E., Belfast. MacLaughlin, Daniel, Solicitor. Coleraine. MacMahon-Creagh, Mrs. Dangan, Kilkishen, Co. Clare. Macmillan, Rev. John, M.A. 76, South Parade, Belfast. Mac Mullan, Very Rev. Alexander, P.P., V.G. Ballymena. Macnamara, George Unthank, L.R. C.S.I. Bankyle House, Corofin. MacNeill, John Gordon Swift, M.A. (Oxon.), Q.C., M.P. 14, Blackhall-
street, Dublin.
Maconachie, Rev. James H., B.A. Erindale, Clif ton ville- avenue, Belfast. Macray, Rev. Wm. Dunn, M.A., F.S.A. Ducklington, "Witney, Oxon. Mac Sheehy, Brian, LL.D. 35, Gardiner 's-place, Dublin. Mac William, Rev. John W. A. Glenavy via. Lurgan. M'Aleer, H. K. Annalong, Co. Down.
M'Alister, James, B.A., D.I.N.S. Scoby House, Enniscorthy. M' Arthur, Alexander, J.P. Knox's- street, Sligo. M'Bride, Francis, J.P. 39, Grovesnor-square, Rathmines. M'Bride, John. Granville House, Belfast. M'Bride, Joseph M.' Harbour Office, Westport. M'Burney, James. Loughconnolly, N.S., Broughshane. M'Call, Patrick J., T.C. 25, Patrick -street, Dublin. M'Cann, David. National Bank, Kilkenny.
M'Carte, James. 51, St. George's Hill, Everton, Liverpool.
M'Carthy, Alexander, Solicitor. Town Clerk, Cork.
M'Carthy, Charles. 41, Paul-street, Cork.
M'Carthy, Samuel Trant, J.P. Srugrena, Cahirciveen.
M'Carthy, William P. Trant, Solicitor. Inch House, Killarney.
M'Clelland, William John, M.A. Santry School, Portarlington.
M'Clintock, Rev. Francis G. Le Poer, M.A. (Cantab.), Canon. Drurncar Rectory, Dunleer.
M'Comiskey, Arthur W. S., M.B. Killough, Co. Down.
M'Connell, James. Annadale Hall, Belfast.
M'Connell, James. 48, Lower Sackville-street, Dublin.
M'Cormick, William, M.A. Ardnaree, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
M'Cormick, H. M'Neile. Oranmore, Craigavad, Belfast.
M'Creery, Alexander John. Jonn-street, Kilkenny.
M'Crum, Miss Harriette. Milford, Armagh.
M'Crum, Robert G., J.P. Milford, Armagh.
M'Cully, Rev. William J., B.A. The Manse, Carlingford.
M'Cutchan, Rev. George, M.A. Rectory, Kenmare.
M'Donnell, Mrs. 68, Rathgar-road, Dublin.
M'Donnell, Rev. Patrick, P.P. Graignainanagh, Co. Kilkenny.
M'Elhaiton, Rev. John, C.C. Strabane.
M'Enery, D. T., M.A., D.I.N.S. The Terrace, Ennis.
M'Enery, M. J., B.A. Public Record Office, Dublin.
M'Entire, Alexander Knox, Barrister-at-Law., J.P. 75, Merrion- square, Dublin.
M'Fadden, Right Rev. Monsignor Hugh, P.P., V.G. Parochial House, Donegal.
M'Farlane, James, J.P. Strabane.
M'Gee, Rev. Samuel Russell, M.A. The Rectory, Dunlavin, Co. Wicklow.
M'Gee, William, J.P. 18, Nassau-street, Dublin.
M'Glone, Rev. Michael, P.P. Rosslea, Clones.
Elected
1893
1891
1894
1898
1892
1893
1895
1882 1890 1894 1898 1890 1897 1890 1890 1891 1891
1895
1898 1898 1894
1891 1898 1896 1892 1890
1890 1890
1891
1898 1887 1895 1862 1895 1891 1889 1889
1891 1895 1898
1894 1887 1879 1898 1892 1889
1891 1893 1893
1891 1865 1893
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 20
M'llwaine, Eobert. Grand Jury Secretary's Office, Downpatrick.
M'Inerney, Rev. John, P.P. Shinrone, King's Co.
M'Intosh, Robert. Drogheda Brewery, Drogheda.
M'Kean, Rev. "William. The Manse, Strandtown, Belfast.
M'Kee, Robert, M.A. Harlesden College, Willesden, London, N.W.
M'Keefry, Rev. Joseph, C.C., M.R.I. A. Waterside, Deny.
M'Kenna, Rev. James E., C.C., M.R.I.A. St. Michael's Presbytery,
Enniskillen.
M'Kenna, Very Rev. James, P.P., Canon. Osier Hill, Brookeborough. M 'Knight, John P. Nevara, Chichester Park, Belfast. M'Larney, Rev. Robert, B.A., Canon. Banagher, King's Co. M'Laughlin, Edward C. Cart Hall, Coleraine.
M'Manus, Very Rev. Canon, P.P. St. Catherine's, Meath -street, Dublin M'Nally, Charles F., J.P. Grange, Tullow, Co. Carlow. M'Neill, Charles. Hazelbrook, Malahide. M'Neill, Jobn. Chancery Accounting Office, Dublin. M'Nulty, Robert. Raphoe. M'Quaid, Lieut-Colonel P. J., M.D., M.Ch. 41, Granada-road, Southsear
Hants. M'Redmond, Most Rev. Thomas J., D.D., Bishop of Killaloe. Bishop's-
House, Ashline, Ennis.
M'Watters, Morgan J. Bank of Ireland, Omagh. M< William, William. Corlatt House, Monaghan. Madden, Right Rev. James, P.P., V.G. St. Lawrence, Tynagh, Co.
Galway.
Maffett, William Hamilton, Barrister-at-Law. St. Helena, Finglas. Magill, Charles. 15A, Donegall-place, Belfast. Magrath, Redmond. 53, Clanbrassil- street, Dundalk. Mahon, George Arthur, LL.B. Local Government Board, Dublin. Mahon, Thomas George Stacpoole, B.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L. Corbally,.
Quin, Co. Clare.
Mahony, Bernard P. J., M.R.C.V.S. Annefield, Maryborough. Mahony, Daniel, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 8, Mount-street, Crescent
Dublin. Mahony, Denis M'Carthy, B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 1, Herbert -street.
Dublin.
Mahony, Rev. Henry. 55, Belgrave-square, Dublin. Mahony, J. J. Fort Villas, Queenstown. Mahony, Thomas Henry. Clonard, Blackrock-road, Cork. Malcomson, John. 47, Pembroke-road, Dublin. Manders, Miss H. G. 17, Waterloo-road, Dublin. Mangan, Richard. 5, Brighton Villas, Western-road, Cork. Manning, Rev. James, P.P. Roundwood, Co. Wicklow. Mannion, Rev. Patrick, P.P., Canon. The Presbytery, Elphin, Co. Ros-
common.
Mara, Bernard S. Tullamore, King's County.
March, Henry Colley, M.D. (Lond)., F.S.A. Portesham, Dorchester. Martin, Rev. Richard D'Olier, M.A. All Saints Vicarage, via Water-
ford.
Martin, R. T. Rosemount, Artane. Mason, Thomas. 5, Dame-street, Dublin.
Matthews, George. Hollymount, Maguire's-bridge, Co. Fermanagh. Matthews, George E. 49, Upper Sackville- street, Dublin. Maturin, Rev. Albert Henry, M.A. The Rectory, Maghera, Co. Deny. Maunsell, William Pryce, B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 5, Martello- terrace,
Kingstown.
Mayne, Thomas, F.R.G.S.I. 9, Lord Edward-street, Dublin. Mayo, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Palmerstown House, Straffan. Meade, Right Rev. William Edward, D.D., Bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and
Ross. The Palace, Cork.
Meagher, Jeremiah J. 116, Lower Baggot-street, Dublin. Meagher, Very Rev. William, P.P., Canon. Templemore. Meegan, Right Rev. Monsignor Peter, P.P. Lisnaskea.
30 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1897 1892 1885 1889 1890 1891
1891 1891 1898 1891 1897 1896 1897 1893 1892 1895 1892 1894 1897 1887 1889
1893 1892 1885 1889 1889 1889 1884 1889 1889 1872 1889
1891 1889 1889 1897 1890 1890 1892
1889 1894 1890 1895 1896 1897 1889 1897 1895 1895 1897 1889
1889 1895 1897 1896 1892
Meehan, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Belhavel, Dromahuire.
Meehan, Patrick A. Maryborough.
Melville, Alexander G-., M.D. Knockane House, Portlaw.
Middleton, Shireff. 11, Lower Doininick-street, Dublin.
Micks, William L., M.A. Local Government Board, Dublin.
MILLNEE, Capt. Joshua Kearney. 4, Cross-avenue, Blackrock, Go.
Dublin.
Mitchell, William M., R.H.A., F.R.I.A.I. 5, Lemster- street, Dublin. Moffatt, Rev. John E., M.D. 1, Palmerston Villas, Rathmines. Moloney, M. T. Ottawa, Illinois, U.S.A. Molony, Alfred. 24, Grey Coat Gardens, Westminster, S.W. Molony, Henry G., M.D. Odelville, Ballingarry, Limerick. Molony, James Barry. Bindon- street, Ennis. Monahan, Rev. Daniel, P.P. Tubber, Moate, Co. Westmeath. Monks, Thomas F., LL.D., Solicitor. 16, Bachelor's- walk, Dublin. Montgomery, Archibald Y., Solicitor. 12, Molesworth-street, Dublin. Montgomery, James. 5, Carlisle-road, Londonderry. Montgomery, John Wilson, Downpatrick. Mooney, Morgan. 118, Pembroke -road, Dublin. Moony, George M. S. Enraght, J.P. The Doon, Athlone. Moore, Rev. Courtenay, M.A., Canon. Rectory, Mitchelstown. Moore, Rev. H. Kingsmill, M.A., Principal, Training College, Kildare-
street, Dublin.
Moore, Hugh Stuart, M.A. 7, Fitzwilliam- square, Dublin. Moore, John Gibson, J.P. Llandaff Hall, Merrion. Moore, Joseph H., M.A., M. INST. C.E.I. 63, Eccles-street, Dublin. Moore, William, Castle Mahon, Blackrock, Co. Cork. Morgan, Arthur P., B.A. (Dubl.), D.I.N.S. Trevennen, Tipperary. Morgan, Very Rev. John, D.D., The Deanery, Waterford. Morris, Rev. Wm. Bullen. The Oratory, South Kensington, London, S.W. Morrison, Alexander Kerr. Maghera, Co. Derry. Morton, John. Manager, Provincial Bank, Limerick. Mulholland, Miss M.F. Eglantine, Hillsborough. Mullan, Rev. David, M.A. Christian Union Buildings, Lower Abbey-street,
Dublin.
Mullan, Robert A., B.A. Cairn-hill, Newry.
Mullen, Frank. 44 Room, Custom House, Thames-street, London. Mullin, Charles, Solicitor. Omagh.
Mulqueen, John T., Inspector of Inland Revenue. Nairn, N.B. Murdock, James, Belfast.
Murphy, Rev. Arthur William, P.P. Kilemlagh, Cahirciveen. Murphy, Rev. James E. H., M.A., M.R.I.A., Professor of Irish, Dublin
University, Rathcore Rectory, Enfield, Co. Meath. Murphy, Very Rev. Jeremiah, D.D., P.P. Macroom. Murphy, Henry. Diamond, Clones. Murphy, John J. Belvedere, Tramore, Co. Waterford. Murphy, John J., H.M. Customs. Culgreine, Ballintemple, Cork. Murphy, M. L. Ballyboy, Ferns. Murphy, Miss. 77, Ulverton-road, Dalkey. Murray, Archibald. Portland, Limerick.
Murray, J. W. Brady, LL.B., J.P. Northampton House, Kinvara. Murtagh, Mrs. 9, Raglan-road, Dublin. Murtagh, Miss. 9, Raglan-road, Dublin.
Musgrave, Sir James, Bart., J.P., D.L. Druin^lass House, Belfast. Myles, Rev. Edward A., M.A. Tullylish Rectory, Gilford, Co. Down.
Nash, Lieut. -Colonel Edward, J.P. 56, Sloane-street, London, S.W. Nash, Richard G., J.P. Finnstown House, Lucan. Nason, William H., M.A. 42, D a wson- street, Dublin. Neeson, Rev. Arthur J., C.C. Killyleagh, Co. Down. Neill, Shannan D. 12, Donegall-place, Belfast.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 31
Elected)
1891 Neligan, Major William John, J.P. Churchill, Tralee.
1890 Nelis, John. Londonderry.
1891 Newell, P., B.A., D.I.N.S. Swinford.
1896 Nicolls, Rev. George A., B.A. The Rectory, Ballycumber, King's Co.
1893 Nixon, James H. P., F.R.G.S., J.P. Mount Brandon, Graignamanagh.
1889 Nolan, Michael J., M.D. Down District Asylum, Downpatrick.
1890 Nolan, Pierce L., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 6, St. Stephen's-green,
Dublin.
1896 Nolan, "William R., B.A. Brookville, Simmonscourt- avenue, Donnybrook. 1898 Nooney, Patrick J., Solicitor. Mullingar. 1898 Nooney, Thomas F., J.P. Earl-street, Mullingar.
1894 Norman, Alfred, LL.D., Solicitor. 68, Dame-street, Dublin.
1891 Norman, Conolly, F.R.C.P.I. Richmond Asylum, Dublin.
1896 Nowlan, Rev. J. A., O.S.A. St. John's Augustinian Priory, St. John- street, West, Dublin.
1898 O'Brien, Daniel. West Park, Glasnevin.
1893 O'Brien, James J. 1, Charlemont-terrace, Cork.
1889 O'Brien, Rev. Lucius H., M.A. The Rectory, Adare, Co. Limerick. 1871 O'Brien, Robert Vere, B.A. (Oxon.), J.P. Ballyalla, Ennis.
1896 O'Byrne, Count Edward A. Corville, Roscrea.
1890 O'Callaghan, Mrs. Maryfort, O'Callaghan's Mills, Limerick.
1894 O'CaUaghan, Rev. Joseph. 59, Eccles-street, Dublin.
1890 O'Callaghan-Westropp, Lieut. -Col. George, J.P. Coolreagh, Bodyke.
1898 O'Connell, Michael, Alta Villa, Listowel.
1893 O'Connor, Charles A., M.A., Q.C. 50, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
1897 O'Connor, M. J., Solicitor. 2, George-street, Wexford.
1895 O'Connor- Morris, Miss L. Gartnamona, Tullamore.
1890 O'Connor, Rev. T. C., M.A., Canon. Donaghmore, Baltinglass.
1892 O'Connor, Thomas P., B.A., D.I.N.S. Longford.
1896 O'Dea, Rev. Denis, C.C. Kilkee.
1890 O'Doherty, Rev. Philip, C.C., M.R.I.A. St. Columb's Presbytery, Derry.
1890 O'Donnell, Rev. Patrick, P.P. Doon, Pallasgrean.
1892 O'Donoghue, David J. 3, Bedford-row, Dublin.
1874 O'Donoghue, Rev. Denis, P.P., M.R.I.A. Ardfert, Tralee.
1894 O'Donoghue, The. 10, Gardiner' s-place, Dublin.
1897 O'Duffy, John, L.D.S., R.C.S.I. 54, Rutland-square, Dublin.
1895 O'Halloran, Patrick M. Corofin, Co. Clare.
1856 O'Hanlon, Very Rev. John, P.P., M.R.I.A., Canon. 3, Leahy-terrace, Irishtown, Dublin.
1889 O'Hanrahan, Timothy Wm., J.P. Parliament-street, Kilkenny.
1890 O'Hara, Right Rev. John M., Monsignor, P.P., V.F. Crossmolina.
1896 O'Hennessy, Bartholomew. Kilkee.
1889 O'Keefe, Stephen M., B.A., Barrister-at-Law, J.P. Delville, Glasnevin.
1898 O'Keeffe, John G. War Office, Pall Mall, London, S.W.
1889 Olden, Rev. Thomas, M.A., D.D., M.R.I.A. Ballyclough, Mallow.
1895 Oldham, Miss Edith. 33, Upper Leeson-street, Dublin.
1891 O'LEAEY, Eev. Edward, P.P. Balyna, MoyvaUey. 1888 O'Leary, John. 17, Temple-street, Dublin.
1892 O'LEAEY, Eev. John, P.P. Kilmalchedor, Ballyferriter, Dingle. 1884 O'LEAEY, Patrick. Main-street, Graig-na-Managh, Co. Kilkenny. 1870 O'Loghlen, John. 188, Burdett-road, London, E.
1896 O'Mahony, Florence M'Carthy. Munster and Leinster Bank, Cork.
1897 O'Malley, Joseph, B.E. 10, Glentworth-street, Limerick. 1894 O'Malley, Middleton Moore, J.P. Ross, Westpoft.
1891 O'Malley, Thomas, Secretary, Waterford, Dungarvan, and Lismore Railway
Company. Tramore, Waterford.
1897 O'Meara, Rev. Eugene H., M.A. The Vicarage, Tallaght.
1891 O'Meara, John J., Solicitor, T.C. 211, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin.
1894 O'Morchoe, The. Kerrymount, Foxrock.
1891 O'Morchoe, Rev. Thomas A., M.A. Kilternan Rectory, Golden Ball.
32 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected *
1890 O'Mulrenin, Richard J., M.A. 6, Carlisle-street, S. C. Eoad, Dublin.
1896 O'Neill, Charles. 37, Great James's-street, Londonderry.
1892 O'Neill, Rev. James, M.A. 5, College-square, E., Belfast.
1889 O'Neill, Michael. Imperial Hotel, Kilkenny.
1863 O'Neill, Yery Rev. Archdeacon, P.P., V.F. Clontarf, Dublin.
1898 O'Reilly, Rev. Edward, Adm. The Palace, Mullingar.
1896 O'Reilly, James. Dromore, Co. Tyrone.
1896 O'Riordan, Rev. John, C.C. Cloyne.
1854 OKMONDE, Most Hon. the Marquis of, K.P. The Castle, Kilkenny.
1890 Orpen, Ven. Raymond d' A., M.A., Archdeacon of Ardfert. Rectory, Tralee.
1887 Orpen, Goddard H., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. Monksgrange, Enniscorthy. 1894 Orpin, John. 47, St. Stephen's -green, Dublin.
1891 Orr, Jacob, J.P. Cranagill, Loughgall.
1860 O'Shee, N. Power, J.P., D.L. Garden Morris, Kilmacthomas.
1889 0' Sullivan, Right Rev. Monsignor, Archdeacon, P.P., V.G. Holy Cross,
Kenmare.
1898 0' Sullivan, Michael. 56, Josephine-avenue, Brixton Hill, London, S.W.
1898 O'Toole, Arthur. 5, Foster-place, Dublin.
1890 Oulton, Rev. Richard C., M.A., D.D., Glynn Rectory, Glynn, Belfast. 1894 Overend, Trevor T. L., LL.B. 12, Ely-place, Dublin.
1894 Palmer, J. E. Roselawn, Ballybrack.
1879 Palmer, Mrs. Carrig House, Lower Road, Cork.
1888 Panton, John. 45, St. Andrew-street, Dublin. 1890 Parke, Robert H., LL.B., Solicitor. Monaghan.
1895 Parker, J. A. Post Office, Wexford.
1896 Parkinson, Miss. Westbourne, Ennis.
1892 Patterson, Mervyn S. Tullyard, Dungannon.
1868 Patterson, "William Hugh, M.R.I. A. Garranard, Strandtown, Belfast.
1889 Patton, Alexander, M.D. Farnham House, Finglas, Co. Dublin.
1897 Penny, Rev. James A., M.A. (Cantab). Wispington Vicarage, Horncastle,
Lincolnshire.
1890 Pentland, Augustus Tichborne, M.A. 54, Wellington -road, Dublin. 1890 Pentland, George Henry, B.A., J.P. Black Hall, Drogheda.
1895 Perry, James, M.E., M. INST. C.E., County Surveyor. Well Park, Gal way.
1895 Persse, Mrs., A. T. Ormonde View, Ballycrissane, Ballinasloe.
1893 Peter, Miss. Cron Bryn, The Hill, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1898 Peyton, Henry Reynolds, M.D. Monaghan. 1890 Phelps, Ernest James. Water Park, Castleconnell.
1887 Phibbs, Owen, J.P., D.L. Seafield, Sligo.
1888 Phillips, James J., C.E., Archt. 61, Royal-avenue, Belfast.
1896 Piatt, Arthur Donn, Vice-Consul, U.S.A. 204, Great Brunswick-street,
Dublin.
1898 Pirn, Edward W., J.P. 27 & 29, High-street, Belfast.
1894 Pirn, Miss Mary E. Greenbank, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1894 Pirn, Miss Miriam. 2, Belgrave-square, S., Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1873 Pitt-Rivers, General A. H. Lane-Fox, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Hon. M.R.I.A. 4, Grosvenor Gardens, -London, S.W.. and Rushmore, Salisbury.
1890 Plummer, Rev. Richard, D.D. Ashfield Glebe, Cootehill.
1891 Plunkett, Ambrose, B.A., Solicitor. 29, Lower Leeson- street, Dublin. 1887 Plunkett, Thomas, M.R.I.A. Enniskillen.
1891 Poe, Lieut.-Col. Wm. Hutcheson, C.B., J.P., D.L. Heywood, Ballinakill.
1893 Pounder, Festus Kelly, B.A. St. John's-terrace, Enniscorthy.
1894 Powell, Frederick York, M.A. Professor, Christ Church, Oxford.
1892 Powell, Rev. William H., D.D. Rathclarin Rectory, Kilbrittain.
1897 Power, Ambrose William Bushe. Glencairn Abbey, Lismore. 1884 Power, Rev. George Beresford, B.A. Kilfane Glebe, Thomastown. 1876 Power, Rev. John, P.P. Kilteely, Pallasgrean, Co. Limerick. 1868 Power, Laurence John, J.P. Parade, Kilkenny.
1884 Power, Rev. Patrick. St. John's College, Waterford.
1889 Pratt, Rev. John, M.A. (Dubl.). Rectory, Durrus, Co. Cork.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. '~>O
1894* Pratt, Rev. Philip, C., R.N. Woodview Cottage, St. Anne's Hill, Co. Cork.
1890 Preston, Captain John, R.M. The Moorings, Athlone.
1894 Price, J. Spencer, F.R.G.S. Waterhead House, Ambleside, Westmoreland.
1890 Purdon, Henry Samuel, M.D. 60, Pakenham-place, Belfast.
1894 Purefoy, Rev. Amyrald D., M.A. 3, Park-place, Island Bridge.
1898 Puxley, Rev. Herbert LavaUin, M.A. (Oxon.) Catton Rectory, Stamford- bridge, York.
1891 Quail, Rowland, J. Downpatrick.
Quan-Smith, Samuel A. Bullick Castle, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.
1889 Quin, James, J.P. 70, George -street, Limerick. 1896 Quinn, John A., Solicitor. Dungannon.
1891 Quinn, J. Monsarrat. 4, Kildare-place, Dublin.
1893 Quinn, Rev. Bartholomew, Adm. Tourlistrane, Tubbercurry.
1890 Quinn, Very Rev. Edward T., Canon, P.P. Ballybrack.
1896 Rankin, Rev. R. B., B.A. All Saints, Newtown-Cunningham.
1880 Raphael, George. Galgorm House, Ballymena.
1891 Rapmund, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Lakeland House, Anyalla, Co. Monaghan.
Rawlence, Mrs. 12, Ovington- square, London, S.W.
1898 Read, Miss. 3, Lower Merrion- street, Dublin.
1898 Redington, Miss Matilda. Kilcornan, Oranmore.
1898 Reid, John Gambell, Solicitor. Castleblaney.
1891 Revelle, Samuel J. 37, Chelmsford-road, Dublin.
1891 Reynell, Miss. 22, Eccles-street, Dublin.
1893 Riall, Commander Arthur G., R.N. Chantilly, Shankill. 1890 Rice, Mrs. Grange Erin, Douglas, Cork.
1881 Rice, Lieut. -Colonel Richard Justice, J.P. Bushmount, Lixnaw.
1897 Rice, Thomas. 5, Carlisle -street, Dublin.
1895 Richardson, Miss Anna H. Craigentemple, Portrush.
1898 Richey, Henry A., B.A., Barrister-at-Law, 13, Lower Pembroke-street,
Dublin.
1892 Ridgeway, William, M.A. Fen Ditton, Cambridge.
1897 Roberts, Edward, M.A., H.M. Inspector of Schools. Plas Maesincla, Carnarvon.
1890 Roberts, George C., J.P. Summer Hill, Enniscorthy.
1896 Robertson, John. 1, Rostrevor-terrace, Rathgar.
1894 Robinson, John 0' Carroll. United States Hotel, Beach-street, Boston,
Mass., U.S.A.
1891 Robinson, Thomas. Drogheda.
1897 Roche, H. J. The Maltings, Enniscorthy. 1871 Roche, Patrick J. The Maltings, New Ross.
1892 Rock, Thomas Dennis. 62, Leadenhall-street, London, E.G. 1890 Roe, Rev. John, C.C. Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
1892 Rogers, William E. Belfast Banking Company, Portaferry.
1896 Roice, Bernard Herron. Churchtown House, Tagoat.
1892 Rolleston, Thomas William, B.A. 104, Pembroke -road, Dublin.
1889 Rooke, Rev. George W., M.A. Precentor, St. Canice's Library, Kilkenny. 1896 Rooney, Rev. Thomas J., C.C. Banbridge.
1894 ROTHERAM, Edward Crofton. Belview, Crossakiel, Co. Meath.
1896 Russell, John, C.E. 16, Waring-street, Belfast.
1890 Ryan, Very Rev. Arthur, President, St. Patrick's College, Thurles.
1898 RYAN, Very Rev. Francis M., P.P. 39, Eccles-street, Dublin.
1889 Ryan, Rev. James J., V.-P. St. Patrick's College, Thurles.
1890 Ryan, Rev. Martin, C.C. Cullen, Tipperary.
1897 Ryan, Thomas V., Solicitor. 46, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.
1893 Ryder, Arthur Gore, M. INST. C.E. 2, St. John's-terrace, Dolphin's Barn.
1891 Ryland, Richard H., B.A. 26, Herbert-place, Dublin.
34 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elect
1895
1891 1897 1889
1894 1894 1879 1892 1891 1892 1894 1898 1891
1891 1892 1891 1897 1896 1892 1891 1897 1895 1898 1896 1896 1895 1898 1896
1896
1894
1890
1895
1892
1887
1893
1898
1888
1893
1895
1892
1894
1898
1887
1890
1895
1893
1889
1893
1895
1894
1896
1894
1895
1897
1894
1892
1891
1897
1892
Salazar, The Cavaliere Lorenzo. Director of the Bibliotheca S. Martino,
Naples.
Salmon, John. 122, Ellenborough-terraoe, Belfast. Sandford, Eev. Herbert JE., M.A. St. Peter's liectory, Drogheda. Sankey, Lieut. -General Sir Richard H., K.C.B., M.U.I. A. 6, Lowndes-
square, London, S.W. Sayers, Rev. George, Canon. The Glebe, Upper Ballinderry, Co. Antrim.
Scott, Anthony, Archt. 16, William- street, Drogheda.
Scott, Rev. Charles, M.A. St. Paul's Parsonage, Belfast.
Scott, Conway, C.E. 15, Wellington Park, Belfast.
Scott, John William, J.P. Roslevan, Ennis.
Scott, Samuel. Inland Revenue Office, Elgin, N.B.
Scott, William A., Archt. 16, William- street, Drogheda.
Scott, William A. 24, Rathdbwn-road, Dublin.
Scriven, Rev. Rowland, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A. 33, Stephen' s-green, Dublin.
Scully, Very Rev. Alex. F., Canon, P.P., V.F. Hospital, Co. Limerick.
Semple, Rev. R. H., M.A. 26, Barrington-street, Limerick.
Sexton, Sir Robert, J.P., D.L. 70, Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Shackleton, Abraham. 23, Garville-road, Rathgar.
Shackleton, George. Anna Liffey House, Lucan.
Shackleton, Mrs. J. F. Anna Liffey House, Lucan.
Shannon, Patrick, D.I.N.S. 10, Patrick-street, Kilkenny.
Shaw, Rev. George Bell. Claggan Manse, Cookstown.
Shaw, His Honor Judge, M.A. 69, Pembroke -road, Dublin.
Shaw, Thomas J., J.P. Mullingar.
Sheridan, Mrs. 26, North Earl-street, Dublin.
Sheridan, Rev. N. T., President. St. Peter's College, Wexford.
Sherlock, David, J.P., D.L. Rahan Lodge, Tullamore.
Sherwin, Rev. James P. St. Michael's Hospital, Kingstown.
Shore, Colonel the Hon. Frederick J., R.A. Ballyduff, Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
Shore, The Hon. Mrs. Ballyduff, Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
Simmons, John, Solicitor. Dungannon.
Simms, James. Abercorn Arms, Strabane.
Simpson, Mrs. West Church Manse, Ballymena.
Simpson, AVilliam J. 10, Cornmarket, Belfast.
Simpson, William M. 15, Hughenden-terrace, Belfast.
Skeffington, Joseph Bartholomew, M.A., LL.D., D.I.N.S. Waterford.
Sloan, Rev. Isaac, M.A. The Manse, Ballyreagh, Ballygawley.
Sloane, Mrs. Moy Hill, Co. Tyrone.
Small, John F., Solicitor. 37,'Hill-street, Newry.
Small, Miss M. J. Hill-street, Newry.
Smith, Christopher, D.I.N.S. Woolahara, Cork.
Smith, Rev. George Nuttall, B.A. Abbeyleix.
Smith, John, B.E., M. INST. C. E., Co. Surveyor. Ballinasloe.
Smith, Owen. Nobber, Co. Meath.
Smith, Rev. Canon, D.D. St. Bartholomew's, Clyde-road, Dublin.
Smith, Thomas J., D.I., R.I.C. Waterford.
Smith, William Joseph, J.P. 9, George-street, Waterford.
Smithwick, Edmund, J.P. Kilcrene House, Kilkenny.
Smyth, Edward Weber, J.P. 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.
Smyth, Mrs. E. Weber. 73, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.
Smyth, John, B.A. Cartron, Sligo.
Smyth, Rev. Thomas A. Clogherney Manse, Beragh, Co. Tyrone.
Smyth, Richard O'Brien, C.E., Archt. 2, Kenilworth-square, Dublin.
Smyth, Robert Wolfe, J.P. Portlick Castle, Athlone.
Smyth, Thomas. 2, Lower Ormond-quay, Dublin.
Smyth, Victor E. 7, Uxbridge-terrace, Dublin.
Somerville, Bellingham Arthur. Clermont, Rathnew.
Somerville-Large, Rev. William S., M.A. Carnalway Rectory, Kilcullen.
Spaight, Colonel William F. Union Hall, Leap, Co. Cork.
Sparrow, Robert, D.I.R.I.C. Gort.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 35
Elected
1897 Speth, George William, F. R. Hist. S. La Tiiya, Edward-road, Bromley,
Kent.
1890 Stack, Rev. C. Maurice, M.A. Derryvullan Rectory, Tamlaght, Ennis- killen.
1892 Stacpoole, Mrs. Edenvale, Ennis. 1895 Stacpoole, Miss. Edenvale, Ennis.
1889 Stanford, Rev. Bedell, B.A. (DubL). 19, Stamer-street, Dublin.
1893 Stanley, Rev. William Francis, C.C. St. Mary's, Latchford, War-
rington. 1879 Stawell, Jonas W. Alcock, J.P. Kilbrittain Castle, Co. Cork.
1890 Steede, John, LL.D., D.I.N.S. Dundalk.
1894 Steele, Charles W. 18, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.
1895 Steele, Rev. William B., B.A. Levally Rectory, Enniskillen.
1892 Stephen, Miss Rosamond. Godmanchester, Huntingdon.
1891 Stephens, Pembroke Scott, Q.C. 18, Parliament-street, Westminster, S.W.
1894 Stephens, Samuel. Martello-terrace, Holy wood, Co. Down.
1893 Stewart, Rev. Harvey, M.A. All Saints Rectory, Blackrock.
1898 Stewart, Rev. Joseph Atkinson. Killowen, Lisburn.
1893 Stirling, William, F.R.I.A.I., C.E. 7, Grafton-street, Dublin.
1889 Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S.L. High Thorn, Bowden, Cheshire.
1890 Stoker, Mrs. 72, Rathgar-road, Dublin.
1898 Stokes, Henry J., Banister-at-Law, Ballynariagh, Howth.
1895 Stokes, Miss. Victoria-place, Athlone.
1893 Stoney, Colonel Francis (late R.A.), J.P. The Downs, Delgany.
1891 Stoney, Sadleir, J.P., Barrister-at-Law. 42, Dawson-street, Dublin. 1893 Stonham, Rev. Frank, M.A. (Oxon.), Fermoy College, Co. Cork.
1892 Stoyte, William James, J.P. Green Hill, Kinsale.
1895 Strangeways, William N. Breffni Villa, Eglinton -road, Donny brook.
1893 Stubbs, Henry, M.A., J.P., D.L. Danby, Ballyshannon.
1890 Stubbs, William Cotter, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 28, Hatch-street,
Dublin.
1887 Sullivan, Sir Edward, Bart., B.A. 2, Harewood-place, London, S.W.
1889 Swan, Percy S. Manager, Bank of Ireland, Tipperary. 1879 Swanston, William. 4A, Cliftonville-avenue, Belfast.
1891 Sweeny, Rev. Patrick, M.A. Ballinacourty Rectory, Annascaul R.S.O.,
Co. Kerry.
I88l> Synnott, Nicholas J., B.A. (Lond.), Barrister-at-Law. Furness, Naas.
1897 Tallon, Thomas, T.C. Drogheda.
1890 Tarleton, Mrs. The Abbey, Killeigh, Tullamore.
1898 Tarleton, Thomas. 30, Ormond-road, Rathmines.
1890 Tate, Alexander, M. INST. C.E.I. Rantalard, Belfast.
1891 Taylor, Edward. The Factory, Limerick.
1897 Teague, Bernard. St. Michael's Schools, Enniskillen.
1894 Telford, Rev. William H. Reston Free Church Manse, Berwickshire. 1890 Tempest, William, J.P. Douglas-place, Dundalk.
1887 Ternan, Obadiah, M.D. Enniskillen.
1897 Thomas, W. J. Mullingar.
1895 Thunder, Francis P. Municipal Buildings, Cork-hill, Dublin.
1896 Tivy, Henry L. Barnstead, Blackrock, Cork.
1893 Tohill, Rev. John, Adm. St. Peter's, Milford-street, Belfast.
1890 Toler-Aylward, Hector J. C., J.P., D.L. Shankill Castle, Whitehall, Co. Kilkenny.
1895 Toler, Hector R. G., J.P., D.L. Durrow Abbey, Tullamore.
1889 Toner, Rev. Joseph. St. John's, Monaca, Beaver Co., Pa., U.S.A. TORRENS, Thomas Hughes, J.P. Edenmore, Whiteabbey, Co. Antrim.
1896 Townsend, George C. Cordangan Manor, Tipperary.
1890 Townsend, Very Rev. William C., D.D. 1, Leeson Park, Dublin.
1895 Townshend, Thomas Courtney, B.A. (DubL). 23, South Frederick-street,
Dublin.
1883 Traill, William A., M.A., C.E. Giant's Causeway, Bushmills.
1894 Trench, John Townsend, J.P. Lansdowne Lodge, Kenmare.
36 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1891 Tresilian, Eichard S. 9, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin. 1894 Trouton, Edmund. Eversham, Elackrock, Co. Dublin.
1892 Truell, Henry Pomeroy, M.B., J.P., D.L. Clonmannon, Rathnew, (Jo
"Wicklow.
1897 Tuite, James, M.P. 14, Greville-street, Mullingar.
1896 Turner, Robert. English-street, Armagh.
1896 Turtle, Frederick Locke. The Villa, Aghalee, Lurgan.
1891 Twigg, Rev. Thomas, D.D., Canon. Vicarage, Swords, Co. Dublin.
1896 Upton, Henry A. S., J.P. Coolatore, Moate, Co. "Westmeath.
1893 Ussher, Richard John, J.P. Cappagh House, Cappagh R.S.O., Fermoy.
1897 Vanston, George T. B., LL.D., Barrister-at-Law. Hildon Park, Terenure- road, Rathgar.
1890 Vaughan, Joseph, J.P. Mount View, Athlone.
1891 Venables, William J. Gortalowry House, Cookstown.
1889 Vincent, Rev. Marshall Clarke, M.A. (Oxon.). South Hill, Nenagh.
1896 Wakely, John, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, 43, Lower Leeson-street, Dublin.
1895 Walby, James, Engineer. Post Office Telegraph Department, Belfast. 1890 Waldron, Laurence A., M.R.I. A. 24, Angiesea- street, Dublin.
1892 Walkington, Miss, M.A., LL.D. Edenvale, Strandtown, Co. Down.
1896 Wall, Walter Saunders, J.P. Errislanan, Clifden, Co. Galway.
1896 Wallace, Charles John, M.A., J.P. Belfield, Booterstown.
1897 Wallace, Major Robert H. Downpatrick.
1894 Walpole, Thomas, C.E., M. INST. N.A. Windsor Lodge, Monkstown, Co.
Dublin.
1896 Walsh, John Edward, M.A. (Dubl.), Barrister-at-Law, J.P. Belville, Donny brook.
1895 Walsh, John Francis. Wexford.
1890 Walsh, Rev. James H., D.D., Canon. 44, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
1891 Walsh, Rev. Robert, D.D. St. Mary's Rectory, Donnybrook. 1890 Walsh, Thomas Arnold, Kilmallock.
Walsh, Rev. Tobias R., P.P. Freshford, Co. Kilkenny.
1898 Walsh, Captain Walter H. Hussey-, Leicestershire Regt., Curragh Camp,
Co. Kildare.
1896 Ward, Alexander. 35, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
1894 Ward, C. H., B.A. (Cantab.). 51, Belgrave-square, Dublin. 1896 Ward, H. Somerset. 6, Carlisle-terrace, Malahide.
1896 WardeU, John. Old Abbey, Shanagolden.
1895 Warren, Sir Augustus R., Bart., J.P., D.L. Warrenscourt, Lisardagh,
Co. Cork.
1884 WEBB, Alfred. Shelmalier, Orwell Park, Rathgar.
1896 Webb, Thomas Henry. 15, D'Olier-street, Dublin.
1890 Webber, William Downes, J.P. Mitchelstown Castle, Co. Cork.
1896 Webster, Henry, M. INST. C.E., Co. Surveyor. Belvidere House, Wexford.
1898 Webster, William, Solicitor. 35A, Church-street, St. Helens.
1895 Wedgwood, Rev. George R. 4, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.
1896 Weir, Henry Crichton, LL.B. (Dubl.), Solicitor. Downpatrick. 1895 Weir, John S., J.P. Carrickbrack, Convoy, Co. Donegal.
1888 Welch, Robert. 49, Lonsdale-street, Belfast.
1891 Weldon, Sir Anthony Crosdill, Bart., J.P., D.L. Kilmoroney, Athy.
1889 Weldrick, George. University Press, Trinity College, Dublin.
1895 Welply, W. H., Inspector of National Schools. 1, Devon-place, Galway.
1893 Westmeath, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Pallas, Loughrea.
1895 Westropp, Miss. Deer Park, Clonlara, Limerick.
1896 Westropp, Miss F. 1, Raglan -road, Dublin.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 37
Elected
1889 Westropp, Lieut. -Colonel William Keily, M.R.I. A. 6, Shorncliffe-road, Folkestone.
1895 Wheeler, Francis P. C. 64, Hatton Garden, London, E.G.
1891 Whelan, Rev. Percy Scott, M.A., Warden, St. Columba's CoUege, Rath-
farnhain.
1892 White, Very Rev. George Purcell, M.A., B.D., Dean of Cashel. Cashel.
1887 White, Rev. Hill Wilson, D.D., LL.D., M.R.I. A. Wilson's Hospital,
Multifarnham, Co. Westmeath.
1889 White, James, L.R.C.P.S.E., J.P. Walkin- street, Kilkenny.
1883 White, Lieut. -Colonel J. Grove, J.P. Kilbyrne, Doneraile, Co. Cork.
1890 White, John, M.A. (Oxon.), Q.C. 3, Paper Buildings, Temple, London. 1880 White, John Newsom, M.R.I. A., J.P. Rocklands, Waterford.
1894 White, Very Rev. P., P.P., V.G., Dean of Killaloe. Nenagh.
1896 WHITE, Rev. Patrick W., B.A. Stonehridge Manse, Clones. 1896 WHITE, Richard Blair. Ashton Park, Monkstown.
1889 White, Robert. Scotch Rath, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.
1894 White, Rev. T. S. Joyner. Atlantic Lodge, Galway.
1889 White, W. Grove, LL.B., Crown Solicitor for Co. Kildare. 18, Elgin-road,
Dublin. 1892 Whyte, Chas. Cecil Beresford, J.P., D.L. Hatley Manor, Carrick-on-
Shannon.
1892 Wigham, Mrs. J. R. Albany House, Monkstown.
1889 Wilkinson, Arthur B. Berkeley, B.E. Drombroe, Bantry, Co. Cork.
1888 WiUcocks, Rev. Wm. Smyth, M.A., Canon. Dunleckney Glebe, Bagenals-
town.
1890 Williams, Alexander, R.H.A. 4, Hatch-street, Dublin.
1868 Williams, Edward Wilmot, J.P., D.L. Herringston, Dorchester.
1894 Williams, Rev. Sterling deCourcy, M.A. Durrow Rectory, Tullamore. 1896 Williams, W. D., C.E. 4, Belle vue -terrace, Waterford.
1874 Williams, Mrs. W. Parkside, Wimbledon.
1896 Willis, Rev. J. R., B.A. Moyne Rectory, Rathdrum.
1889 WiUoughby, John, High-street, Kilkenny.
1896 Wills, Rev. Percival B., B.D. Durrow, Queen's County.
1889 Willson, Frederick, M. INST. C.E.I., County Surveyor. Prospect Hill,
Enniskillen.
1893 Wilmot, Henry, C.E. 22, Waltham -terrace, Blackrock.
1887 Wilson, James Mackay, M.A., J.P. Currygrane, Edgeworthstown.
1890 Wilson, John Killen, J.P. 6, Donegall-street, Belfast.
1895 Wilson, R. H. 23, Cromwell Crescent, London, S.W.
1891 Wilson, Walter H., C.E. Cranmore, Malone-road, Belfast.
1872 Windisch, Professor Dr. Ernst, Hon. M.R.I. A. Universitats Strasse, 15,
Leipzig. 1895 Woodburn, Rev. George, M.A., F.R.U.I. 2, College-avenue, Londonderry.
1892 Woodside, William J. 104, Corporation-street, Belfast.
1890 Woodward, Rev. Alfred Sadleir, M.A. St. Mark's Vicarage, Ballysillan, Belfast.
1890 Woodward, Rev. George Otway, B.A. St. John's Vicarage, Hills-
borough.
1894 Woodward, Mrs. St. Mark's Vicarage, Ballysillan, Belfast.
1891 WooUright, Capt. Henry H., 1st Battalion Middlesex Regiment. Wellington,
Madras. 1891 Workman, Rev. Robert, B.D. Newtownbreda Manse, Belfast.
1895 Wray, Thomas. Hanover-place, Coleraine.
1887 Wright, Rev. Wm. Ball, M.A. East Acklam, Malton, Yorkshire.
1888 Wybrants, W. Geale, M.A., J.P. 55, Pembroke-road, Dublin. 1887 Wynne, Owen, J.P., D.L. Hazelwood, Sligo.
1896 Wyse, Captain L. W. Bonaparte, J.P. Manor of St. John, Waterford.
1890 Younge, Miss Katherine E. Upper Oldtown, Rathdowney.
Total number of Fellows, . . . 205 (Life and Hon. Fellows, 51.) ,, ,, Members, . . . 1165 (Life Members, 26.)
Total, . . 1370
N.B. — The Fellows and Members of tbe Society are earnestly requested to communicate to tbe Secretaries, 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin, changes of address, or other corrections in tbe foregoing lists which may be needed.
SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH RECEIVE THE "JOURNAL"
OF THE
0f Jwfipanefl at
FOR 1898.
American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., U. S. A.
American Philosophical Society, 104, S. 5th Street, Philadelphia, Penn., U. S. A.
Antiquary (Editor of), 62, Paternoster-row, London.
Architect, The (Editor of), 175, Strand, London, W.C.
Belfast Naturalists' Field Cluh : Eea's Buildings, Belfast.
Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society: Eev. William Bazeley, M.A., Hon. General Secretary, The Museum, Gloucester.
British Archaeological Association: Hon. Secretary, 32, Sack ville- street, London, W. Byegones (Editor of) : Care of E. Woodall, Esq., Wingthorpe, Oswestry, England.
Cambridge Antiquarian Society : T. D. Atkinson, Hon. Sec., St. Mary's Passage, Cambridge.
Cambrian Archaeological Association: Charles J. Clark, 4, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.
Chester and North Wales Archaeological and Historic Society: John Hewitt, Hon. Librarian, Grosvenor Museum, Chester.
Cork Historical and Archaeological Society : care of Messrs. Guy & Co., 70, Patrick -
street, Cork. Director, Geological Survey Department of Canada: Alfred E. C. Selwyn, Esq.,
LL.D., F.E.S., Sussex-street, Ottawa.
Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club: Eev. 0. P. Cambridge,
Bloxworth Eectory, Wareham. Folk Lore (Editor of), 270, Strand, London, W.C.
Glasgow Archaeological Society : W. G. Black, Secretary, 88, West Eegent-street, Glasgow.
Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire: The Secretary, Eoyal Institution, Liverpool.
Her Majesty's Private Library : The Librarian, Windsor Castle, London.
Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland: Hon. Secretary, 35, Dawson-street, Dublin.
Irish Builder (Editor of), 42, Mabbot-street, Dublin.
Kent Archaeological Society : George Payne, Esq., F.S.A., Eochester, Hon. Secretary, Kent
Kildare Archaeological Society : care of Sir Arthur Vicars, F.S.A., Ulster King of Arms, Bermingham Tower, Dublin Castle.
40 SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
National Library of Ireland, Eoldare-street, Dublin.
Numismatic Society : The Secretaries, 22, Albemarle-street, London, W.
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia : S. E. Cor. Twenty-first- street and Pine-street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.
Palestine Exploration Fund (Secretary of), 24, Hanover-square, London, W.
Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist (Editor of): J. R. Allen, Esq., F.S.A., 28, Great Ormond- street, London, W.C.
Royal Institute of British Architects : The Librarian, 9, Conduit- street, Hanover- square, London, "W.
Royal Institute of The Architects of Ireland : Albert E. Murray, Hon. Secretary, 20, Lincoln-place, Dublin.
Royal Institution of Cornwall: The Hon. Secretary, Museum, Truro, Cornwall.
Royal Irish Academy : Ed. Perceval Wright, M. A., M.D., Secretary, 19, Dawson- street, Dublin.
Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland : A. H. Lyell, Esq.,
F.S.A., Secretary, 20, Hanover-square, London, W. Royal Societies' Club, St. James' -street, London, W. C. Societe d'Archeologie de Bruxelles : 63, Rue de Palais, Bruxelles. Societe des Bollandistes, 14, Rue des Drsulines, Bruxelles.
Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord : Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 14,
Henrietta-street, Covent Garden, London. Society of Antiquaries of London : W. H. St. John Hope, M.A., Assistant Secretary,
Burlington House, London, W.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland : Joseph Anderson, Esq., LL.D., National Museum of Antiquities, Queen-street, Edinburgh.
Society of Biblical Archaeology: W. Harry Rylands, F.S.A., Secretary, 11, Hart- street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C.
Smithsonian Institution (Wm. Wesley, 28, Essex-street, Strand, London): Washing- ton, D.C., U.S.A.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society : William Bidgood, Taunton Castle, Taunton.
Suffolk Institute of Archaeology. The Librarian, Athenaeum, Bury St. Edmunds.
Surrey Archaeological Society: Hon. Secretaries, Castle Arch, Guildford.
Sussex Archaeological Society : Care of Hon. Librarian, The Castle, Lewes, Sussex.
The Copyright Office, British Museum, London.
The Library, Trinity College, Dublin (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).
The University Library, Cambridge (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).
The Bodleian Library, Oxford (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).
The Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.
Waterford and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society : Honorary Secretary, Waterford.
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society : The Secretary, Devizes.
Yorkshire Archaeological Society: E. K. Clark, Esq., Hon. Librarian, 10, Park- street, Leeds.
GENERAL RULES
OF THE
0f ^tttiqrari^ 0f
(As Revised at the Annual Meeting, 1898.)
OBJECTS.
1. The Society is instituted to preserve, examine, and illustrate all Ancient Monu- ments and Memorials of the Arts, Manners, and Customs of the past, as connected with the Antiquities, Language, and Literature of Ireland.
CONSTITUTION.
2. The Society shall consist of FELLOWS, MEMBERS, ASSOCIATES, and HONORARY FELLOWS.
3. FELLOWS shall be elected at a General Meeting of the Society, each name having been previously submitted to and approved of by the Council, with the name of a Fellow or Member as proposer. Each Fellow shall pay an Entrance Fee of £2, and an Annual Subscription of £1, or a Life Composition of £14, which includes the Entrance Fee of £2.
4. MEMBERS shall be similarly elected, on being proposed by a Fellow or Member, and shall pay an Entrance Fee of 10*. and an Annual Subscription of 10s., or a Life Composition of £7, which shall include the Entrance Fee of 10*.
5. ASSOCIATES may be elected by the Council, on being proposed by a Fellow or Member, for any single Meeting or Excursion of the Society at a Subscription to be fixed by the Council ; but they shall not be entitled to any privileges of the Society except admission to such Meeting or Excursion.
6. All Fees due on joining the Society must be paid either before or within two months from the date of Election. Fellows and Members failing to pay shall be reported at the next General Meeting after the expiration of this period.
7. Any Fellow who has paid his full Annual Subscription of £1 for ten consecutive years may become a LIFE FELLOW on payment of a sum of £8.
8. Any Member who has paid his full Annual Subscription of 10s. for ten conse- cutive years may become a LIFE MEMBER on payment of £5.
9. Any Member who has paid his Life Composition, on being advanced to the rank of Fellow, may compound by paying a sum of £7, which sum includes the Entrance Fee for Fellowship.
D
42 GENERAL RULES, ETC.
10. A Member paying an Annual Subscridtion of 10s., on being elected to Fellow- ship, shall pay an admission Fee of 80s., instead of the Entrance Fee of £2 provided for in Rule 3.
11. All Subscriptions shall be payable in advance on 1st day of January in each year, or on election. The Subscriptions of Fellows and Members elected at the last Meeting of any year may be placed to their credit for the following year. A List of all Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions are two years in arrear shall be read out at the Annual General Meeting, and published in the Quarterly Journal of the Society.
12. Fellows shall be entitled to receive the Journal, and all extra publications of the Society. Members shall be entitled to receive the Journal, and may obtain the extra publications on payment of the price fixed by the Council.
13. Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions for the year have not been paid are not entitled to the Journal ; and any Fellow or Member whose Subscription for the current year remains unpaid, and who receives and retains the Journal, shall be held liable for the payment of the full published price of 5s. for each quarterly part.
14. Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions for the current year have been paid shall alone have the right of voting at all General Meetings of the Society. Any such Fellow present at a General Meeting can call for a vote by orders, and, in that case, no resolution can be passed unless by a majority of both the Fellows and of the Mem- bers present and voting. Honorary Fellows have not the right of voting, and are not eligible for any of the Offices mentioned in Rules 15 and 16, nor can they be elected Members of Council. In cases where a ballot is called for, no Candidate for Fellowship or Membership can be admitted unless by the votes of two-thirds of the Fellows and Members present, and voting.
OFFICE-BEARERS AND COUNCIL.
15. The Officers of the Society, who must be Fellows, shall consist of a Patron-in- Chief, Patrons, President, four Vice-Presidents for each Province, a General Secretary, and a Treasurer. All Lieutenants of Counties to be ez-officio Patrons on election as Fellows.
16. The President and Vice-Presidents shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting in each year. The nominations for these offices must be received at the Rooms of the Society on or before the first day of December preceding the Annual General Meeting, addressed to the General Secretary, and endorsed "Nomination of Officers." Each Nomination Paper must be signed by seven or more Fellows or Members as pro- posers ; and in the case of a Candidate who has not held such office before, his Nomination Paper must be accompanied by an intimation under his hand that he will serve in that office if elected. In case the number of persons so nominated shall exceed the number of vacancies, a printed Balloting Paper, containing the names of all such Candidates arranged in alphabetical order, distinguishing those recommended by the Council, shall be sent by post to every Fellow and Member whose name is on the Roll of the Society, directed to the address entered on the Roll, at least one week before the day of election. Each person voting shall mark with an asterisk the name of each Candidate for whom he, or she, votes. The Voter shall then return the Balloting Paper to the General Secretary, on or before the day preceding the Election, in an addressed envelope, which is to be supplied, sealed, and marked Balloting Paper , and signed outside with the name of the Voter : the Balloting Paper itself must not be signed. In case a Voter signs the Balloting Paper, or votes for more Candidates than
GENERAL RULES, ETC. 43
the number specified thereon, such vote shall be void. The Balloting Papers shall be scrutinized on the day of election by at least two Scrutineers appointed by the Council, who shall report the result at the General Meeting held on the evening of that day. The Treasurer shall furnish the Scrutineers with a List of the Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions have been paid up to the day preceding the Election, and who are consequently qualified to vote at such Election. Those Candidates who obtain the greatest number of votes shall be declared elected, subject to the provisions of Rule 17, provided that, when there appears an equality of votes for two or more Candidates, the Candidate whose name is longest on the books of the Society, shall be declared elected. The President shall be elected for a term of three years, and the same person shall not be elected for two consecutive periods. The four senior or longest elected Vice- Presidents in each province shall retire each year by rotation, and shall not be eligible for re-election at the General Meeting at which they retire. The Council may submit to the Annual General Meeting the name of a Fellow, Hon. Fellow, or Member, who will act as Hon. President, and the Meeting may adopt the name submitted, or may elect another by a majority of votes, such Hon. President to hold office for one year, and shall not be elected for two consecutive periods.
17. The management of the business of the Society shall be entrusted to a Council of Twelve, eight of whom at least must be Fellows (exclusive of the President, Vice- Presidents, Honorary General Secretary, and Treasurer, who shall be ex-qfficio Mem- bers of the Council). The Council shall meet on the last "Wednesday of each month, or on such other days as they may deem necessary. Four Members of Council shall form a quorum. The three senior or longest elected Members of the Council shall retire each year by rotation, and shall not be eligible for re-election at the Annual General Meeting at which they retire. In case of a vacancy occurring for a Member of Council during the year, the Council shall at its next Meeting co-opt a Fellow or Member, to retire by rotation. A Member of Council who has failed to attend one- third of the ordinary Meetings of the Council during the year shall forfeit his seat at the next Annual General Meeting. The vacancies caused by the retirement by rotation of Members of Council shall be filled up in the manner prescribed for the election of President and Vice -Presidents in Rule 16.
18. The Council may appoint Honorary Provincial Secretaries for each Province, and Honorary Local Secretaries throughout the country, whose duties shall be de- fined by the Council, and they shall report to the Honorary General Secretary, at least once a year, on all Antiquarian Remains discovered in their districts, to investigate Local History and Tradition, and to give notice of all injury inflicted, or likely to be inflicted, on Monuments of Antiquity or Ancient Memorials of the Dead, in order that the influence of the Society may be exerted to restore or preserve them.
19. The Council may appoint Committees to take charge of particular departments of business, and shall report to the Annual General Meeting the state of the. Society's Funds, and other matters which may have come before them during the preceding year. They may appoint an Hon. Curator of the Museum, and draw up such rules for its management as they may think fit. The Hon. General Secretary may, with the approval of the Council, appoint a paid Assistant Secretary ; the salary to be deter- mined by the Council.
20. The Treasurer's Accounts shall be audited by two Auditors, to be elected at the Annual General Meeting in each year, who shall present their Report at a subsequent General Meeting of the Society.
21. All property of the Society shall be vested in the Council, and shall be disposed of as they shall direct. The Museum of Antiquities cannot be disposed of without the sanction of the Society being first obtained.
44 GENERAL RULES, ETC.
22. For the purpose of carrying out the arrangements in regard to the Meetings and Excursions to be held in the respective Provinces, the Honorary Provincial Secretaries may be summoned to attend the Meetings of Council ex-officio. Honorary Local Secre- taries of the County or Counties in which such Meetings are held shall be similarly summoned.
MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
23. The Society shall meet four times at least in each year on such days as the Council shall ascertain to be the most convenient, when Fellows and Members shall be elected, Papers on Historical and Arch geological Subjects shall be read and discussed, and Objects of Antiquarian Interest exhibited. Excursions may be arranged where practicable.
24. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in Dublin in the month of January \. one Meeting in the year shall be held in Kilkenny ; the other Meetings to be held in such places as the Council may recommend. A List of such Meetings shall be forwarded to each Fellow and Member. Evening Meetings for reading and dis- cussing Papers, and making exhibits, may be held at such times as shall be arranged by the Council.
PUBLICATIONS.
25. Ko Paper shall be read to the Society without the permission of the Council having previously been obtained. The Council shall determine the order in which Papers shall be read, and the time to be allowed for each. All Papers listed or Com- munications received shall be the property of the Society. The Council shall deter- mine whether, and to what extent any Paper or Communication shall be published.
26. All matter concerning existing religious and political differences shall be ex- cluded from the Papers to be read and the discussions held at the Meetings of the Society.
27. The Proceedings and Papers read at the several Meetings, and where approved of by the Council, shall be printed in the form of a Journal, and supplied to all Fellows and Members not in arrear. If the funds of the Society permit, extra publications may be printed and supplied to all Fellows free, and to such Members as may sub- scribe specially for them.
GENEEAL.
28. These Eules shall not be altered or amended except at an Annual General Meeting of the Society, and after notice given at the previous General Meeting. All By-laws and Regulations dealing with the General Rules formerly made are hereby repealed.
29. The enactment of any new Rule, or the alteration or repeal of any existing one, must be in the first instance submitted to the Council ; the proposal to be signed by seven Fellows or Members, and forwarded to the Hon. Secretary. Such proposal being made, the Council shall lay same before a General Meeting, with its opinion thereon ; and such proposal shall not be ratified unless passed by a majority of the Fellows and Members present at such General Meeting subject to the provisions of Rule 14.
V^ ROBERT COCHRANE, F.S.A.,
Hon. Secretary. 6, ST. STEPHEN'S-GKEEN, DUBLIN.
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Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Dublin Journal
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